Activation of GSK3ß induced by recall of cocaine reward memories is dependent on GluN2A/B NMDA receptor signaling.

Glycogen synthase kinase-3ß (GSK3ß) is a critical regulator of the balance between long-term depression and long-term potentiation which is essential for learning and memory. Our previous study demonstrated that GSK3ß activity is highly induced during cocaine memory reactivation, and that reconsolidation of cocaine reward memory is attenuated by inhibition of GSK3ß. NMDA receptors and protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) are activators of GSK3ß. Thus, this study investigated the roles of NMDA receptor subtypes and PP1in the reconsolidation of cocaine contextual reward memory. Cocaine contextual memories were established and evaluated using cocaine conditioned place preference methods. The regulation of GSK3ß activity in specific brain areas was assessed by measuring its phosphorylation state using immunoblot assays. Mice underwent cocaine place conditioning for 8 days and were tested for place preference on day 9. Twenty-four hours later, mice were briefly confined to the compartment previous paired with cocaine to reactivate cocaine-associated memories. Administration of the GluN2A- and GluN2B-NMDA receptor antagonists, NVP-AAM077 and ifenprodil, respectively, immediately following recall abrogated an established cocaine place preference, while preventing the activation of GSK3ß in the amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and hippocampus during cocaine memory reactivation. PP1 inhibition with okadaic acid also blocked the activation of GSK3ß and attenuated a previously established cocaine place preference. These findings suggest that the dephosphorylation of GSK3ß that occurred upon activation of cocaine-associated reward memories may be initiated by the activation of PP1 during the induction of NMDA receptor-dependent reconsolidation of cocaine mnemonic traces. Moreover, the importance of NMDA receptors and PP1 in reconsolidation of cocaine memory makes them potential therapeutic targets in treatment of cocaine use disorder and prevention of relapse.

Differential Roles of Accumbal GSK3ß in Cocaine versus Morphine-Induced Place Preference, U50,488H-Induced Place Aversion, and Object Memory.

Previous research has demonstrated that activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) is necessary for the rewarding effects of cocaine. In the present study, a conditional GSK3ß gene knockdown model was used to determine if GSK3ß activity specifically in the nucleus accumbens is important for cocaine conditioned reward. The roles of accumbal GSK3ß in morphine conditioned reward, trans-(±)-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl]benzeneacetamide methanesulfonate salt (U50,488H)-induced conditioned place aversion, and cognitive function were also studied. Adult male and female GSK3ß-floxed or wild-type mice were injected with adeno-associated virus/Cre into the nucleus accumbens to reduce expression of GSK3ß and underwent behavioral testing 4 weeks later. The development of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference was significantly attenuated in mice with reduced levels of GSK3ß in the nucleus accumbens, whereas the development of morphine-induced place preference remained intact. Conditional knockdown of GSK3ß in the accumbens prevented the development of conditioned aversion produced by U50,488H, a κ-opioid receptor agonist. Cognitive memory tests revealed deficits in object location memory, but not novel object recognition in mice with accumbal GSK3ß knockdown. These data demonstrate that GSK3ß in the nucleus accumbens is required for cocaine conditioned place preference and U50,488H conditioned place aversion, as well as spatial memory in object location task, indicating differential roles of GSK3ß in the psychostimulant and opiate reward process, as well as in memory for spatial locations and object identity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Knockdown of GSK3ß in the nucleus accumbens attenuated the development of cocaine-induced place preference, as well as conditioned place aversion to U50,488H, a κ-opioid receptor agonist. In contrast, the development of morphine place preference was not altered by GSK3ß knockdown. GSK3ß knockdown in nucleus accumbens impaired performance in the object location task, but not the novel object recognition task. These results elucidate different physiological roles of accumbal GSKß in conditioned reward, aversion, and memory.

Comparing rewarding and reinforcing properties between 'bath salt' 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) and cocaine using ultrasonic vocalizations in rats.

Abuse of synthetic psychostimulants like synthetic cathinones has risen in recent years. 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is one such synthetic cathinone that demonstrates a mechanism of action similar to cocaine. Compared to cocaine, MDPV is more potent at blocking dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake and is readily self-administered by rodents. The present study compared the rewarding and reinforcing properties of MDPV and cocaine using systemic injection dose-response and self-administration models. Fifty kilohertz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) were recorded as an index of positive affect throughout experiments. In Experiment 1, MDPV and cocaine dose-dependently elicited 50-kHz USVs upon systemic injection, but MDPV increased USVs at greater rates and with greater persistence relative to cocaine. In Experiment 2, latency to begin MDPV self-administration was shorter than latency to begin cocaine self-administration, and self-administered MDPV elicited greater and more persistent rates of 50-kHz USVs versus cocaine. MDPV-elicited 50-kHz USVs were sustained over the course of drug load-up whereas cocaine-elicited USVs waned following initial infusions. Notably, we observed a robust presence of context-elicited 50-kHz USVs from both MDPV and cocaine self-administering rats. Collectively, these data suggest that MDPV has powerfully rewarding and reinforcing effects relative to cocaine at one-tenth doses. Consistent with prior work, we additionally interpret these data in supporting that MDPV has significant abuse risk based on its potency and subjectively positive effects. Future studies will be needed to better refine therapeutic strategies targeted at reducing the rewarding effects of cathinone analogs in efforts to ultimately reduce abuse liability.

Reactivation of cocaine contextual memory engages mechanistic target of rapamycin/S6 kinase 1 signaling.

Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) C1 and its downstream effectors have been implicated in synaptic plasticity and memory. Our prior work demonstrated that reactivation of cocaine memory engages a signaling pathway consisting of Akt, glycogen synthase kinase-3ß (GSK3ß), and mTORC1. The present study sought to identify other components of mTORC1 signaling involved in the reconsolidation of cocaine contextual memory, including eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E)-eIF4G interactions, p70 S6 kinase polypeptide 1 (p70S6K, S6K1) activity, and activity-regulated cytoskeleton (Arc) expression. Cocaine contextual memory was established in adult CD-1 mice using conditioned place preference. After cocaine place preference was established, mice were briefly re-exposed to the cocaine-paired context to reactivate the cocaine memory and brains examined. Western blot analysis showed that phosphorylation of the mTORC1 target, p70S6K, in nucleus accumbens and hippocampus was enhanced 60 min following reactivation of cocaine memories. Inhibition of mTORC1 with systemic administration of rapamycin or inhibition of p70S6K with systemic PF-4708671 after reactivation of cocaine contextual memory abolished the established cocaine place preference. Immunoprecipitation assays showed that reactivation of cocaine memory did not affect eIF4E-eIF4G interactions in nucleus accumbens or hippocampus. Levels of Arc mRNA were significantly elevated 60 and 120 min after cocaine memory reactivation and returned to baseline 24 h later. These findings demonstrate that mTORC1 and p70S6K are required for reconsolidation of cocaine contextual memory.