Kinetic Properties Study of H Atom Abstraction by CH3Ȯ2 Radicals from Fuel Molecules with Different Functional Groups.

The detailed kinetic properties of hydrogen atom abstraction by methylperoxy (CH3Ȯ2) radicals from alkanes, alkenes, dienes, alkynes, ethers, and ketones are systematically studied in this work. Geometry optimization, frequency analysis, and zero-point energy corrections were performed for all species at the M06-2X/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. The intrinsic reaction coordinate calculation was consistently performed to ensure that the transition state connects the correct reactants and products, and one-dimensional hindered rotor scanning results were performed at the M06-2X/6-31G level of theory. The single-point energies of all reactants, transition states, and products were obtained at the QCISD(T)/CBS level of theory. High-pressure-limit rate constants of 61 reaction channels were calculated using conventional transition state theory with asymmetric Eckart tunneling corrections over the temperature range of 298.15-2000 K. Reaction rate rules for H atom abstraction by CH3Ȯ2 radicals from fuel molecules with different functional groups are constructed, which can be used in the development of combustion models of these fuels and fuel types. In addition, the influence of the functional groups on the internal rotation of the hindered rotor is also discussed.

Design and Implementation of a New Training Flight Simulator System.

Aircraft flight simulators have good cost efficiency, high reusability, and high flight safety. All airlines and aircraft manufacturing companies choose it as sophisticated training equipment for ground simulation, effectively reducing pilot training costs, ensuring personnel safety and aircraft wear and tear. The new simulator proposed in this paper combines a digital motion-cueing algorithm, flight software and motion platform to make pilots feel as if they are in the real world. By using EtherCAT technology to drive the motion-cueing platform, it can improve the data transmission speed of the simulator as well as the strong anti-interference ability of communication and the control operation efficiency. Therefore, the simulated flight subjects can perform long-distance and large-angle training. Next, a set of measurement systems was established to provide monitoring items including attitude, velocity and acceleration, which can be displayed on the screen and recorded on the computer in real time and dynamically. Finally, seven training subjects were implemented to demonstrate the feasibility and correctness of the proposed method.

Data Prediction of Mobile Network Traffic in Public Scenes by SOS-vSVR Method.

Accurate base station traffic data in a public place with large changes in the amount of people could help predict the occurrence of network congestion, which would allow us to effectively allocate network resources. This is of great significance for festival network support, routine maintenance, and resource scheduling. However, there are a few related reports on base station traffic prediction, especially base station traffic prediction in public scenes with fluctuations in people flow. This study proposes a public scene traffic data prediction method, which is based on a v Support Vector Regression (vSVR) algorithm. To achieve optimal prediction of traffic, a symbiotic organisms search (SOS) was adopted to optimize the vSVR parameters. Meanwhile, the optimal input time step was determined through a large number of experiments. Experimental data was obtained at the base station of Huainan Wanda Plaza, in the Anhui province of China, for three months, with the granularity being one hour. To verify the predictive performance of vSVR, the classic regression algorithm extreme learning machine (ELM) and variational Bayesian Linear Regression (vBLR) were used. Their optimal prediction results were compared with vSVR predictions. Experimental results show that the prediction results from SOS-vSVR were the best. Outcomes of this study could provide guidance for preventing network congestion and improving the user experience.

Abscisic acid is involved in root cell wall phosphorus remobilization independent of nitric oxide and ethylene in rice (Oryza sativa).

Background: Abscisic acid (ABA) is a well-studied phytohormone demonstrated to be involved in sub-sets of stress responses in plants, such as iron (Fe) deficiency and phosphorus (P) deficiency in Arabidopsis. However, whether ABA is involved in P deficiency in rice has not been frequently studied. The present study was undertaken to investigate the mechanism underlying ABA-aggravated P deficiency in rice (Oryza sativa). Results: P deficiency decreased ABA accumulation rapidly (within 1 h) in the roots. Exogenous ABA negatively regulated root and shoot soluble P contents by decreasing pectin content, inhibiting P deficiency-induced increases in pectin methylesterase activity and expression of the phosphate transporter gene-OsPT6, thereby decreasing the re-utilization of P from the cell wall and its translocation to the shoot. Moreover, neither the nitric oxide (NO) donor sodium nitroprusside nor ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid had any effect on ABA accumulation, and application of ABA or the ABA inhibitor fluridone also had no effect on NO production and ethylene emission. Conclusions: Under P deficiency, NO levels increase as quickly as ABA levels decrease, to inhibit both the ABA-induced reduction of pectin contents for the re-utilization of cell wall P and the ABA-induced down-regulation of OsPT6 for the translocation of P from roots to shoots. Overall, our results provide novel information indicating that the reduction of ABA under P deficiency is a very important pathway in the re-utilization of cell wall P in rice under P-deficient conditions, which should be a very effective mechanism for plant survival under P deficiency stress for common agronomic practice.

Silicon reduces cadmium accumulation by suppressing expression of transporter genes involved in cadmium uptake and translocation in rice.

Silicon (Si) alleviates cadmium (Cd) toxicity and accumulation in a number of plant species, but the exact molecular mechanisms responsible for this effect are still poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effect of Si on Cd toxicity and accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa) by using two mutants (lsi1 and lsi2) defective in Si uptake and their wild types (WTs). Root elongation was decreased with increasing external Cd concentrations in both WTs and mutants, but Si did not show an alleviative effect on Cd toxicity in all lines. By contrast, the Cd concentration in both the shoots and roots was decreased by Si in the WTs, but not in the mutants. Furthermore, Si supply resulted in a decreased Cd concentration in the root cell sap and xylem sap in the WTs, but not in the mutants. Pre-treatment with Si also decreased Cd accumulation in the WTs, but not in the mutants. Silicon slightly decreased Cd accumulation in the cell wall of the roots. The expression level of OsNramp5 and OsHMA2 was down-regulated by Si in the WTs, but not in the mutants. These results indicate that the Si-decreased Cd accumulation was caused by down-regulating transporter genes involved in Cd uptake and translocation in rice.

Efficacy of Whole-Lung Lavage in Treatment of Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis.

The aim of the study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of whole-lung lavage (WLL) for pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP). The cohort studies that investigated the therapeutic effect of WLL for PAP were selected strictly on the basis of the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The statistical analysis was performed using STATA statistical software (version 12.0; Stata Corporation, College Station, TX). Twelve studies were included in this meta-analysis. Totally, 206 PAP patients who received WLL were recruited in the 12 studies. We compared the differences in blood gas analysis and lung function before and after the treatment in this meta-analysis. The results indicated that there were statistical differences in the levels of diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, forced vital capacity, and arterial partial pressure of oxygen after the treatment of WLL for patients with PAP, whereas there were no evident differences in the levels of arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide and arterial oxygen saturation. In conclusion, WLL can evidently improve the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, forced vital capacity, and arterial partial pressure of oxygen of patients with PAP, thus WLL may be an important treatment of PAP.

A miniaturized fiber-optic colorimetric sensor for nitrite determination by coupling with a microfluidic capillary waveguide.

A microfluidic-capillary-waveguide-coupled fiber-optic sensor was developed for colorimetric determination of hazardous nitrite based on the Griess-Ilosvay reaction. The sensor was modularly designed by use of a light-emitting diode as the light source, silica fiber as the light transmission element, and a capillary waveguide tube as the light reaction flow cell. With the light interacting with the azo dye generated by the Griess-Ilosvay reaction between nitrite and Griess reagents, nitrite could be determined by a colorimetric method according to Beer's law. By use of the inexpensive and micro-sized elements mentioned above, the sensor provided a new low-cost and portable method for in situ and online measurement of nitrite. The sensor had a wide linear range for nitrite from 0.02 to 1.8 mg L(-1) and a low detection limit of 7 µg L(-1) (3σ), with a relative standard deviation of 0.37% (n = 10). With a low reagent demand of 200 µL, a short response time of 6.24 s, and excellent selectivity, the sensor is environmentally friendly and has been applied to nitrite determination in different water samples. The results were compared with those obtained by conventional spectrophotometry and ion chromatography, indicating the sensor's potential for practical applications.

From sky to road: Incorporating the satellite imagery into analysis of freight truck-related crash factors.

Freight truck-related crashes in urban contexts have caused significant economic losses and casualties, making it increasingly essential to understand the spatial patterns of such crashes. Limitations regarding data availability have greatly undermined the generalizability and applicability of certain prior research findings. This study explores the potential of emerging geospatial data to delve deeply into the determinants of these incidents with a more generalizable research design. By synergizing high-resolution satellite imagery with refined GIS map data and geospatial tabular data, a rich tapestry of the road environment and freight truck operations emerges. To navigate the challenges of zero-inflated issues of the crash datasets, the Tweedie Gradient Boosting model is adopted. Results reveal a pronounced spatial heterogeneity between highway and urban non-highway road networks in crash determinants. Factors such as freight truck activity, intricate road network patterns, and vehicular densities rise to prominence, albeit with varying degrees of influence across highways and urban non-highway terrains. Results emphasize the need for context-specific interventions for policymakers, encompassing optimized urban planning, infrastructural overhauls, and refined traffic management protocols. This endeavor may not only elevate the academic discourse around freight truck-related crashes but also champion a data-driven approach towards safer road ecosystems for all.

Elevated tumor markers in patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.

BACKGROUND: The role of tumor markers in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) remains unclear. This study investigated the tumor markers in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in PAP patients and explored the relationship between tumor markers and the severity of PAP. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 38 patients with PAP. RESULTS: Mean serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and CYFRA21-1 levels were higher than the cut-off values (12.7 ± 17.5 ng/mL and 10 ± 10.66 ng/mL, respectively). Significant correlations were found between levels of CEA and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in serum and serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) values (r=0.60, p<0.001 and r=0.56, p<0.001, respectively). A significant correlation was also observed between levels of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in serum and PaO2 and PA-aO2 (r=-0.49 p=0.01 and r=-0.51, p=0.01, respectively). The changes of CEA, SCC and NSE levels were consistent with the changes of LDH and PaO2. The serum levels of CEA, NSE and SCC were significantly lower after whole lung lavage compared with those before (8.7 ± 10.6 vs. 15.7 ± 22, 7.9 ± 5.2 vs. 16.6 ± 11.8, 0.4 ± 0.24 vs. 0.59 ± 0.42; p<0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Elevated serum tumor marker levels were found in PAP patients. The serum levels of CEA, NSE and SCC may reflect the severity of the disease and predict the therapeutic effect of whole lung lavage.

[The long-term therapeutic effects of silicosis by repeat the whole lung lavage].

OBJECTIVE: To preliminary study the long term therapeutic effects of repeat the whole lung lavage (RWLL) in the treatment of silicosis. METHODS: A total of 60 patients with silicosis in the same stone mine were randomly and equally divided into repeat the whole lung Lavage (RWLL) group and whole lung Lavage (WLL) group based on silicosis staging, age and working age of dust exposure. Comparative analysis was performed to evaluate the long-term therapeutic efficacy and safety of RWLL. The cell count and SiO2 content were measured in twice right lung bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) of the RWLL group. RESULTS: Four years after treatment, the cough and asthma improvement rates of the RWLL group were 68.4% and 75.0% higher than those (52.4%and 57.9%) of the WLL group (P > 0.05). Six years after treatment, the asthma improvement rate (70.0%) of the RWLL group was significantly higher than that (36.8%) of the WLL group (P < 0.05). The RWLL group showed slight decrease in forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1.0) after treatment (P > 0.05), while the WLL group showed significant decrease in FVC and FEV1.0 in the six years after treatment (P<0.05). Four and Six years after treatment, the RWLL group had higher no change rate and lower progression rate and significant progression rate than the WLL group in terms of chest X-ray (P>0.05). In the RWLL group,the first time the right lung BALF test showed a number of cells 6.71×10(7)∼2.14×10(9)/L, average 4.50×10(8)/L, pulmonary alveoli macrophages (PAM) ratio of 0.873∼0.980, average 0.954 and SiO2 content of 18∼104.7 mg, average 93.7 mg; the second test showed a number of cells 5.71×10(6)∼1.30×10(9)/L, average 9.12×10(7)/L; PAM ratio 0.710∼0.926, average 0.870 and SiO2 content of 6∼90.2 mg, average 46.2 mg. The RWLL group happened hemoptysis, chest pain one case in perioperative period, the incidence of 6.7%. The RWLL group complicated by left pneumothorax, pulmonary infection one case and the WLL group complicated by one case of lung cancer in a year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: RWLL is reasonable and safe treatment which could help to further improve the long-term effects of WLL for silicosis.

The upstream regulation of the root cell wall when Arabidopsis thaliana in response to toxic metal ions focusing on Al.

In acid soil, aluminum (Al) toxicity is one of the main factors limiting agricultural output. As is known to all, the cell wall is the first line of defense against metals that serves as a significant target of Al toxicity and also is crucial for Al detoxification. However, nothing is known about how this process is transcriptionally regulated. Here, we describe recent findings to understand the role of two kinds of transcription factors in regulating the cell wall composition and modification in response to Al stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. ANAC017 encodes a NAM, ATAF1/2, and cup-shaped cotyledon 2 (NAC) transcription factor, loss function of ANAC017 enhanced Al tolerance with the decreased Al content and xyloglucan content in the cell wall. Next, we characterized one xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH), XTH31, which is previously reported to participate in Al stress, acted downstream of ANAC017 to regulate Al tolerance in Arabidopsis. In addition, we also identified MYB103, an R2R3-type transcription factor. MYB103 disruption caused Al sensitivity, and myb103 mutants' xyloglucan had a high O-acetylation level. Additionally, it was discovered that TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE-LIKE27 (TBL27), which is in charge of xyloglucan's O-acetylation, functions downstream of MYB103 through the direct binding of the MYB103 to the promoter of the TBL27 to influence Arabidopsis's sensitivity to Al. In summary, our research showed that two distinct molecular modules modulate Arabidopsis cell wall composition and modification to positively influence Al resistance.

Comparative analysis of human reproductive proteomes identifies candidate proteins of sperm maturation.

Male reproductive proteomes provide basis for studying gene products and its involvement or regulation in sperm physiology. Here, a comparative study between these proteomes was performed to find potential proteins and functions associated with human sperm maturation. Seven reproductive proteomes associated with human sperm physiology were integrated. Gene ontology analysis were performed using DAVID and Panther tools to determine enriched functions. Total of 270 proteins overlapped between epididymal, prostatic milieu and sperm proteome were thought to be candidate proteins involved in sperm maturation, and they showed enriched functions of proteasomal protein catabolic process and protein folding. 34 epididymal milieu proteins and 274 prostatic milieu proteins were contributed to the composition of seminal fluids proteome. Literatures have confirmed the involvements in sperm maturation of many of these proteins The spatial expressions of 24 epididymal milieu proteins involved in chaperone and antioxidant activity were authenticated by real-time RT-PCR. These proteins may serve as candidate molecules for future studies of sperm maturation and male infertility.

Anti-tumor alkaloids from Peganum harmala.

Six alkaloids peharmalines F-K, along with 14 known ones, were isolated from the aerial part of Peganum harmala L.. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined based on their HR-ESI-MS data, extensive NMR spectroscopic analyses, and ECD calculations. 3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)quinoline exhibited potent antiproliferative activity against the HepG-2 cell lines with an IC50 value of 3.05 µM. Norharmane displayed a moderate inhibition against A549 and HepG-2 cells with IC50 values of 16.45 µM and 17.27 µM, respectively.

Analysis of risk factors related to the re-fracture of adjacent vertebral body after PKP.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to investigate the risk factors of vertebral re-fracture after percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) for osteoporosis vertebral compression fracture (OVCF), and to provide reference for clinical prevention. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on 228 OVCF patients admitted on November 6, 2013, solstice, December 14, 2018, which met the inclusion criteria. There were 35 males and 193 females, with a male-to-female ratio of 3:20, and an age of 61-89 years. All patients were treated with PKP surgery with complete clinical data, and the rate of re-fracture was calculated according to whether re-fracture occurred after surgery, divided into the re-fracture group (24 cases) and the non-refracture group (204 cases). May be associated with subsequent fracture factors (gender, age, number of surgical segment vertebral body, whether with degenerative scoliosis, whether to fight osteoporosis) into a single-factor research, then the single-factor analysis was statistically significant risk factors for multiple logistic regression analysis, further defined after PKP holds the vertebral body fracture independent risk factors. Survival analysis was performed using the time of vertebral re-fracture after PKP as the end time of follow-up, the occurrence of re-fracture after PKP as the endpoint event, and the presence or absence of degenerative lateral curvature as a variable factor. RESULTS: All 228 vertebroplasty patients were followed up for a period of 1.8 to 63.6 months. The mean follow-up time was (28.8 ± 15.6) months, and the re-fracture rate was 10.5%. There were statistically significant differences between the re-fracture group and the non-refracture group in age, number of operative vertebral bodies, whether there was a combination of degenerative scoliosis and whether there was anti-osteoporosis treatment (P < 0.05). The results of univariate logistic regression analysis after excluding the mutual influence of various factors showed that the number of vertebral bodies and the group with lateral curvature might be the risk factors for PKP re-fracture after surgery. The above possible risk factors were included in multiple logistic regression analysis to show whether there were independent risk factors for scoliosis and vertebral re-fracture. Survival analysis showed that the mean survival time was 42.1 months, the P value was 0.00, and the mean 95% confidence interval was (34.4-49.7 months), indicating that the combination of degenerative lateral bending might be related to the occurrence of re-fracture. CONCLUSIONS: Combined scoliosis is an independent risk factor for re-fracture after OVCF laminoplasty and a possible risk factor for re-fracture after surgery.

[Analysis of related risk factors for the refracture of adjacent vertebral body after percutaneous kyphoplasty].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risk factors of vertebral refracture after percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) for osteoprotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs), and to provide reference for clinical prevention. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 228 OVCFs patients who met the inclusion criteria admitted from November 6, 2013 to December 14, 2018. There were 35 males and 193 females, with a male-to-female ratio of 3∶20, and aged 58 to 91 years with an average of (69.70±7.03) years. All patients were treated with PKP and had complete clinical data. According to whether refracture occurred after operation, they were divided into refracture group (24 cases) and non refracture group (204 cases). Factors that may be related to refracture (including gender, age, surgical segment, number of vertebral bodies in the surgical segment, whether combined with degenerative scoliosis, whether anti-osteoporosis treatment) were included in the univariate analyses, and the single factor analysis of statistically significant risk factors was carried out with multiple Logistic regression analysis to further clarify the independent risk factors for vertebral body refracture after PKP. Survival analysis was performed using the time of vertebral refracture after PKP as the end time of follow up, the occurrence of refracture after PKP as the endpoint event, and the presence or absence of degenerative lateral curvature as a variable factor. RESULTS: All 228 patients were followed up for 1.8 to 63.6 months with an average of (28.8±15.6) months, and the refracture rate was 10.5%(24/228). There were statistically significant differences between two groups in age, number of operative vertebral bodies, whether combinedwith degenerative scoliosis and whether anti osteoporosis treatment (P<0.05). Univariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the number of vertebral bodies in the surgical segment and whether combined with degenerative scoliosis may be risk factors for refracture after PKP. Multiple Logistic regression analysis of the above possible risk factors showed that combined scoliosis was an independent risk factor for vertebral refracture of the vertebral body. Survival analysis showed that the mean survival time was 42.1 months, the P value was 0.00, and the mean 95% confidence interval was 34.4-49.7 months, indicating that the combination of degenerative lateral bending might be related to the occurrence of refracture. CONCLUSION: Combined scoliosis is an independent risk factor for refracture after OVCFs vertebroplasty, and it is also a possible high-risk factor for refracture after surgery.

New tirucallane-type triterpenoids from the resin of Boswellia carteriiand their NO inhibitory activities.

Six new tirucallane-type triterpenoids (1-6), along with ten known triterpenoids, were isolated from methylene chloride extract of the resin of Boswellia carterii Birdw. By the application of the comprehensive spectroscopic data, the structures of the compounds were clarified. The experimental electronic circular dichroism spectra were compared with those calculated, which allowed to assign the absolute configurations. Compounds 5 and 6 possesed a 2, 3-seco tirucallane-type triterpenoid skeleton, which were first reported. Their inhibitory activity against NO formation in LPS-activated BV-2 cells were evaluated. Compound 9 showed appreciable inhibitory effect, with an IC50 value of 7.58 ± 0.87 µmol·L-1.

2-Chloro-4-fluoro-N-phenyl-benzamide.

In the title compound, C(13)H(9)ClFNO, the dihedral angle between the two aromatic rings is 13.6 (2)°. In the crystal, the mol-ecules are linked by inter-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into chains extending along the c-axis direction.

3,6-Dichloro-N-(4-fluoro-phen-yl)picolinamide.

In the title compound, C(12)H(7)Cl(2)FN(2)O, the dihedral angle between the phenyl and pyridine rings is 42.5 (2) Šand an intramolecular N-H⋯N hydrogen bond occurs. The crystal structure is stabilized by C-H⋯O, C-H⋯F and C-Cl short contacts.

Hypertension as a predictive biomarker in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer treated with apatinib.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension (HTN) is a common adverse event of the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway inhibitor apatinib. This study was conducted to evaluate the association of apatinib-induced HTN with clinical outcomes in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 110 consecutive patients with advanced NSCLC who were treated with apatinib from August 2014 to January 2018. All patients were classified as normotensive or hypertensive based on blood pressure measurements after initiating therapy. Therapeutic response, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were evaluated. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using the Cox proportional hazards method. RESULTS: A total of 46 patients (42%) were diagnosed with HTN. The median PFS for the hypertensive and normotensive groups were 5.6 months and 4.2 months, respectively (P=0.0027). The median OS times for the hypertensive and normotensive groups were 9.9 months and 7.8 months, respectively (P=0.005). Thirty percent of patients who experienced HTN showed partial response to apatinib as compared with 6.3% of non-hypertensive patients (P=0.002). HTN was independently associated with improved PFS and OS on both univariate and multivariate analyses. CONCLUSION: Apatinib-induced HTN may be an inexpensive, valid, and easily measurable biomarker for apatinib antitumor efficacy in patients with advanced NSCLC.

A Meta-analysis of radiomics in differential diagnosis of small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer / 实用放射学杂志

Objective To explore the value of radiomics in differential diagnosis of small cell lung cancer(SCLC)and non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).Methods Literature on the differential diagnosis of SCLC and NSCLC using radiomics was searched in Chinese and English databases.After literature screening and data extraction,Meta-DiSc1.4 and State16.0 SE software were used for analysis.Results A total of 910 patients were included in 8 studies.Meta-analysis results showed that the radiomics differential diag-nosis of SCLC and NSCLC had high co-sensitivity(Sen)and specificity(Spe),0.87[95%confidence interval(CI)0.83-0.91]and 0.88(95%CI 0.85-0.90),respectively.Meta-regression analysis showed that heterogeneity was not caused by feature extraction software type,joint machine learning,image pattern,brain metastasis,and sample size.Publication bias results didn't show any sig-nificant publication bias.Conclusion The radiomics method can differentiate and diagnose SCLC from NSCLC more accurately.When Matlab software is used to extract MRI image features combined with machine learning,and the sample size is large enough,the radiomics can differentiate and diagnose SCLC from NSCLC more accurately.