[Nutritional management of kidney diseases in children].

The prevalence of various kidney diseases in children remains high in recent decades. Adequate nutrition management can enhance the effectiveness of drug treatment, slow the frequency of relapses andprevent the progression of the disease. The article is devoted to modern approaches to diet therapy in various kidney diseases in children with the defeat of tubular and glomerular appa ratus. For the first time the therapeutic diets for children with various kidney diseases are presented. Particular attention is paid to diet therapy in nephrotic syndrome (steroid-responsive and steroid-refractory). Dietary approaches with modern formulas for enteral nutrition in cases of steroid therapy complications in children with renal insufficiency (in predialysis stage and on dialysis) are described. Differentiated nutritional approaches for patients with different types of crystalluria are separately presented.

Characteristics of the nutrition organization and nutrient consumption in toddlers' living in the Central Federal District, Russian Federation (Moscow, Ivanovo, Yaroslavl).

A multicenter cross-sectional study with the participation of 356 healthy children aged 1 to 3 years from the cities of the Central Federal District: Moscow (n=106), Ivanovo (n=126), Yaroslavl (n=124) has been carried out. Questionnaire method, the method of 24-hour diet recall for 3 days (2 weekdays and 1 weekend) and the method of diary recording of food intake were used. The average daily volumes of food were consistent with the recommended age norms only in 31.2% of the surveyed children; after 1 year of life children actively started to transfer to nutrition from the family table and only 51.7% of children continued to receive individually prepared for baby food. The recommended dietary allowances were inadequate in macro- and micronutrients: 48.6% of all children received excessive amounts of protein and fat, and 74.1% were less in carbohydrates. The consumption of vitamins D and A and minerals (calcium, iron and zinc) did not correspond to existing recommendations in the majority of cases: only 10-30% of the examined children received physiological norms of vitamins from food and 13-34% - some minerals and trace elements. These results indicate that the nutrition of young children living in the Central Federal District is imbalanced on daily caloric, macro- and micronutrient composition, does not fully meet the requirements of the balanced diet and needs serious optimization.