Dengue Immunological Markers Evolution at Saint Camille Hospital in Ouagadougou (HOSCO) Burkina Faso.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Dengue is a remerging vector-borne viral disease in Burkina Faso since the outbreak of 2013 and requires special attention from health authorities. This study reports the prevalence of dengue fever serological markers (NS1Ag, IgM and IgG) and infection dynamic from January, 2018 to December, 2020 among patients tested for dengue infection at Saint Camille Hospital of Ouagadougou (HOSCO). <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The study population consisted of 6414 patients aged 0-97 years. Dengue virus infection was detected in serum or plasma using the SD bioline dengue duo rapid detection kit. <b>Results:</b> The prevalence of dengue NS1Ag was 2.25% (45/2003), 18.43% (501/2719) and 2.42% (38/1569) in the study population in 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. The age groups over 50 years and 15-20 years were significantly more infected compared to the group 21-30 years respectively in 2019 (p = 0.030) and 2020 (p = 0.035). Patients tested positive for at least one of these markers (NSlAg, IgG and IgM) represented 26.01% (521/2003) and 38.98% (1060/2719). The peak of infection during 2018 and 2019 was observed between October and November. The present study reports a high seroprevalence of acute dengue virus infection. The presence of NS1Ag, IgM and IgG in patients suggests an active circulation of the dengue virus in Ouagadougou. <b>Conclusion:</b> Data shows recurrent outbreaks of dengue infection in our country need strong surveillance and a suitable and affordable diagnostic system to clarify the burden, pinpoint the risk factors and for better case management.

High prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among sexually active women in Ouagadougou.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the leading cause of cervical cancer, which in turn is the leading cause of cancer death in women in Africa. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of high-risk HPV infection (HR-HPV) and the distribution of genotypes encountered in the sexually active female population of Ouagadougou. In four level-two health centers, we recruited 234 women who agreed to undergo an endocervical swab. HR-HPV genotypes were identified by real-time PCR. The Chi-square test was used for comparisons, with significance defined by a P-value < 0.05. The prevalence of HR-HPV infection was 52.56%. Fourteen genotypes corresponding to 216 infections were characterized: HPV 59 (42/216), HPV 66 (30/216), HPV 56 (20/216), HPV 45 (20/216), HPV 58 (18/216), HPV 39 (18/216), HPV 51 (16/216), HPV 68 (14/216), HPV 52 (12/216), HPV 18 (12/216), HPV 35 (6/216), HPV 31 (5/216), HPV 16 (3/216), HPV 33 (0/216). HPV infection was statistically associated with age (P = 0.033) and with some specific sexual practices, such as oral sex (P = 0.001). The prevalence of HR-HPV infection among women without lesions in our study is higher than that reported previously in studies conducted in Ouagadougou among women in the general population and those found in the rest of the world. Moreover, HPV16 and 18 were not the genotypes most frequently encountered.

Molecular Epidemiology of Rotavirus in Children under Five in Africa (2006-2016): A Systematic Review.

Group A human rotaviruses (RVA) are the most common causes of severe viral gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. The available vaccines, while effective in Europe and North America have shown a reduced efficacy in Africa. One issue raised is the genetic variability of RVA. The objective of this study was to perform a literature review of molecular epidemiology to determine the prevalence of RVA genotypes circulating in Africa so as to establish a mapping of reliable data on these various genotypes. The search for articles was done from the National Institutes of Health (PUBMED) using three set of keywords. Articles were selected with inclusion criteria such as the date of publication, the age of the children, the sample size and the diagnostic techniques (standardized laboratory techniques). The data were imported into STATA SE version 11 software. Specific prevalence was estimated with Confidence Intervals (CI) of 95%. A total of 326 published studies were initially retrieved, out of which 27 studies were finally selected for the systematic review. The selected studies cover 20 African countries. The most encountered genotypes in Africa during this period were G1 (32.72%), followed by G2 (17.17%), G3 (9.88%), G9 (8.61%) and G12 (7.56%) among the G-types. The most common P-types were P[8] (48.71%) followed by P[6] (22.60%) and P[4] (11.58%) and the G1P[8] combination (22.64%) was the most encountered followed by G2P[4] (8.29%), G9P[8] (6.95%) and G2P[6] (5.00%). North Africa presented the highest prevalence of the P[8] genotype (65.70%). This review provides a comprehensive view of the current circulating rotavirus strains in Africa, which can be important in light of the new rotavirus vaccinations. Indeed, in Africa, the pursuit of national and continental studies for epidemiological surveillance of circulating rotavirus strains is vital for the promotion of future successful vaccines.

Epidemiology of Dengue in patients with febrile syndrome at Saint Camille Hospital, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso from 2020 to 2

: Dengue is still a public health problem in tropical countries. This disease, which had almost disappeared in some areas of the world, has become re-emergent in certain parts of the world including Africa.The aim of this study is to determine the seroprevalence and evolution of Dengue virus (DENV) infection from 2020 to 2021 at the Hospital Saint Camille de Ouagadougou (HOSCO), Burkina Faso. Methodology: This was a descriptive analytical study of patients seen in general practice with febrile syndrome referred for serological diagnosis of Dengue at the HOSCO laboratory over a period of 2 years (January 1, 2020 ­ December 31, 2021). The "Dengue Duo (AgNS1/IgM/IgG)" kit from SD Bioline was used for the rapid diagnosis through the detection of NS1 antigen and IgM/IgG antibodies in plasma. Data were analysed with SPSS version 20.0 software. Association between demographic data and prevalence of DENV infection was determined by Chisquare test and odds ratio (with 95% confidence interval). P value less than 0.05 was considered statistical significance. Results: A total of 2957 patients aged 0-94 years were referred for serological diagnosis of DENV infection at the HOSCO laboratory over the period 2020-2021, comprising 56.3% females and 43.7% males. The overall prevalence of acute DENV infection (NS1Ag positive) was 5.4% (159/2957), with 2.4% (41/1700) in 2020 and 9.4% (118/1257) in 2021 (OR=4.192, 95% CI=2.915-6.028, p<0.0001). The prevalence of acute DENV infection of 7.0% (91/1292) in the males was significantly higher than 4.1% (68/1665) in the females (OR=1.779, 95% CI=1.288-2.458, p=0.0005), and also significantly higher in age groups 20-29 years (7.6%), 10-19 years (6.9%) and 40-49 years (5.8%) than other age groups (X 2=14.928, p=0.0107). The overall prevalence of DENV IgM and IgG antibodies was 3.2% and 37.3% respectively. The prevalence of DENV IgG antibodies was significantly higher in males (44.0%) than females (32.1%) (OR=1.667, 95%CI=1.434-1.938, p<0.0001) and in age groups 30-39 (43.4%), 40-49 (44.0%) and >50 years (49.3%) than other age groups (X2=121.0, p<0.0001), indicating that past exposure to DENV infection is higher among males and older age groups. The peak of DENV infection was between October and November with 84.3% (134/159) of NS1Ag positivity occurring during this period. Conclusion: The present study reports a high prevalence of acute Dengue virus infection in patients from October to November. To eradicate Dengue which has become a tropical silent epidemic, interventions such as vector control, availability of and accessibility to diagnostic tests, and good therapeutic management are of great importance

Prevalence of non-adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy and its related clinical and therapeutic factors in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso).

Introduction : Non-adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy is deleterious in HIV/AIDS programs. This study contributes to the identification of its frequency and of the clinical and therapeutic factors that determine it. Material and methods : This cross-sectional study took place from December 15, 2013, to February 18, 2014, at the Saint Camille health care center and the Pietro Annigoni biomolecular research center in Ouagadougou. It includes adults who had been receiving antiretroviral therapy for at least three months and agreed to participate. The Chi-square test or Fisher's test was used to compare proportions in the univariate analysis. A logistic regression model was applied for the multivariate analysis. P values less than 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: The study included 152 patients. Their mean age was 40.7±7.8 years, and the sex-ratio 0.3. The frequency of non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy was 38.2%. In the univariate analysis, laboratory and clinical factors associated with non-adherence were severe immune depression (P=0.03), opportunistic infections (P=0.001), and lack of clinical improvement (P=0.001), while the therapeutic factors associated with it were inadequate knowledge (P=0.001), side effects (P=0.003), and using the treatment secretly (P=0.001). In the multivariate analysis, opportunistic infections (OR=13.51, 95% CI 3.15-58.82, P=0.000), lack of clinical improvement (OR=4.16, 95% CI 1.06-16.32, P=0.04), inadequate knowledge (OR=16.12, 95% CI 1.67-166.66, P=0.01), and secret treatment use (OR=11.36, 95% CI 3.18-40.00, P=0.000) remained associated with non-adherence. CONCLUSION: The study underlines the need to improve strategies for the prescription of this therapy and for reinforcing patients' education and support.

Oncogenic Human Papillomavirus Infection and Genotype Characterization among Women in Orodara, Western Burkina Faso.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Cervical cancer usually occurs several years after persistent infection with oncogenic or high-risk human papillomavirus. The objective of this study was to determine carriage of 14 genotypes of high-risk human papillomavirus among women at Orodara and then characterize the genotypes found in these women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From June to July 2015, 120 women from the general population were recruited in the health district of Orodara. They voluntarily agreed to participate in the study. Endocervical samples were taken from these women prior to screening for precancerous lesions by visual inspection with acetic acid and lugol's iodine. Identification of high-risk human papillomavirus genotype was done using real-time PCR. RESULTS: High-risk human papillomavirus prevalence was 38.3% and the most common genotypes were HPV 52 (25.4%), HPV 33 (20.6%) and HPV 59 (11.1%). The HPV 66 was also identified with a prevalence of 9.5%. CONCLUSION: The HPV 16 and HPV 18 which are frequently associated with cancer worldwide were not found among the most frequent oncogenic HPV in women in Orodara.

Molecular Epidemiology of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus in High-Grade Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia and in Cervical Cancer in Parakou, Republic of Benin.

Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection remains a worldwide concern, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa where cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and genotypic distribution of High-Risk HPV (HR-HPV) involved in Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) II and III and in cervical cancer in Parakou. Out of a total of 149 samples of cervical tissues archived, fixed and paraffin-embedded, 78 samples with histological diagnosis of CIN-II, CIN-III and cervical cancer went through deparaffinization with xylene, followed by an extraction of HPV DNA and the detection of HR-HPV by real-time multiplex PCR. The average age of the women was 40.05±13.99 years. The samples were positive to at least one HR-HPV genotype in 76.92% (50/65) of cases. The HR-HPV genotypes which are most common in the cervical cancer and in CIN-II and III were, respectively HPV-39 (38 and 37.50%), HPV-18 (35 and 31.30%), HPV-45 (35 and 31.30%), HPV-35 (9 and 25%) and HPV-52 (9 and 12.50%). The HPV-16 was absent. This study helped to detect (in samples archived, fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues) HR-HPV involved in high-grade precancerous lesions and in cervical cancer in Parakou, some of which are not covered by currently available vaccines.

[Epidemiology and characterization of high-risk genotypes of human Papillomavirus in a population of sexually active adolescents in Ouagadougou]. / Épidémiologie et caractérisation des génotypes à haut risque de Papillomavirus humain dans une population d'adolescentes sexuellement actives à Ouagadougou.

OBJECTIVE: This cross-sectional study was to determine the prevalence and characterization of high-risk HPV genotypes circulating among adolescents in Ouagadougou. METHODS: From September to December 2013, 200 adolescents recruited from a youth counseling center have voluntarily accepted a swab of the endocervical canal. The identification of the genotypes of the human Papillomavirus (HPV) was performed by real-time polymerase chain reaction technique. RESULTS: The mean age of adolescents was 18.7±0.7 years and 83/200 adolescents were positive for at least one high-risk genotype HPV a prevalence of 41.5%. Twelve genotypes corresponding to 136 infections were characterized: HPV 52 (22.8%), HPV 59 (14.0%), HPV 39 (13.2%), HPV 35 (10.3%), HPV 51 (10.3%), HPV 56 (8.8%), HPV 16 (5.2%), HPV 18 (5.2%), HPV 58 (4.4%), HPV 31 (3.6%), HPV 45 (1.5%), HPV 33 (0.7%). Multiple infections (2-5 virus) statistically associated with age (p=0.0318) was detected in 42.2% of infected females. If the number of sexual partners was statistically associated with the porting of HPV (OR=2.18; 95% CI=1.17 to 4.09), early sexual intercourse and the recent change of sexual partner were not (p>0,05) CONCLUSION: The prevalence of carriage of HPV in this study is high, as described in young people at the start of sexual activity. Identified genotypes are different from those targeted by prophylactic vaccines currently available. A larger study to map genotypes of high-risk HPV circulating in West Africa is necessary for a suitable vaccine.

A decade of follow-up and therapeutic drug monitoring in HIV-2 immunocompromised patients at St Camille and General Lamizana Military Medical Centers, Burkina Faso, West Africa.

Although, HIV-2 is generally less pathogenic than HIV-1 and its progression towards AIDS occurs less frequently. HIV-2 remains an important cause of disease in West Africa. This study aimed to evaluate HIV-1 and HIV-2 prevalence among pregnant women and to describe the demographic and clinical profile of patients with HIV-2 infection from 2003-2013 at St Camille and General Lamizana Military Medical Centers. A retrospective investigation was conducted using 12,287 medical records from patients screened for HIV. To respond to the lack of data available regarding HIV-2 treatment and also to address the approach to clinical, biological as well as therapeutic monitoring, 62 HIV-2 infected patients' medical records were studied. Seroprevalence of 10.6 and 0.14% were obtained, respectively for HIV-1 and HIV-2 among 12,287 women screened during the study period. From the sixty two (62) HIV-2 patients, the average age was 49.2 years (sex ratio was 0.65). The weight loss and diarrhea were the major clinical manifestations observed, respectively 54.8 and 25.8%. Fungi and herpes zoster (shingles) infections were reported as major opportunistic infections. Also, nearly half of the patients had more than 60 kg, less than 2% were in WHO stage IV and about 2/3 had a CD4 count bellow 250 cells mm(-3). AZT-3TC-IDV/LPV/R was the most prescribed combination. The gain in weight gain the Body Mass Index (BMI) improvement and the non-significant increase of the rate of CD4 between 1st (M1) and 24th month (M24) were observed after treatment with antiviral.