Novel insights and new therapeutic potentials for macrophages in pulmonary hypertension.

Inflammation and immune processes underlie pulmonary hypertension progression. Two main different activated phenotypes of macrophages, classically activated M1 macrophages and alternatively activated M2 macrophages, are both involved in inflammatory processes related to pulmonary hypertension. Recent advances suggest that macrophages coordinate interactions among different proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators, and other cellular components such as smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. In this review, we summarize the current literature on the role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension, including the origin of pulmonary macrophages and their response to triggers of pulmonary hypertension. We then discuss the interactions among macrophages, cytokines, and vascular adventitial fibroblasts in pulmonary hypertension, as well as the potential therapeutic benefits of macrophages in this disease. Identifying the critical role of macrophages in pulmonary hypertension will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of this pathophysiological abnormality, and may provide new perspectives for pulmonary hypertension management.

GSDMB involvement in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysm through regulation of macrophage non-canonical pyroptosis.

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a dangerous condition affecting the aorta. Macrophage pyroptosis, phenotypic transformation, and apoptosis of aortic smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) are pivotal mechanisms in AAA pathogenesis. This study explores how Gasdermin B (GSDMB) regulates macrophage non-canonical pyroptosis and its impact on the phenotypic transformation and apoptosis of ASMCs, thereby unveiling the role of GSDMB in AAA pathogenesis. Immunofluorescence analysis was used to assess the expression levels and localization of GSDMB, cysteinyl aspartate-specific protease-4 (Caspase-4), and N-terminal of cleaved GSDMD (N-GSDMD) in AAA tissues. A cell model that mimics macrophage non-canonical pyroptosis was established by treating THP-1 cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). THP-1 cells with reduced or increased GSDMB were generated using small interfering RNA (siRNA) or plasmids. Co-culture experiments involving THP-1 cells and HASMCs were conducted to explore the impact of GSDMB on HASMCs. The mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) scavenger Mito-TEMPO lowered mtROS levels in THP-1 cells. Our findings revealed that GSDMB was significantly upregulated in AAA macrophages, which was accompanied by robust non-canonical pyroptosis. THP-1 cells showed non-canonical pyroptosis in response to LPS, which was accompanied by an increase in GSDMB. Further research demonstrated that altering GSDMB, either by knockdown or overexpression, can affect macrophage non-canonical pyroptosis as well as the phenotypic transformation and apoptosis of HASMCs. LPS-induced non-canonical pyroptosis in THP-1 cells was associated with an increase in mtROS, whereas Mito-TEMPO effectively decreased non-canonical pyroptosis and the expression of GSDMB. These findings suggest that GSDMB plays a role in AAA macrophage non-canonical pyroptosis, which influences the phenotypic transformation and apoptosis of HASMCs. The mtROS-Dynamin-Related Protein 1 (Drp1) axis is likely to regulate the GSDMB-mediated non-canonical pyroptosis.

N6-methyladenosine regulators are potential prognostic biomarkers for multiple myeloma.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) regulators play an important role in tumorigenesis; however, their role in multiple myeloma (MM) remains unknown. This study aimed to create an m6A RNA regulators prognostic signature for MM patients. We integrated data from the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation CoMMpass Study and the Genotype-Tissue Expression database to analyze gene expression profiles of 21 m6A regulators. Consistent clustering analysis was used to identify the clusters of patients with MM having different clinical outcomes. Gene distribution was analyzed using principal component analysis. Next, we generated an mRNA gene signature of m6A regulators using a multivariate logistic regression model with least absolute shrinkage and selection operator. The expressions of m6A regulators, except FMR1, were significantly different in MM samples compared with those in normal samples. The KIAA1429, HNRNPC, FTO, and WTAP expression levels were dramatically downregulated in tumor samples, whereas those of other signatures were remarkably upregulated. Three clusters of patients with MM were identified, and significant differences were found in terms of overall survival (p = .024). A prognostic two-gene signature (KIAA1429 and HNRNPA2B1) was constructed, which had a good prognostic significance using the ROC method (AUC = 0.792). Moreover, the risk score correlated with the infiltration immune cells. In addition, KEGG pathway analysis showed that 16 pathways were dramatically enriched. The m6A signature might be a novel biomarker for predicting the prognosis of patients with MM (p = .002). Our study is the first to explore the potential application value of m6A in MM. These findings may enhance the understanding of the functional organization of m6A in MM and provide new insights into the treatment of MM patients.

Using CT radiomic features based on machine learning models to subtype adrenal adenoma.

BACKGROUND: Functioning and non-functioning adrenocortical adenoma are two subtypes of benign adrenal adenoma, and their differential diagnosis is crucial. Current diagnostic procedures use an invasive method, adrenal venous sampling, for endocrinologic assessment. METHODS: This study proposes establishing an accurate differential model for subtyping adrenal adenoma using computed tomography (CT) radiomic features and machine learning (ML) methods. Dataset 1 (289 patients with adrenal adenoma) was collected to develop the models, and Dataset 2 (54 patients) was utilized for external validation. Cuboids containing the lesion were cropped from the non-contrast, arterial, and venous phase CT images, and 1,967 features were extracted from each cuboid. Ten discriminative features were selected from each phase or the combined phases. Random forest, support vector machine, logistic regression (LR), Gradient Boosting Machine, and eXtreme Gradient Boosting were used to establish prediction models. RESULTS: The highest accuracies were 72.7%, 72.7%, and 76.1% in the arterial, venous, and non-contrast phases, respectively, when using radiomic features alone with the ML classifier of LR. When features from the three CT phases were combined, the accuracy of LR reached 83.0%. After adding clinical information, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve increased for all the machine learning methods except for LR. In Dataset 2, the accuracy of LR was the highest, reaching 77.8%. CONCLUSION: The radiomic features of the lesion in three-phase CT images can potentially suggest the functioning or non-functioning nature of adrenal adenoma. The resulting radiomic models can be a non-invasive, low-cost, and rapid method of minimizing unnecessary testing in asymptomatic patients with incidentally discovered adrenal adenoma.

Capture of Heterogeneous Circulating Tumor Cells in Colorectal Cancer Patients on an Immunomagnetic and Anti-Nonspecific Adsorption Platform.

Circulating tumor cells (CTC) have been represented by different phenotypes due to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which are epithelial CTC (E-CTC), mesenchymal CTC (M-CTC), and mixed (epithelial, mesenchymal) CTC (EM-CTC). Limited work has systematically discussed the associations of CTC number, especially proportions of E-CTC, M-CTC, and EM-CTC in total CTC, with colorectal cancer (CRC) progressions via a simple method with high performances. To achieve this goal, this paper presents the fabrication of a novel anti-nonspecific adsorption immunomagnetic platform called Fe3O4@SiO2@PTMAO@Aptamer, which was obtained by modifying polymeric trimethylamine N-oxide (PTMAO) on magnetic Fe3O4@SiO2, which was then linked with dual aptamers of an epithelial cellular adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and cell surface vimentin (CSV), targeting different CTC phenotypes. Results demonstrated that the abundant coating of PTMAO on Fe3O4@SiO2 improved the anti-nonspecific adsorption and noncell adhesion abilities of the immunomagnetic particles and could capture heterogeneous CTC with higher efficiency within 10 min. These excellent performances of Fe3O4@SiO2@PTMAO@Aptamer allowed us to inspect the correlations of numbers of E-CTC, M-CTC, EM-CTC, or proportions of them in total CTC with clinical information on CRC patients in detail. Our data innovatively and clearly revealed that the captured CTC, especially M-CTC proportion, displayed more close associations with progression, diagnosis, surgery, and chemotherapeutic effects for CRC patients. Overall, we believe that our approach will bring a new understanding of CTC-based liquid biopsy for cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Bortezomib activation of mTORC1 pathway mediated by NOX2-drived reactive oxygen species results in apoptosis in primary dorsal root ganglion neurons.

Bortezomib (Bort), a chemotherapeutic agent, is widely used for the clinical treatment of cancers. However, Bort-induced peripheral neurotoxicity (BIPN) significantly restricts its clinical application, which is difficult to deal with since the underlying mechanisms of BIPN are unclear. Here, we showed that Bort activates mTORC1 pathway leading to dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuronal apoptosis. Inhibition of mTORC1 with rapamycin or knockdown of raptor, regulatory-associated protein of mTORC1, with shRNA dramatically rescued the cells from Bort-caused apoptosis. In addition, we found that Bort-activated mTORC1 pathway was attributed to Bort elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This is supported by the evidence that using ROS scavenger N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) significantly alleviated Bort-activated mTORC1 pathway. Furthermore, we revealed that upregulation of NOX2 contributed to Bort-elicited ROS overproduction, leading to mTORC1 pathway-dependent apoptosis in DRG neurons. Inhibition of NOX2 with apocynin remarkably diminished Bort-induced overgeneration of ROS, activation of mTORC1 pathway and apoptosis in the cells. Taken together, these results indicate that Bort activation of mTORC1 pathway mediated by NOX2-drived ROS leads to apoptotic death in DRG neurons. Our findings highlight that manipulation of intracellular ROS level or NOX2 or mTORC1 activity may be exploited for prevention of BIPN.

The impact of sharing physical activity experience on social network sites on residents' social connectedness:a cross-sectional survey during COVID-19 social quarantine.

BACKGROUND: During isolation, sharing physical activity experiences on social network sites (SNS) can enhance individual social connectedness. The objective of the present study was to examine the associations between sharing physical activity experiences on SNS, positive self-presentation, positive feedback, and social connectedness during isolation. METHODS: Based on the Physical Activity Experience Sharing Scale, Social Connectedness Scale, Positive Self-Presentation Scale, and Online Positive Feedback Scale, we collected 460 questionnaires online from across 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China. We used multiple linear regression models to investigate the relationship between variables, and used bootstrapping to test for mediation.. RESULTS: During isolation, sharing physical activity experiences was positively associated with social connectedness (b = 0.308, p < 0.001), as well as with positive self-presentation(b = 0.956, p < 0.001)and positive feedback(b = 0.421, p < 0.001). In addition,we found that positive self-presentation showed a significant positive impact on positive feedback (b = 0.563, p < 0.001), and that positive self-presentation(b = 0.331, p < 0.001) and positive feedback(b = 0.311, p < 0.001) were positively associated with social connectedness. Finally, we found an effect on sharing physical activity experiences indirectly through positive self-presentation (b = 0.316, 95% CI: [0.180, 0.463]),and positive feedback (b = 0.131, 95% CI: [0.063, 0.207]) and that the mediation chain between the two also had a significant impact on social connectedness (b = 0.167, 95% CI: [0.088, 0.251]). CONCLUSIONS: During the COVID-19 pandemic, sharing physical activity experiences on SNS can create a positive, healthy, and energetic personal image, gain recognition from others, and establish new interpersonal relationships.

The Post-Effects of the Authenticity of Rural Intangible Cultural Heritage and Tourists' Engagement.

Amidst the burgeoning interest in rural Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) tourism, this study, anchored in the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) theoretical framework, chose Meizhou Island in Fujian Province as a case study to examine the impacts of tourists' perceptions of authenticity and their engagement levels on the destination image and loyalty towards rural ICH tourism. Utilizing Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to analyze survey data, findings revealed that higher perceptions of a destination's preservation of original characteristics and traditional values correlate with a more favorable overall perception of the destination, albeit with smaller impact on emotional connections. Conversely, depth of tourist engagement was shown to enhance both understanding and emotional bonds with the destination. Further, familiarity with the destination was found to foster affection, thereby increasing the likelihood of repeat visits or recommendations. The more tourists know about a place, perceiving it as authentic, the more likely they are to remain loyal; similarly, deeper engagement enhances understanding and affection, increasing the probability of revisiting or recommending the place. These outcomes not only offer new insights into tourist behavior but also provide theoretical and practical guidance for the protection and development of rural ICH tourism, destination marketing, and management strategies, thus promoting the sustainable development of rural ICH tourism.

Image Super-Resolution via Efficient Transformer Embedding Frequency Decomposition With Restart.

Recently, transformer-based backbones show superior performance over the convolutional counterparts in computer vision. Due to quadratic complexity with respect to the token number in global attention, local attention is always adopted in low-level image processing with linear complexity. However, the limited receptive field is harmful to the performance. In this paper, motivated by Octave convolution, we propose a transformer-based single image super-resolution (SISR) model, which explicitly embeds dynamic frequency decomposition into the standard local transformer. All the frequency components are continuously updated and re-assigned via intra-scale attention and inter-scale interaction, respectively. Specifically, the attention in low resolution is enough for low-frequency features, which not only increases the receptive field, but also decreases the complexity. Compared with the standard local transformer, the proposed FDRTran layer simultaneously decreases FLOPs and parameters. By contrast, Octave convolution only decreases FLOPs of the standard convolution, but keeps the parameter number unchanged. In addition, the restart mechanism is proposed for every a few frequency updates, which first fuses the low and high frequency, then decomposes the features again. In this way, the features can be decomposed in multiple viewpoints by learnable parameters, which avoids the risk of early saturation for frequency representation. Furthermore, based on the FDRTran layer with restart mechanism, the proposed FDRNet is the first transformer backbone for SISR which discusses the Octave design. Sufficient experiments show our model reaches state-of-the-art performance on 6 synthetic and real datasets. The code and the models are available at https://github.com/catnip1029/FDRNet.

Elevated RACGAP1 Expression Enhances Malignant Potential in Lung Adenocarcinoma and Serves as a Prognostic Factor.

Background: While RACGAP1 is identified as a potential oncogene, its specific role in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains unclear. Methods: First, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the role of RACGAP1 across 33 types of cancer. Subsequently, we investigated the expression levels of RACGAP1 and its impact on prognosis using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. We utilized single-cell sequencing data to explore the tumor-related processes of RACGAP1 in LUAD and validated our findings through experimental verification. Employing a consensus clustering (CC) approach, we subdivided LUAD patients into two subtypes based on RACGAP1 cell cycle-related genes (RrCCGs). These subtypes exhibited significant differences in tumor characteristics, lymph node metastasis, and recurrence. Furthermore, we evaluated the prognostic influence of RrCCGs using univariate Cox regression and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression models (LASSO), successfully establishing a prognostic model. Results: RACGAP1 is frequently overexpressed in various tumors and can impact the prognosis of patients with LUAD. Additionally, experimental evidence has demonstrated that low expression of RACGAP1 favors tumor cell apoptosis and restoration of the cell cycle, while high expression promotes invasion and metastasis. Through CC analysis of RrCCGs, patients were classified into two groups, with survival analysis revealing distinct prognoses and stages between the two groups. Furthermore, Cox and LASSO regression successfully constructed a prognostic model with robust predictive capability.

Monitoring quality changes in green tea during storage: A hyperspectral imaging method.

The quality of green tea deteriorates the longer it is stored. However, there is a lack of accurate and rapid methods for determining the storage period of tea. In this study, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) was used to determine the storage period of green teas stored at 4 °C (set 1) and 25 °C (set 2), and to quantify and visualize the main chemical components (e.g. catechins). In this study, three prediction algorithms were compared, in which partial least squares discriminant analysis outperformed the other models in qualitative discrimination, with 98% and 96% correct discrimination for two sets, respectively. Moreover, quantitative models for ester catechins, simple catechins, and total catechins were developed with Rp > 0.90 and RPD > 1.0, indicating that the models were reliable. Further, a more intuitive visualization of catechin content was achieved. In conclusion, the HSI provides a rapid, non-destructive method to determine the freshness of stored green tea.

Layer-by-layer fabrication of alginate/polyethyleneimine multilayer on magnetic interface with enhanced efficiency in immuno-capturing circulating tumor cells.

BACKGROUND: The technology of capturing circulating tumor cells (CTCs) plays a crucial role in the diagnosis, evaluation of therapeutic efficacy, and prediction of prognosis in lung cancer. However, the presence of complex blood environment often results in severe nonspecific protein adsorption and interferences from blood cells, which negatively impacts the specificity of CTCs capture. There is a great need for development of novel nanomaterials for CTCs capture with prominent anti-nonspecific adsorptions from proteins or blood cells. RESULTS: We present a novel immune magnetic probe Fe3O4@(PEI/AA)4@Apt. The surface of Fe3O4 particles was modified with four layers of PEI/AA composite by layer-by-layer assembly. Furthermore, aptamers targeting epithelial marker EpCAM (SYL3C) and mesenchymal marker CSV (ZY5C) were simultaneously connected on Fe3O4@(PEI/AA)4 to improve the detection of different phenotypic CTCs and reduce false negatives. The results demonstrated that the (PEI/AA)4 coatings not only minimized non-specific protein adsorptions, but also significantly reduced the adsorption rate of red blood cells to a mere 1 %, as a result of which, the Fe3O4@(PEI/AA)4@Apt probe achieved a remarkably high capture efficiency toward CTCs (95.9 %). In the subsequent validation of clinical samples, the probe was also effective in capturing rare CTCs from lung cancer patients. SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY: A (PEI/AA) polymerized composite with controllable layers was fabricated by layer-by-layer self-assembly technique, which displayed remarkable anti-nonspecific adsorption capabilities toward proteins and cells. Importantly, Fe3O4@(PEI/AA)4@Apt probe significantly improved CTCs capture purity in lung cancer patients to 89.36 %. For the first time, this study combined controllable (PEI/AA) layers with magnetic separation to innovatively build a resistant interface that significantly improves the specific capture performances of CTCs, broadening the application of this polymerized composite.

Integration of clinical features and sociodemographic factors: a simplified prognostic model for patients with multiple myeloma based on a double-center retrospective analysis.

This study aimed to develop and validate a prognostic nomogram that combines clinical and sociodemographic factors of patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM). A total of 257 newly diagnosed patients with MM from two independent medical centers in China were included in this retrospective cohort study. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were used to identify independent risk factors and to construct the nomogram. The predictive ability of the nomogram was evaluated using the areas under the curve (AUCs) and calibration curves. K-fold cross-validation was employed for internal validation of the nomogram performance. Moreover, a stratification system to determine risk level was generated based on the nomogram. Hemoglobulin, creatinine, rurality, and marital status were significantly associated with overall survival (OS) and were incorporated into the nomogram for OS prediction. The prognostic nomogram showed good discrimination and accuracy, and its predictive capability was superior to the International Staging System. The AUC values predicting the 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS probabilities of the nomogram were 0.775, 0.755, and 0.754, respectively. Subsequently, patients were classified into high- and low-risk subgroups based on the median total points of the nomogram; this risk stratification clearly distinguished between high- and low-risk MM patients with significantly different clinical outcomes (median OS: 27 months vs. 84 months). We established a novel prognostic prediction model by comprehensively incorporating clinical and sociodemographic variables, which can effectively predict the survival outcomes in patients with MM.

Glucometer Readout for Portable Detection of Heterogeneous Circulating Tumor Cells in Lung Cancer Captured on a Dual Aptamer Functionalized Wrinkled Cellulose Hydrogel Interface.

The rarity of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) poses a great challenge to their clinical application as reliable "liquid biopsy" markers for cancer diagnosis. Meanwhile, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) led to a reduced efficiency in capturing cells with lost or downregulated epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) expressions. In this study, we proposed an integrated, highly efficient strategy for heterogeneous CTC capture and portable detection from the blood of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. First, the cellulose wrinkled hydrogel with excellent biocompatibility and high specific area was employed as the biointerface to capture heterogeneous CTCs with an improved capture efficiency in virtue of dual targeting against epithelial and mesenchymal ones. Meanwhile, the strategy of glucometer readout was introduced for the quantification of captured CTCs on the same hydrogel interface by a detection probe, Au-G-MSN-Apt, which was fabricated via entrapping glucose into the amino group functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) framework sealed by l-cysteine modified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and then linked with dual aptamers of EpCAM and Vimentin. The number of captured CTCs on the hydrogel could be reflected according to the portable glucose meter (PGM) readings. Moreover, it was found that the captured cells maintained a higher viability on the hydrogel and could be in situ recultured without releasing from the substrate. Finally, this integrated strategy was successfully applied to inspect the correlations between the number of heterogeneous CTCs in the blood of NSCLC patients with disease stage and whether there was distant metastasis.

A multifunctional black phosphorus nanosheet-based immunomagnetic bio-interface for heterogeneous circulating tumor cell capture and simultaneous self-identification in gastric cancer patients.

A single epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) for circulating tumor cell (CTCs) isolation has been proved to be low in efficiency as it fails to recognize EpCAM-negative CTCs. Meanwhile, the current immunocytochemical (ICC) identification strategy for the captured cells is tedious and time-consuming. To address these issues, we designed a dual-labeled fluorescent immunomagnetic nanoprobe (BP-Fe3O4-AuNR/Apt), by loading magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles and gold nanorods (AuNRs) onto black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets and then linking them with Cy3-labeled EpCAM and Texas red-labeled tyrosine protein kinase 7 (PTK7) aptamers, which created a high-performance bio-interface for efficient, heterogeneous CTC capture and rapid self-identification with high accuracy. As few as 5 CTCs could be captured from 1.0 mL PBS, mixed cell solution and lysed blood. What's more, the presence of BP and AuNRs on this capturing interface also allowed us to preliminarily investigate the potential photothermal therapeutic effect of the probe toward CTC elimination. The applicability of the probe was further demonstrated in gastric cancer patients. By detecting the number of CTCs in the blood of gastric cancer patients, the correlations between the CTC number and the disease stage, as well as distant metastasis were systematically explored.

Change of geographic distributions of the genus Morchella species responding to climate oscillations in East Asia.

Morchella is a rare macrofungi taxon with high medicinal and edible values. Influenced by recent climate oscillations and human activities, habitat fragmentation of this genus has been critical, leading to a rapid decline of the resource of Morchella. It is thus urgent to preserve Morchella species. Based on maximum entropy model (MaxEnt), and 102 geographic distribution records of Morchella species with 10 environmental factors, we simulated the changes of potential geographic distributions under the climatic conditions of the last glacial maximum (LGM), last interglacial (LIG), in contemporary period and future (2050, 2070). We further analyzed the potential changes of geographic distributions of Morchella species in East Asia under climate change and formulated the effective conservation strategies for Morchella. The results showed that the dominant environmental factors affecting the geographic distributions of Morchella species were mean temperature of coldest quarter, annual precipitation, elevation and temperature annual range, with the mean temperature of coldest quarter having the greatest contribution. Results of the species distribution models showed that the highly suitable regions for Morchella species were mainly distributed in parts of western China under contemporary period. From the LIG to LGM and then the current to the future period, the total suitable regions of Morchella species showed a trend of firstly decrease and then increase, while the highly suitable regions showed similar change with the total suitable regions. At present, there is an urgent need to conduct in situ conservation for the resources of Morchella species in highly suitable regions in western China, and to carry out ex situ conservation in the marginal ranges of highly suitable regions and moderately suitable regions of Shaanxi, Hebei, Shandong, and other regions in China.

A hypochlorite-activated strategy for realizing fluorescence turn-on, type I and type II ROS-combined photodynamic tumor ablation.

The combination of cancer cell-activated fluorescence and the advantages of both type I and type II photodynamic therapy (PDT) capabilities to achieve a synergistic therapeutic effect in a complex tumor environment is highly desirable. Herein, we report an approach by means of tumor intracellular hypochlorite (ClO-) to turn on fluorescence integrated with type I and II ROS generation for imaging-guided PDT. The resultant PTZSPy functions as a type II photosensitizer with mitochondria-targeting capability. In the presence of ClO-, PTZSPy is transformed into its oxidized counterpart SPTZSPy, turns on an orange-red fluorescence and triggers the type I ROS generation ability. Biological studies revealed that PTZSPy can accurately distinguishes tumor cells from normal cells, dynamically monitors the cell ablation process and be utilized for theranostics in MCF-7 tumor-bearing nude mice in vivo. This work provides an innovative strategy exploiting the highly abundant ClO- in tumor cells for the type I and II ROS two-pronged and imaging-guided PDT.

Crosstalk between neutrophil extracellular traps and immune regulation: insights into pathobiology and therapeutic implications of transfusion-related acute lung injury.

Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is the leading cause of transfusion-associated death, occurring during or within 6 hours after transfusion. Reports indicate that TRALI can be categorized as having or lacking acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) risk factors. There are two types of TRALI in terms of its pathogenesis: antibody-mediated and non-antibody-mediated. The key initiation steps involve the priming and activation of neutrophils, with neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) being established as effector molecules formed by activated neutrophils in response to various stimuli. These NETs contribute to the production and release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and participate in the destruction of pulmonary vascular endothelial cells. The significant role of NETs in TRALI is well recognized, offering a potential pathway for TRALI treatment. Moreover, platelets, macrophages, endothelial cells, and complements have been identified as promoters of NET formation. Concurrently, studies have demonstrated that the storage of platelets and concentrated red blood cells (RBC) can induce TRALI through bioactive lipids. In this article, recent clinical and pre-clinical studies on the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of TRALI are reviewed to further illuminate the mechanism through which NETs induce TRALI. This review aims to propose new therapeutic strategies for TRALI, with the hope of effectively improving its poor prognosis.

Can audience involvement stimulate visit intention in Chinese Kung Fu? Using a serial multiple mediation model to explore film tourism.

The popularity of film and television causes audiences to flock to the location of filming, and thus film tourism is widely been used as an efficient tool in destination branding and marketing. Accordingly, this study takes Chinese Kung Fu film and television as an example, using the method of regression model to study audience involvement, cognitive destination image, tourists' anticipated experiences, and visit intention into an overall framework. Findings illustrate a significant positive correlation among these four factors. Specifically, cognitive destination image and tourists' anticipated experiences have a partial mediating effect on the relationship between audience involvement and visit intention. This study provides three suggestions for the development of film tourism, namely maximizing the marketing effect, strengthening the unity of film and images of destinations, and making full use of modern marketing tools.

Dimensions of the health benefits of wellness tourism: A review.

The benefits of wellness tourism have been recently noted by researchers and industry representatives. This study examined the health dimensions of these benefits posited by a large array of interdisciplinary studies from 2002 up to the present. Open coding was used to conduct an inductive evaluation to classify these health benefits. Results showed four main dimensions, namely, physical fitness, psychological fitness, quality of life (QOL), and environmental health; however, these dimensions need further investigation. Physiological health benefits can also be demonstrated through future experiments, which can further focus on empirical research on the psychological benefits and its overall effect on the QOL. This study contributes to the current literature by providing novel theoretical foundations and subsequently aids practitioners to understand customers better and convey their marketing messages to tourists more effectively.