Two new Mycena section Calodontes species: One newly discovered and the other new to Japan.

In 2017, two candidate species of Mycena were reported from Japan, with the Japanese names "Togari-sakura-take" and "Mitsuhida-sakura-take". However, to date, no taxonomic study or formal description has been undertaken for these two species. In the present study, we conducted comprehensive morphological and molecular phylogenetic examinations of "Togari-sakura-take" and "Mitsuhida-sakura-take", and compared them to known species within the genus Mycena. We performed phylogenetic analyses on a concatenated dataset, including the internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal RNA, RNA polymerase II largest subunit, and translation elongation factor-1 alpha genes. "Togari-sakura-take" formed a clade with Mycena subulata, which was recently described from China, whereas "Mitsuhida-sakura-take" formed a distinct independent clade. We identified the former as M. subulata based on molecular phylogenetic analyses and morphological observations. However, the Japanese specimens displayed dextrinoid cheilocystidia and caulocystidia as well as the inamyloidity of basidiospores, which differed from the original description of M. subulata based on the materials from China. "Mitsuhida-sakura-take" was characterized by its remarkably dense lamellae and could be distinguished from known Mycena species by the combination of absent pleurocystidia and presence of bowling pin-shaped cheilocystidia. Here, we describe "Mitsuhida-sakura-take" as a new species, named Mycena densilamellata, in the section Calodontes.

Saccharomycopsis oxydans sp. nov., a new non-fermentative member in the genus Saccharomycopsis isolated from a traditional dairy product of Iran.

A total of 21 yeast isolates were recovered as part of a research project on biodiversity of yeasts in traditional dairy products in Alborz province, Iran. Standard protocols were used to carry out phenotypic, biochemical, physiological characterization and the phylogenetic analysis of combined the D1/D2 domain of the large ribosomal subunit (26S or LSU) and ITS region sequences. Five strains represented a potential new ascomycetous yeast species. Ascospore formation was not observed in these strains, and they did not ferment the examined carbon sources. Phylogenetic analysis placed these isolates in a well-supported sub-clade in the genus Saccharomycopsis. Here, we describe this novel yeast as Saccharomycopsis oxydans sp. nov.

Catching speciation in the act-act 2: Metschnikowia lacustris sp. nov., a sister species to Metschnikowia dekortorum.

The isolation of a single yeast strain in the clade containing Metschnikowia dekortorum, in the Amazon biome of Brazil, incited us to re-examine the species boundaries within the clade. The strain (UFMG-CM-Y6306) was difficult to position relative to neighbouring species using standard barcode sequences (ITS-D1/D2 rRNA gene region). Mating took place freely with α strains of M. bowlesiae, M. dekortorum, and M. similis, but two-spored asci, indicative of a fertile meiotic progeny, were formed abundantly only with certain strains of M. dekortorum. Accordingly, we examined mating success among every phylotype in the clade and constructed a phylogeny based on a concatenation of 100 of the largest orthologous genes annotated in draft genomes. The analyses confirmed membership of the Amazonian isolate in M. dekortorum, but also indicated that the species should be subdivided into two. As a result, we retain three original members of M. dekortorum in the species, together with the new isolate, and reassign six isolates recovered from Mesoamerican lacustrine habitats to Metschnikowia lacustris sp. nov. The type is UWOPS 12-619.2T (isotype CBS 16250T). MycoBank: MB 833751.

Aureobasidium mangrovei sp. nov., an ascomycetous species recovered from Hara protected forests in the Persian Gulf, Iran.

A new ascomycetous black yeast-like species was recovered from healthy plant (Avicennia marina) of Hara protected mangrove forests at Qeshm Island, Iran. Morphological, physiological analysis as well as a molecular analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and partial large ribosomal subunit (D1/D2 domains) confirmed the placement of this strain in the genus Aureobasidium and based on considerable sequence divergence, distinguishable cardinal growth temperatures and salt tolerance a new species Aureobasidium mangrovei sp. nov. is proposed. However, the type strain micro-morphologically is not clearly distinguishable from other members of the genus. The type strain, Aureobasidium mangrovei was preserved in a metabolically inactive state at the Iranian Biological Resource Centre, Tehran, Iran as IBRC-M 30265T and the ex-type culture is deposited in the CBS yeast collection of the Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands as CBS 142205T. The GenBank accession numbers for the nucleotide sequences of the large subunit ribosomal DNA and ITS region are KY089084 and KY089085, respectively. The MycoBank number of the new species is MB 823444.

Papiliotrema phichitensis f.a., sp. nov., a novel yeast species isolated from sugarcane leaf in Thailand.

Strain DMKU-SP105T representing a novel yeast species was isolated from the external surface of a sugarcane leaf (Saccharum officinarum L.) collected from a sugarcane plantation field in Phichit province, Thailand. On the basis of sequence analysis of the D1/D2 region of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, the strain DMKU-SP105T differed by 7-16 substitutions in the D1/D2 region of LSU rRNA gene and 6-22 substitutions in the ITS region from a group of related species, Papiliotrema aspenensis, Papiliotrema odontotermitis, Papiliotrema rajasthanensis and Papiliotrema laurentii. A phylogenetic analysis based on the concatenated sequences of ITS region and the D1/D2 region of the LSU rRNA gene indicated that strain DMKU-SP105T belongs to the laurentii clade of Papiliotrema in the Tremellales and is distinct from other related species in the clade. It therefore represents a novel species of the genus Papiliotrema although the formation of basidiospores was not observed. The name Papiliotrema phichitensis f.a., sp. nov. is proposed. The type is DMKU-SP105T (= CBS 13390T = BCC 61187T = NBRC 109699T).

Cadophora margaritata sp. nov. and other fungi associated with the longhorn beetles Anoplophora glabripennis and Saperda carcharias in Finland.

Symbiosis with microbes is crucial for survival and development of wood-inhabiting longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Thus, knowledge of the endemic fungal associates of insects would facilitate risk assessment in cases where a new invasive pest occupies the same ecological niche. However, the diversity of fungi associated with insects remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate fungi associated with the native large poplar longhorn beetle (Saperda carcharias) and the recently introduced Asian longhorn beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) infesting hardwood trees in Finland. We studied the cultivable fungal associates obtained from Populus tremula colonised by S. carcharias, and Betula pendula and Salix caprea infested by A. glabripennis, and compared these to the samples collected from intact wood material. This study detected a number of plant pathogenic and saprotrophic fungi, and species with known potential for enzymatic degradation of wood components. Phylogenetic analyses of the most commonly encountered fungi isolated from the longhorn beetles revealed an association with fungi residing in the Cadophora-Mollisia species complex. A commonly encountered fungus was Cadophora spadicis, a recently described fungus associated with wood-decay. In addition, a novel species of Cadophora, for which the name Cadophora margaritata sp. nov. is provided, was isolated from the colonised wood.

Arcyria similaris: A new myxomycete species from China.

A new myxomycete species, Arcyria similaris, was reported herein. The specimens were found and collected in the field on dead bark from Jingangtai National Geopark in Henan Province of China. This species has distinct and unique morphological characteristics, including dark grayish olive sporothecae that fade to smoke gray with age, shallow saucer-shaped cups with marked reticulations and thick papillae on the inner surface, a netted capillitium with many bulges, uniformly marked with low, dense, and irregular reticulations, and spores (8.0-)9.3-10.1(-10.9) µm in diameter, marked with sparse small warts and grouped prominent warts. Apart from a comprehensive morphological study, partial sequences of the nuclear 18S rDNA and elongation factor-1 alpha (EF-1α) genes were also provided in this study. This new species was described and illustrated morphologically. The specimens are deposited in the Herbarium of Fungi of Nanjing Normal University (HFNNU).

Suillus hypogaeus: First record of a truffle Suillus.

Suillus (order Boletales) is a diverse genus of epigeous, mushroom-forming fungi native to temperate forests across the Northern Hemisphere; however, some species are also present in areas where Pinaceae has been introduced in the Southern Hemisphere. Unlike the closely related genus Rhizopogon, there are no described hypogeous, sequestrate species of Suillus. Here, we describe Suillus hypogaeus, the first known species of the genus with hypogeous, sequestrate sporocarps. Collections were made on Marys Peak in Benton County, Oregon, USA, at an elevation of 800 m in forests dominated by Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii. The peridium is white, quickly staining pink to purple-reddish where bruised or cut. The gleba is pale yellow when young, becoming purple with maturity, and the basidiospores are obovoid, light yellow in KOH, and amyloid in Melzer's reagent. Multilocus molecular phylogenetic analyses support the placement of S. hypogaeus among the Larix specialists in the spectabilis group of Suillus. Although Larix and Pseudotsuga are sister genera, Larix does not occur on Marys Peak or elsewhere in western Oregon. Suillus hypogaeus, therefore, represents both an independent origin of the hypogeous, sequestrate sporocarp within the Boletales and an independent host shift between Larix and Pseudotsuga within the genus Suillus.

A new fossil species of Meliolinites Selkirk associated with Rhodoleia leaves from the Upper Pliocene of southwestern China.

Fossil epifoliar fungi are valuable indicators of paleoenvironment and paleoecology. The Meliolaceae, members of which typically inhabit the surface of living plants as biotrophs or pathogens, is one of the largest groups of epifoliar fungi. In this study, we report a novel fossil species of Meliolinites Selkirk (fossil Meliolaceae), Meliolinites tengchongensis, on the lower epidermis of compressed fossil Rhodoleia (Hamamelidaceae) leaves from the Upper Pliocene Mangbang Formation of Tengchong, Yunnan, southwestern China. Meliolinites tengchongensis is characterized by web-like, superficial, brown to dark brown, septate, and branching mycelia bearing 2-celled appressoria and unicellular phialides. The fungal colonies also include ellipsoidal, 5-celled, 4-septate ascospores and dark brown perithecia with suborbicular outline and verrucose surface. The well-preserved vegetative and reproductive organs help us to explore the potential disease process of the new fossil species. Besides, the presence of fungal remains indicates that the fungal taxon might have maintained its host preference since at least the Late Pliocene. Furthermore, the occurrence of both fossil fungi and their host plants in Tengchong indicate a subtropical-tropical, warm, and humid climate during the Late Pliocene, whereas the distribution pattern of the fungi on the host leaves suggests that Rhodoleia may have been a part of the middle-upper canopies in the Tengchong Late Pliocene multilayered forest.

Ophiostoma haidaense, sp. nov., a new member of the O. piceae species complex associated with yellow-cedar, Callitropsis nootkatensis.

Ophiostoma haidanensis is described as a new species of the Ophiostoma piceae complex isolated from yellow-cedar (Callitropsis nootkatensis (D. Don) Oerst. ex D.P. Little) sapwood in the Haida Gwaii island archipelago and the North Coast of British Columbia, Canada. The fungus is characterized by the production of a typical sporothrix-like asexual morph but is distinguished morphologically from other members of the O. piceae species complex by its large, multiseptate primary conidia. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences from the nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) and the ß-tubulin (BTUB) and translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1) genes supports the inclusion of O. haidensis as a distinct member within the O. piceae complex. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a blue stain fungus infecting yellow-cedar, an ecologically, culturally, and economically important conifer naturally distributed along the coastal forests of the Pacific Northwest in North America.

Characterization of the fungal genus Sphaerellopsis associated with rust fungi: species diversity, host-specificity, biogeography, and in-vitro mycoparasitic events of S. macroconidialis on the southern corn rust, Puccinia polysora.

Sphaerellopsis species are putative hyperparasites of rust fungi and may be promising biological control agents (BCA) of rust diseases. However, few detailed studies limit potential BCA development in Sphaerellopsis. Here, we explored the biogeography, host-specificity, and species diversity of Sphaerellopsis and examined the early infection stage of one species, S. macroconidialis, to infer its trophic status. We randomly screened 5,621 rust specimens spanning 99 genera at the Arthur Fungarium for the presence of Sphaerellopsis. We identified 199 rust specimens infected with Sphaerellopsis species on which we conducted morphological and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses. Five Sphaerellopsis species were recovered, infecting a total of 122 rust species in 18 genera from 34 countries. Sphaerellopsis melampsorinearum sp. nov. is described as a new species based on molecular phylogenetic data and morphological features of the sexual and asexual morphs. Sphaerellopsis paraphysata was the most commonly encountered species, found on 77 rust specimens, followed by Sphaerellopsis macroconidialis on 56 and S. melampsorinearum on 55 examined specimens. The type species, Sphaerellopsis filum, was found on 12 rust specimens and Sphaerellopsis hakeae on a single specimen. We also recovered and documented for the first time, the sexual morph of S. macroconidialis, from a specimen collected in Brazil. Our data indicate that Sphaerellopsis species are not host specific and furthermore that most species are cosmopolitan in distribution. However, S. paraphysata is more abundant in the tropics, and S. hakeae may be restricted to Australia. Finally, we confirm the mycoparasitic strategy of S. macroconidialis through in-vitro interaction tests with the urediniospores of Puccinia polysora. Shortly after germination, hyphae of S. macroconidialis began growing along the germ tubes of P. polysora and coiling around them. After 12 days of co-cultivation, turgor loss was evident in the germ tubes of P. polysora, and appressorium-like structures had formed on urediniospores. The interaction studies indicate that Sphaerellopsis species may be more effective as a BCA during the initial stages of rust establishment.

First molecular evidence of lichen-inhabiting Acrospermum and new insights into the evolution of lifestyles of Acrospermales (Dothideomycetes).

Acrospermales represent one of the least studied lineages of Dothideomycetes and are characterized by diverse ecological strategies, including saprotrophic, epiphytic, fungicolous, lichenicolous, and bryophilous lifestyles. The order is composed of two teleomorphic genera, Acrospermum and Oomyces, and five anamorphic genera of unclear relationships. The objectives of the study were to establish the phylogenetic position of Acrospermum species collected from lichens in the tropical forest of Bolivia and to infer the evolution of the lichenicolous lifestyle in Acrospermales. Our results reveal that the examined specimens from Bolivia represent a new species, A. bolivianum, which is well characterized by its phylogenetic distinctness, morphological characteristics, and host selection. The new species is the first lichenicolous member of Acrospermum and forms a well-supported clade sister to the bryophilous Acrospermum adeanum. The evolution of lifestyles, concluded by phylogenetic analyses and ancestral state reconstructions, indicated that the saprotrophic lifestyle is ancestral to Acrospermales. This corresponds to their close relationship to other saprotrophic lineages of Dothideomycetes and indicates that the wide spectrum of nutritional strategies, currently observed in Acrospermales, may be a result of more recent shifts in their ecology. Our results also suggest that the lichenicolous lifestyle in Acrospermales appeared independently at least two times. Lichenicolous species are represented in our data set by Acrospermum bolivianum and Gonatophragmium physciae, which evolved from lichenicolous and plant-parasite ancestors, respectively. The genus Oomyces, represented by O. carneoalbus, was included for the first time in the phylogenetic analysis and showed a sister relationship to the remaining taxa of Acrospermales.

Ramomarthamyces octomerus sp. nov. and Insights into the Evolution and Diversification of Ramomarthamyces (Ascomycota, Leotiomycetes, Marthamycetales).

The apothecial fungus Ramomarthamyces octomerus sp. nov. is described from specimens collected in Mediterranean climate regions in southern Portugal, Spain (Canary Islands), and the Dalmatian region of Croatia. Presumably saprobic, R. octomerus occurs on intact, decorticated wood of Laurus novocanariensis and Olea europaea. Ascospores are cylindric-ellipsoid and seven-septate. Surprisingly, in our four-locus phylogenetic analysis (nuSSU, ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, LSU, mtSSU), this fungus clusters among species of Cyclaneusma, Marthamyces, Naemacyclus, and Ramomarthamyces in a core Marthamycetaceae clade that circumscribes primarily leaf-inhabiting, filiform-spored species. In addition, the asci of R. octomerus possess an amyloid pore, but the reaction varies between specimens collected in the Canary Islands and those collected in Portugal and Croatia. The occurrence of an amyloid reaction in the asci of R. octomerus challenges the characterization of Marthamycetales taxa as possessing inamyloid asci. In our discussion we provide background and analysis of these notable observations.

Reappraisal of Didymella macrostoma causing white tip disease of Canada thistle as a new species, Didymella baileyae, sp. nov., and bioactivity of its major metabolites.

Bioherbicides are expected to be a supplement to integrated pest management, assisting in the control of problematic weed species. For instance, bioherbicides (Phoma and BioPhoma) were recently registered in Canada and the USA for the control of some perennial dicotyledonous weeds in lawns. These products are based on strains of the fungus Didymella macrostoma (syn. Phoma macrostoma) that causes white tip disease (WTD) in Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense). In this study, WTD was reported for the first time in the Russian Federation. Analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuc rDNA and secondary metabolite profiling confirmed the identity of Russian WTD isolates to Canadian biocontrol strains identified as D. macrostoma. Multilocus phylogenetic analysis based on sequencing of the ITS region, partial large subunit nuc rDNA region (28S), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit gene (rpb2), and partial ß-tubulin gene (tub2) has differentiated the WTD isolates from C. arvense and D. macrostoma isolates from other plant hosts. Based on phylogenetic, morphological, and chemotaxonomic features, these WTD isolates were described as a new species named Didymella baileyae, sp. nov. This study also demonstrated the low pathogenicity of the ex-type D. baileyae isolate VIZR 1.53 to C. arvense seedlings and its asymptomatic development in the leaves of aboveground shoots. The organic extracts from mycelium and culture filtrate of D. baileyae, as well as macrocidin A and macrocidin Z, displayed phytotoxicity both to C. arvense leaves and seedlings. Macrocidin A was only detected in the naturally infected leaf tissues of C. arvense showing WTD symptoms. Macrocidins A and Z demonstrated low antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities, exhibiting no entomotoxic properties. The data obtained within this study on the pathogenicity and metabolites of D. baileyae may be important for the rational evaluation of its prospects as a biocontrol agent.

A new and threatened species of Bondarzewia from the Brazilian cloud forests.

A new and threatened polypore species, Bondarzewia loguerciae, is described from the cloud forests of southern Brazil. It is characterized by single-pileate basidiomata that grow on dead branches and along living stems of standing trunks and present a context with dark lines and resinous tubes. When growing in axenic culture, this species also develops chlamydospores. We provide an illustrated morphological description and molecular analysis. Our specimens from Brazil form a monophyletic group among other species of the Southern Hemisphere. The conservation status of B. loguerciae is assessed and published as "Critically Endangered" based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature  (IUCN) criteria. Additionally, a key to the species is provided.

Austropuccinia licaniae, first congeneric with the myrtle rust pathogen A. psidii.

In 1895 and 2001, rust fungi affecting Licania trees (Chrysobalanchaceae) in Brazil were described as Uredo licaniae by Hennings in the state of Goiás and as Phakopsora tomentosae by Ferreira et al. in the state of Amazonas, respectively. Recently, a Licania rust fungus collected close to the Amazonian type location sharing symptoms with the former two species was subjected to morphological examinations and molecular phylogenetic analyses using 28S nuc rDNA (ITS2-28S) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit III (CO3) gene sequences. Since the original type specimen of Ph. tomentosae is considered lost, we carefully reviewed the type description and questioned the identity of the telium, which justified the description of the fungus as a Phakopsora species. Furthermore, the additional revision of the type material described by Hennings revealed that Ph. tomentosae is a synonym of U. licaniae. Based on the morphological examinations, disease symptoms, and shared hosts, we concluded that the newly collected material is conspecific with U. licaniae. However, the phylogenetic analyses rejected allocation in Phakopsora and instead assigned the Licania rust fungus in a sister relationship with Austropuccinia psidii (Sphaerophragmiaceae), the causal agent of the globally invasive myrtle rust pathogen. We therefore favored a recombination of U. licaniae (syn. Ph. tomentosae) into Austropuccinia and proposed the new name Austropuccina licaniae for the second species now identified for this genus. The fungus shares conspicuous symptoms with A. psidii, causing often severe infections of growing leaves and shoots that lead to leaf necrosis, leaf shedding, and eventually to the dieback of entire shoots. In view of the very similar symptoms of its aggressively invasive sister species, we briefly discuss the current state of knowledge about A. licaniae and the potential risks, and the opportunity of its identification.

Fusarium bilaiae, a new cryptic species in the Fusarium fujikuroi complex associated with sunflower.

A Fusarium species associated with sunflower based on multilocus genealogy, morphological, physiological, ecological, mating type, and mycotoxin production data is formally described as the newly discovered species Fusarium bilaiae. The F. bilaiae strains formed a genealogically exclusive lineage within the African clade of the F. fujikuroi species complex. Comparison of morphological characteristics of F. bilaiae strains with those of the closely related F. phyllophilum strain NRRL 13617 revealed similarities in the main micromorphology of both species: production of numerous one-celled microconidia in false heads and short chains on monophialides and polyphialides and the absence of macroconidia and sporodochia. There was a slight but significant distinction between the two species when the strains were grown on different agar media, as well as in the shape and width of microconidia. Fusarium bilaiae strains isolated from symptomatic sunflower were not pathogenic to members of the Asteraceae tested; apparently, they live as saprophytes or endophytes in sunflower tissues. A difference between the strains of the two species in the production of mycotoxins was demonstrated with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) analysis. On autoclaved rice, F. bilaiae did not produce fumonisins and beauvericin but produced moniliformin, whereas F. phyllophilum produced all these mycotoxins. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay specific for mating type alleles identified F. bilaiae as a putative heterothallic species with MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 idiomorphs, but laboratory crosses were unsuccessful. Determining the area and host range of the new endophytic species F. bilaiae is a priority for future research.

Systemic infection of Bryoria (Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota) by Athelia (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) in western North America.

Bryoria (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) is one of the dominant genera of hair lichens in western North America and is characteristic of high-elevation conifer forest ecosystems. In areas where Bryoria is abundant, it is common to find thalli in which the thalline filaments become conglutinated, forming brittle dead zones. After sampling Bryoria thalli across western Canada and the northwestern United States at different times of the year, we found that this dieback phenomenon is associated with the winter growth of a mold-forming basidiomycete. We report that this fungus belongs to Athelia (Atheliaceae, Basidiomycota), a genus known to contain lichen pathogens, most notably A. arachnoidea. By sequencing a combination of genetic markers-nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS), partial nuc 28S rDNA (28S), and partial translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1)-paired with morphometric analyses, we reveal the involvement of at least three additional lineages of lichen-associated Athelia and describe one as a new species, A. abscondita. Athelia abscondita is morphologically distinguished from other Athelia species by its basidia and basidiospores, was found to frequently infect members of Bryoria sect. Implexae, and was occasionally on other foliose and fruticose species within Parmeliaceae.

Revising the taxonomic placement of Laetiporus persicinus within the Laetiporaceae.

The fungus currently known as Laetiporus persicinus is a recognizable brown-rot decayer that is widespread on oak hosts in the southeastern United States. This species was first described as Polyporus persicinus in 1872 based on collections by Henry W. Ravenel from South Carolina. In this study, we elucidate the phylogenetic relationships of Laetiporus persicinus based on maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses of a four-locus data set (18S, 28S, rpb2, and tef1) from taxa within the Fomitopsidaceae and Laetiporaceae. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was analyzed separately because it was not possible to align this locus across a diverse data set that included taxa from multiple families. Our analysis and previous studies indicate that Laetiporus persicinus does not belong to Laetiporus sensu stricto, and we found a strongly supported relationship between Laetiporus persicinus and the African species Kusaghiporia usambarensis, despite the fact that the 28S phylogeny resolved a different (but unsupported) topology. Here, we propose Kusaghiporia persicinus, comb. nov., based on a combination of morphological and molecular data. Laetiporus persicinus shares many morphological features with K. usambarensis that are missing in other Laetiporus species, including centrally stipitate basidiomata, a brown to pinkish pileus surface, and a pore layer that bruises when touched. However, K. usambarensis and L. persicinus differ in basidiospore size and shape as well as their geographic distributions. We provide a revised taxonomic treatment for this common wood-decay fungus.

Phylogeny and taxonomy of the genera of Erysiphaceae, part 3: Cystotheca.

This contribution is part of a series devoted to the phylogeny and taxonomy of powdery mildews, with an emphasis on North American taxa. An overview of Cystotheca species is given, including references to ex-type sequences or, if unavailable, proposals for representative reference sequences for phylogenetic-taxonomic purposes. The new species C. mexicana is described, based on Mexican collections on Quercus glaucoides × Quercus microphylla and Quercus liebmannii × Q. microphylla. Cystotheca lanestris is reported for the first time worldwide on Quercus laceyi (Collected in Mexico) and on Q. toumeyi (collected in Arizona, USA). Cystotheca lanestris on Q. agrifolia and on Q. cerris is reported for the first time in Mexico. Epitypes with ex-epitype sequences are designated for Cystotheca wrightii, Lanomyces tjibodensis (= C. tjibodensis), Sphaerotheca kusanoi, and S. lanestris (C. lanestris).