Presentation of fatal stroke due to SARS-CoV-2 and dengue virus coinfection.

Herein, we report a case of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and dengue coinfection, presented as a fatal stroke in our hospital, in São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State, a Brazilian city hyperendemic for dengue viruses and other arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) and currently facing a surge of SARS-CoV-2 cases. This case is the first described in the literature and contributes to the better understanding of clinical presentations of two important diseases in a tropical setting.

[Intensified epidemiological surveillance of arbovirosis: First case of native dengue fever in Catalonia (Spain), Northern Metropolitan Area of Barcelona, 2018-2019]. / Vigilancia epidemiológica intensificada de arbovirosis: primer caso de dengue autóctono en Cataluña (España), zona Metropolitana Norte de Barcelona, 2018-2019.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results obtained by a surveillance network on arbovirosis composed by doctors and nurses located at hospitals and Primary Care trained in their identification, diagnostic confirmation and clinical management. LOCATION: North Metropolitan Area of Barcelona (1,400,000 inhabitants; Catalonia; Spain) during a calendar year. PARTICIPANTS: Seven Primary Care and 10 hospital physicians plus 4 Primary Care nurses. TYPE OF STUDY: A prospective observational study. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Demographic, epidemiological (autochthonous/imported, suspect/probable/confirmed case) and healthcare variables (symptoms, serological profile, viral period) were defined. RESULTS: Of the 34 patients identified, 26 (76.5%) met study criteria. Among them, any arbovirosis was confirmed in 14 (53.8%): 13 dengue plus 1chikungunya fever. There were no cases of Zika fever. There was a history of travel to endemic areas 23 (88.4%), but not in 3cases (11.6%) in which the possibility of an indigenous transmission was considered; of them, a case of dengue was confirmed. The estimated incidence of arbovirosis was 0.4 (95%CI: 0.33-0.51) cases ×10,000hab/year which, when compared to the estimated incidence in the same geographical area during the period 2009-2013 (0.19cases ×10,000hab/year; 95%CI: 0.07-0.31), a significant increase was found (P=.044). Patients within viremia period at the time of their first medical visit were 11 (42.3%). CONCLUSIONS: An intensified epidemiological surveillance program defined at Primary Care and hospital levels is able to detect significantly more cases of imported and autochthonous arbovirosis. Possibly we are witnessing an increase in the incidence of imported arbovirosis and, thus, measures aimed at their identification and confirmation should be reinforced.

First autochthonous dengue outbreak in Italy, August 2020.

In August 2020, during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, five locally acquired cases of dengue virus type 1 were detected in a family cluster in Vicenza Province, North-East Italy where Aedes albopictus mosquitoes are endemic. The primary case was an importation from West Sumatra, Indonesia. This is the first outbreak of autochthonous dengue reported in Italy. During the COVID-19 pandemic, screening of febrile travelers from endemic countries is crucial in areas where competent vectors are present.

[Microbiological diagnosis of emerging arboviral and rodent borne diseases]. / Diagnóstico microbiológico de arbovirosis y robovirosis emergentes.

Vector borne viruses (VBV) include viruses transmitted by arthropods, rodents and other animals. In Spain the three main autochthonous VBVs causing human diseases are: Toscana, West Nile and Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis viruses. There are also other imported viruses that are potential threats to our public health, due to the presence of competent transmission vectors (dengue and chikungunya viruses in areas infested with Aedes albopictus), or due to the potential person-to-person transmission (Lassa and other viruses causing haemorrhagic fever). The Spanish Society for Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology has responded to the emergence of VBVs by publishing a special issue of Microbiological Proceedings focused on the diagnosis of those emerging vector borne viruses of major concern in our country.

Dengue and chikungunya: future threats for Northern Europe?

Arthropod-borne viral diseases are likely to be affected by the consequences of climate change with an increase in their distribution and intensity. Among these infectious diseases, chikungunya and dengue viruses are two (re)emergent arboviruses transmitted by Aedes species mosquitoes and which have recently demonstrated their capacity for rapid expansion. They most often cause mild diseases, but they can both be associated with complications and severe forms. In Europe, following the establishment of invasive Aedes spp, the first outbreaks of autochtonous dengue and chikungunya have already occurred. Northern Europe is currently relatively spared, but climatic projections show that the conditions are permissive for the establishment of Aedes albopictus (also known as the tiger mosquito) in the coming decades. It is therefore essential to question and improve the means of surveillance in northern Europe, at the dawn of inevitable future epidemics.

Detection of Anti-Rift Valley Fever Virus Antibodies in Serum Samples of Patients with Suspected Arbovirus Infection.

The definitive diagnosis of the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) requires a form of testing that is available only in reference laboratories. It includes indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), the serum neutralization assay (NA), and real-time PCR. Therefore, often, no attempts are made to detect it, even among travelers from endemic areas. In this study, the presence of anti-RVFV IgG and IgM was retrospectively screened in stored serum samples from people who were admitted with arbovirus symptoms at the National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) L. Spallanzani, Rome, Italy. Overall, 80 residual serum samples were anonymized, and sub-aliquots were prepared and tested for anti-RVFV IgG and IgM. A serum neutralization assay was used as a confirmatory test. There was a positive result in eight out of 80 samples (10%) for anti-RVFV IgG, with titers ranging from 1:40 up to 1:1280. Three of eight (2.6%) samples were confirmed as seropositive through an in-house serum neutralization assay, with antibody titers ranging from 1:10 to 1:160. All samples resulted negative for anti-RVFV IgM and RVFV RNA when tested by IFA and real-time RT-PCR, respectively. Our data highlight that several RVFV infections can possibly escape routine virological diagnosis, which suggests RVFV testing should be set up in order to monitor virus prevalence.

[Vector management of arbovirosis cases notified in the city of Valencia, Spain (2016-2018).] / Gestión vectorial de los casos de arbovirosis notificados en la ciudad de Valencia, España (2016-2018).

OBJECTIVE: Environmental management of imported arboviruses such as dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV) or Chikungunya (CHIKV) is a task of great significance for Public Health since the arrival and establishment of the competent vector Aedes albopictus (Asian tiger mosquito) in numerous cities of our country. There are recent examples of autochthonous transmission of some of these arboviruses in Spain probably linked to undetected and / or unmanaged imported cases. METHODS: Vector management interventions were carried out in the city of Valencia (Spain) by the Health Service of the Valencia City Council between 2016 and 2018. These actions took place within the framework of a coordination protocol established with the Health authorities of the Valencia regional government. RESULTS: A total of 21 arbovirus cases were reported and led to entomological surveillance and vector control interventions in the city of Valencia: 8 DENV, 7 CHIKV and 6 ZIKV. In 8 of these 21 cases (38%) the presence of Ae. Albopictus was detected within the risk zones established for each case. CONCLUSIONS: Vector surveillance and control strategies associated with imported cases of arboviruses, provide accurate information on the environmental risks of amplification of these viruses and also allow reducing these risks through population control of vectors. Due to the short duration of the viremic phases, these interventions should be carried out as quickly as possible in order to reduce the hypothetical contact between the infected person and vector as much as possible.

OBJETIVO: La gestión ambiental de arbovirosis importadas como dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV) o Chikungunya (CHIKV) es una tarea de gran significancia para la Salud Pública desde la llegada y establecimiento del vector competente Aedes albopictus (mosquito tigre) a numerosas ciudades de nuestro país. Existen ejemplos recientes de transmisión autóctona de algunas de estas arbovirosis en España que, supuestamente, tienen su origen probablemente en casos importados no detectados y/o no gestionados. METODOS: Se llevaron a cabo intervenciones de manejo antivectorial en la ciudad de València por parte del Servicio de Sanidad del Ayuntamiento, entre los años 2016 y 2018. Dichas actuaciones se produjeron en el marco de un protocolo de coordinación establecido con la Conselleria de Sanitat de la Generalitat Valenciana. RESULTADOS: Un total de 21 casos de arbovirosis fueron comunicados y derivaron en intervenciones ambientales de vigilancia entomológica y control vectorial en la ciudad de València: 8 DENV, 7 CHIKV y 6 ZIKV. En 8 de estos 21 casos (38%) se identificó la presencia de Ae. albopictus dentro de las zonas de riesgo establecidas para cada caso. CONCLUSIONES: Estrategias de vigilancia y control vectorial asociadas a los casos importados de arbovirosis, aportan información precisa de los riesgos ambientales de amplificación de estas virosis y permiten también reducir dichos riesgos a través del control poblacional de los vectores. Debido al corto tiempo de duración de las fases de viremia, dichas intervenciones deben realizarse con la mayor celeridad posible en aras de poder reducir al máximo el hipotético contacto entre persona infectada y vector.

Consumer willingness to pay for a hypothetical Zika vaccine in Brazil and the implications.

ABSTRACT  Background: Zika virus is a newly emerging infection, associated with increasingly large outbreaks especially in tropical countries such as Brazil. A future Zika vaccine can contribute to decreasing the number of cases and associated complications. Information about consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for a hypothetical Zika vaccine can help price setting discussions in the future in Brazil, starting with the private market. METHODS: A cross-sectional study conducted among residents of Minas Gerais, Brazil, regarding their WTP for a hypothetical Zika Vaccine. The mean effective protection was 80%, with the possibility of some local and systemic side- effects. RESULTS: 517 people were interviewed. However, 28 would not be vaccinated even if the vaccine was free. Most of the resultant interviewees (489) were female (58.2%), had completed high school (49.7%), were employed (71.2%), had private health insurance (52.7%), and did not have Zika (96.9%). The median individual maximum WTP for this hypothetical Zika vaccine (one dose) was US$31.34 (BRL100.00). CONCLUSION: Such discussions regarding WTP can contribute to decision-making about prices once a Zika vaccine becomes available in Brazil alongside other ongoing programs to control the virus.

Guías Latinoamericanas de Infecciones Congénitas y Perinatales de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Infectología Pediátrica (SLIPE). Parte II / Latin American Guidelines on Congenital and Perinatal Infections from the Latin-American Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (SLIPE). Part II

Las infecciones perinatales son una causa de morbilidad, tanto fetal como neonatal, y que compromete la salud de la mujer embarazada, por lo que su diagnóstico, tratamiento, e intento de eliminación son una prioridad en América Latina y el Caribe. Este documento representa la segunda entrega realizada por expertos en la región dentro de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Infectología Pediátrica (SLIPE), brindando una mirada actualizada en el manejo de las infecciones congénitas y entrega herramientas para detectar posibles momentos estratégicos de intervención y cambio en el manejo de las infecciones congénitas.

Perinatal infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the fetus, neonate, and the health of the pregnant woman. Diagnosis, treatment, and the search for elimination of these diseases are a priority in Latin America and the Caribbean. This document represents the second delivery by a group of experts in the region inside the Latin-American Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (SLIPE), presenting a up-to-date look into the management of congenital infectious diseases and give a tool to detect possible strategic sceneries and a change in the management of congenital infections in our region.

Infección por hantavirus en la Provincia de Buenos Aires-Argentina. Comportamiento de la serie temporal 1997-2021 / Hantavirus infection in the Province of Buenos Aires-Argentina. Characteristics of the time series 1997-2021

INTRODUCCIÓN: La infección por hantavirus es endémica en América del Sur, con un amplio espectro de gravedad y una letalidad que varía entre 17 y 40 por ciento. El presente estudio recoge información de 25 años de vigilancia epidemiológica en Buenos Aires, Argentina. OBJETIVO: Caracterizar el comportamiento de la serie temporal 1997-2021, observando tendencia y estacionalidad. MÉTODOS: La función de serie temporal utilizada empleó la media móvil centrada según periodos trimestrales, de forma que cada año se dividió en cuartiles. Se consideró un modelo multiplicativo. RESULTADOS: Con una tasa de mortalidad de la serie de 0,15 por 100 mil y de letalidad de 22,6, la razón varones : mujeres fue de 3,4:1. La distribución sindrómica mostró mayor compromiso renal, siendo la tasa de mortalidad prácticamente igual en ambos sexos. CONCLUSIÓN: Como enfermedad infecciosa, la infección por hantavirus reflejó en los últimos 25 años un comportamiento, recurrente y estacional, endémico y compartido en sus características clínicas con el resto de la región andina.

BACKGROUND: Hantavirus infection is endemic in South America, with a wide spectrum of severity and a fatality rate that varies between 17-40 percent. This study collects information from 25 years of epidemiological surveillance in Buenos Aires, Argentina. AIM: To characterize the behavior of the 1997-2021 time series, observing trends and seasonality. METHODS: The time series function used the moving average centered according to quarterly periods, so that each year was divided into quartiles. A multiplicative model is missed. RESULTS: With a mortality rate for the series of 0.15 per 100,000 and a fatality rate of 22.6, the male : female ratio was 3.4:1. The syndromic distribution showed greater renal involvement, with the mortality rate being practically the same in both sexes. CONCLUSION: As an infectious disease, hantavirus has reflected in the last 25 years a behavior, recurrent and seasonal, endemic and shared in its clinical characteristics with the rest of the Andean region.

Zika virus infection during the Olympic Games in Rio: A fear or an actual risk? / Infección por virus Zika durante los Juegos Olímpicos de Río: ¿alarma o riesgo real?

The recent outbreak of Zika virus infection in Brazil has aroused considerable media interest due to its association with neurological malformations in children born from mothers infected by the virus and to its association with Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults. This relationship has led to the World Health Organisation declaring the current epidemic as a "Public Health Emergency of International Concern". Controversy also emerged on the advisability of delaying or changing the location of the Olympic and Paralympic Games, which were held in August at various locations in Brazil. In this article, we review the available evidence on the risk of Zika and dengue virus infection in individuals who travel to endemic countries, especially for multitudinous events.

Arboalvo: estratificação territorial para definição de áreas de pronta resposta para vigilância e controle de arboviroses urbanas em tempo oportuno / Arboalvo: territorial stratification for definition of areas for prompt response by surveillance and timely control of urban arbovirus infections / Arboalvo: estratificación territorial para la definición de áreas de respuesta rápida para la vigilancia y control de arbovirosis urbanas en el momento oportuno

O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar a proposta metodológica denominada de "Pronta Resposta" modelada nas cidades de Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais) e Natal (Rio Grande do Norte), Brasil. A metodologia visa identificar e delimitar áreas prioritárias para o direcionamento das ações de vigilância em tempo oportuno, buscando a redução da intensidade e velocidade da dispersão de epidemias em áreas urbanas endêmicas. Para tanto, a metodologia utiliza três variáveis, que representam as causas necessárias para a produção e reprodução da dengue: casos notificados (vírus), ovos de Aedes (vetor) e população (hospedeiro). Trata-se de um estudo ecológico que utilizou os dados dos três planos de informações agregados em escalas temporais e espaciais mais finas, de três a quatro semanas e grades de 400 a 600 metros respectivamente. As áreas de pronta resposta foram definidas por meio de análise estatística de varredura Scan, com definição de clusters espaciais simultâneos para os três planos por meio do programa SaTScan. Os resultados observados foram: na cidade de Natal, as áreas definidas como pronta resposta ocuparam em média 15,2% do território do município e concentraram 67,77% dos casos de dengue do período posterior ao utilizado na delimitação das áreas de pronta resposta, e em Belo Horizonte, os números observados foram de 64,16% dos casos em 23,23% do território. Esses resultados foram obtidos em duas cidades com realidades socioambientais e geográficas diferentes e com perfis epidemiológicos também distintos, apontando que a metodologia pode ser aplicada em diferentes realidades urbanas, criando a possibilidade de os programas de controle atuarem em porções reduzidas do território e impactar num alto percentual de casos em tempo oportuno.

The study aimed to present the methodological proposal entitled "Prompt Response", modelled in the cities of Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais State) and Natal (Rio Grande do Norte State), Brazil. The proposal aims to identify and demarcate priority areas for timely targeting of surveillance activities, aiming to reduce the intensity and velocity in the spread of epidemics in endemic urban areas. The methodology uses three variables that represent the necessary causes for the production and reproduction of dengue: notified cases (virus), Aedes eggs (vector), and population (host). This was an ecological study that used data from three information planes aggregated in finer temporal and spatial scales of 3 to 4 weeks and 400 to 600-meter grids, respectively. The prompt response areas were defined by Scan statistical analysis with definition of simultaneous spatial clusters for the three planes via the SaTScan program. In Natal, the areas defined as prompt response occupied, on average, 15.2% of the city's territory and concentrated 67.77% of the dengue cases in the period following demarcation of the prompt response areas. In Belo Horizonte, the observed proportions were 64.16% of cases in 23.23% of the territory. These results were obtained in two cities with different socioenvironmental and geographic realities and distinct epidemiological profiles, indicating that the methodology can be applied to different urban realities, allowing control programs to concentrate on reduced portions of the territory and impacting a high percentage of cases in timely fashion.

El objetivo del trabajo fue presentar la propuesta metodológica, denominada de "Resposta Rápida", modelada en las ciudades de Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais) y Natal (Rio Grande do Norte), Brasil. Esta última tiene como meta identificar y delimitar áreas prioritarias para la ejecución de acciones de vigilancia en el momento oportuno, buscando la reducción de la intensidad y velocidad de la dispersión de epidemias en áreas urbanas endémicas. Para tal fin, la metodología utiliza tres variables, que representan las causas necesarias para la producción y reproducción del dengue: casos notificados (virus), huevos de Aedes (vector) y población (huésped). Se trata de un estudio ecológico que utilizó los datos de los tres planos de información agregados en escalas temporales y espaciales más finas, de 3 a 4 semanas y tablas de 400 a 600 metros respectivamente. Las áreas de respuesta rápida se definieron a través del análisis estadístico de exploración Scan, con definición de clústeres espaciales simultáneos para los tres planos mediante el programa SaTScan. Los resultados observados fueron: en la ciudad de Natal, las áreas definidas como de respuesta rápida ocuparon de media un 15,2% del territorio del municipio y concentraron un 67,77% de los casos de dengue del período posterior al utilizado en la delimitación de las áreas de respuesta rápida y, en Belo Horizonte, los números observados fueron un 64,16% de los casos en un 23,23% del territorio. Estos resultados se obtuvieron en dos ciudades con realidades socioambientales y geográficas diferentes y con perfiles epidemiológicos también distintos, apuntando que la metodología se puede aplicar en diferentes realidades urbanas. Dando la posibilidad de que los programas de control actúen en secciones reducidas del territorio e impactar en un alto porcentaje de casos en el momento oportuno.

Variabilidad climática y su influencia en la aparición del dengue en provincia Guantánamo

Introducción: El dengue es considerada una de las enfermedades más devastadoras a nivel mundial con un 40 % de la población viviendo en zonas de transmisión y de las más relacionadas con el clima. Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia de la variabilidad climática sobre la infestación por mosquito Aedes aegypti y la aparición del dengue en provincia Guantánamo en el periodo 2017-2019. Método: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva longitudinal, retrospectiva, donde el universo estuvo conformado por 9 municipios y 10 221 casos sospechosos de dengue. Se estudiaron las variables: infestación en depósitos por mosquitos Aedes aegypti según temporada climática, tasa de riesgo de arbovirosis según estratos, casos de dengue, temperatura y precipitación. Los datos fueron obtenidos de los registros meteorológicos mensuales y del departamento de Estadística del Centro Provincial de Higiene, Epidemiología y Microbiología. Se utilizaron frecuencias absolutas y relativas, la media, desviación estándar y coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. Resultados: La temperatura media anual varió 1 °C, los valores medios de humedad relativa y precipitación disminuyeron e impactaron en todos los estratos. La infestación ascendió con la mayor tasa de riesgo de dengue en el estrato de clima tropical de sabana, razón de tasa 0,63 (IC 95 %: 0,59-0,67) P=0,000. La temperatura y precipitación guardaron la mayor relación de asociación lineal con infestación y tasa de riesgo de dengue con coeficiente de correlación lineal R2=0,9 y R2=0,8. Conclusiones: La variabilidad climática ejerce efectos favorecedores sobre la infestación por Aedes aegypti y la transmisión de dengue durante la temporada climática húmeda, con correlación significativa en todos los estratos.

Introduction: Dengue virus is considered one of the most devastating diseases worldwide with 40% of the population living in transmission areas and one of the most climate-related diseases. Objective: To determine the incidence rate of climate variability on Aedes aegypti mosquito infestation and dengue virus appearing in Guantanamo province, period time 2017-2019. Method: A retrospective, longitudinal, descriptive research was carried out, in which 9 municipalities and 10,221 suspected cases of dengue fever were selected (as universe). The variables studied were as follows: infestation in reservoirs by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes according to climatic season, arboviroses risk rate according to stratum, dengue cases, temperature and precipitation. Data were obtained from monthly meteorological records and from the Statistics Department of Centro Provincial de Higiene, Epidemiología y Microbiología. It was used the absolute and relative frequencies, mean frequency, the standard deviation and the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: Mean annual temperature varied by 1 °C, mean values of relative humidity and precipitation decreased and impacted all stratums. Infestation ascended with the highest dengue risk rate in the tropical savanna climate stratum, rate ratio 0.63 (95 % CI: 0.59-0.67) P=0.000. Temperature and precipitation had the strongest linear association with Aedes aegypti mosquito infestation and dengue risk rate with the linear correlation coefficient of R2=0.9 and R2=0.8. Conclusions: Climatic variability has a favorable effect on Aedes aegypti infestation and dengue transmission during the wet season, with a significant correlation in all stratums.

Introdução: A dengue é considerada uma das doenças mais devastadoras em todo o mundo com 40% da população vivendo em áreas de transmissão e uma das mais relacionadas ao clima. Objetivo: Determinar a incidência da variabilidade climática na infestação pelo mosquito Aedes aegypti e o aparecimento da dengue na província de Guantánamo no período 2017-2019. Método: Realizou-se uma investigação descritiva retrospectiva longitudinal, onde o universo foi constituído por 9 municípios e 10.221 casos suspeitos de dengue. As variáveis estudadas foram: infestação em armazéns por mosquitos Aedes aegypti de acordo com a estação climática, taxa de risco de arbovirose de acordo com estratos, casos de dengue, temperatura e precipitação. Os dados foram obtidos dos registos meteorológicos mensais e do Departamento de Estatística do Centro Provincial de Higiene, Epidemiología y Microbiología. Foram utilizadas frequências absolutas e relativas, média, desvio padrão e coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. Resultados: A temperatura média anual variou 1°C, os valores médios de umidade relativa e precipitação diminuíram e impactaram todos os estratos. A infestação aumentou com a maior taxa de risco de dengue no estrato climático de savana tropical, razão de taxa 0,63 (IC 95%: 0,59-0,67) P=0,000. Temperatura e precipitação tiveram a maior relação de associação linear com infestação de dengue e taxa de risco com coeficiente de correlação linear R2=0,9 e R2=0,8. Conclusões: A variabilidade climática exerce efeitos favoráveis na infestação por Aedes aegypti e na transmissão da dengue durante a estação chuvosa, com correlação significativa em todos os estratos.

Conocimientos y medidas preventivas sobre arbovirosis en estudiantes universitarios de una zona endémica del Perú / Knowledge and preventive measures on arbovirus infections among university students in an endemic area of Peru / Conhecimento e medidas preventivas sobre arboviroses em estudantes universitários de uma área endêmica do Peru

RESUMEN Introducción: Las arbovirosis constituyen un grave problema sanitario en el Perú. Un mayor conocimiento y participación de la población en actividades preventivas puede minimizar su impacto. Objetivo: Evaluar el nivel de conocimientos y su relación con las medidas preventivas sobre arbovirosis en estudiantes universitarios de una zona endémica del Perú, septiembre a noviembre de 2020. Método: Se realizó un estudio observacional, transversal, correlacional y con diseño no experimental. La población estuvo conformada por 325 estudiantes de tecnología médica y la muestra por 176 estudiantes de ambos sexos. El nivel de conocimiento se categorizó en deficiente, regular y alto. Mientras que las medidas preventivas se clasificaron en adecuadas e inadecuadas. El cuestionario contenía 23 preguntas de opción múltiple, validadas por juicio de expertos. Resultados: El 69,9 % de los estudiantes presentó un nivel de conocimientos regular, observándose medidas preventivas inadecuadas en el 44,3 %. Un 92,0 % de encuestados consideró que las arbovirosis son enfermedades graves, pero solo 10,2 % reconoció el signo de alarma del zika. Las principales medidas preventivas fueron: la fumigación (50,6 %) y el uso de repelentes (49,6 %). Además, el 92,6 % de estudiantes consideró importante eliminar los criaderos de mosquitos para evitar la propagación de los arbovirus. Sin embargo, solo el 51,1 % revisó la presencia de criaderos y limpió diaria e interdiariamente su domicilio (43,8 %). Conclusiones: El nivel de conocimientos fue regular y se relacionó con medidas preventivas inadecuadas como no revisar frecuentemente la presencia de criaderos de mosquitos ni realizar limpieza en las viviendas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Arbovirus infections are a serious health problem in Peru. Higher population awareness and their participation in preventive activities can minimize their impact. Objective: Assessment on the level of knowledge and its relationship with preventive measures concerning arbovirus infections in university students in an endemic area of Peru, September to November 2020. Method: An observational, cross-sectional, correlational and non-experimental design study was carried out. The population consisted of 325 medical technology students and the sample consisted of 176 students of both sexes. The level of knowledge was categorized as deficient, regular and high. Preventive measures were classified as adequate and inadequate. The questionnaire contained 23 multiple-choice questions, validated by expert judgment. Results: The knowledge level in 69.9% of the students was fair, and inadequate preventive measures were observed in 44.3%. The 92.0% of surveyed personnel considered the arbovirus infection as a serious disease, but only 10.2% recognized the warning sign of zika. The main preventive measures were: fumigation (50.6%) and the use of repellents (49.6%). In addition, 92.6% of students considered as an important action the act to eliminate mosquito breeding sites in order to prevent the spread of infection. However, only 51.1% checked for the presence of breeding sites and cleaned their homes on a daily and inter-daily basis (43.8%). Conclusions: The level of knowledge was regular and was related to inadequate preventive measures such as not frequently checking for the presence of mosquito breeding sites and not cleaning houses.

RESUMO Introdução: As arboviroses constituem um grave problema de saúde no Peru. Maior conhecimento e participação da população em atividades preventivas podem minimizar seu impacto. Objetivo: avaliar o nível de conhecimento e sua relação com medidas preventivas sobre arboviroses em estudantes universitários em uma área endêmica do Peru, de setembro a novembro de 2020. Método: Estudo observacional, transversal, correlacional com desenho não experimental foi realizado. A população foi composta por 325 estudantes de tecnologia médica e a amostra por 176 estudantes de ambos os sexos. O nível de conhecimento foi categorizado em deficiente, regular e alto. Enquanto as medidas preventivas foram classificadas como adequadas e inadequadas. O questionário continha 23 questões de múltipla escolha, validadas por julgamento de especialistas. Resultados: 69,9% dos alunos apresentaram nível regular de conhecimento, observando medidas preventivas inadequadas em 44,3%. 92,0% dos pesquisados consideraram que as arboviroses são doenças graves, mas apenas 10,2% reconheceram o sinal de alerta do Zika. As principais medidas preventivas foram: fumigação (50,6%) e uso de repelentes (49,6%). Além disso, 92,6% dos alunos consideraram importante eliminar os criadouros do mosquito para evitar a propagação de arboviroses. No entanto, apenas 51,1% verificaram a presença de criadouros e limparam suas casas diariamente e em dias alternados (43,8%). Conclusões: O nível de conhecimento foi regular e relacionado a medidas preventivas inadequadas, como não verificar com frequência a presença de criadouros do mosquito ou limpeza das residências.

Vozes dos criadores e números da criatura: a comunicação das arboviroses no Facebook do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil / Voces de los creadores y números de la criatura: la comunicación de las arbovirosis en el Facebook del Ministerio de Salud de Brasil / Creators' voices and creature's numbers: the communication of arboviruses on Facebook of the Brazilian Ministry of Health

A pesquisa analisa a produção de conteúdos sobre arboviroses na fanpage do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil antes, durante e após a epidemia de Zika vírus, com estudo de métodos mistos englobando análise do conteúdo divulgado entre 2015 e 2017 e o Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC) dos trabalhadores que produziam os conteúdos. Dos 5.732 posts coletados, 649 deles eram sobre arboviroses, com enfoque maior relacionado à prevenção e à Zika. O Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) aparece em pequena parte da amostra. Há preocupação em comunicar saúde com qualidade e respaldo técnico, mas diferenças na linguagem do especialista e no timming entre o que é publicado on-line e o repassado aos serviços de saúde ocasionam ruídos. O discurso é transmissional, apresentando ausência de diálogo com a população, subestimando o potencial que a rede social tem para interação, compartilhamento e engajamento.(AU)

La investigación analiza la producción de contenidos sobre arbovirosis en la fanpage del Ministerio de Salud de Brasil antes, durante y después de la epidemia de Zika virus, con estudio de métodos mixtos englobando análisis del contenido divulgado entre 2015 y 2017 y el discurso del sujeto colectivo de los trabajadores que producían los contenidos. De los 5.732 posts colectados, 649 eran sobre arbovirosis, en un enfoque mayor relacionado a la prevención y al Zika. El Sistema Único de Salud aparece en una pequeña parte de la muestra. Existe la preocupación de comunicar salud con calidad y respaldo técnico, pero diferencias en el lenguaje del especialista y en el timing entre lo que se publica online y lo que se traspasa a los servicios de salud causan ruidos. El discurso es de transmisión, con ausencia de diálogo con la población, subestimando el potencial que la red social tiene para la interacción, compartición y compromiso.(AU)

This study analyses the content production about arboviruses on the fan page of the Brazilian Ministry of Health before, during and after the Zika virus epidemic. It uses a mixed methods study that comprises the content analysis released from 2015 to 2017 and the Collective Subject Discourse of the workers who produced the contents. The results show that 649 out of 5,732 posts collected addressed arboviruses, with a greater focus on prevention and Zika. The Brazilian National Health System (SUS) was found in a small part of the sample. There is a concern to inform about health with quality, but differences in the specialist's language and timing between what is published online and what is conveyed to technical health services cause communication noise. It is a transmissional discourse, with no dialogue with the population, underestimating the potential of social media for interaction, sharing and engagement.(AU)

Caracterización epidemiológica de los pacientes con sospecha clínica y diagnóstico de arbovirosis en Granma durante el 2019 / Epidemiological characterization of patients with clinical suspicion and diagnosis of arbovirus in Granma province during 2019

Introducción: Las enfermedades arbovirales presentan un eleva incidencia y constituyen una amenaza permanente para la salud a escala mundial. Objetivo: Caracterizar epidemiológicamente los pacientes con sospecha clínica y diagnóstico de arbovirosis en la provincia Granma durante el 2019. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal en el periodo comprendido entre el primero de enero y el 31 de diciembre de 2019. Las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, municipios, formas de identificación de signos y síntomas, positividad a dengue y meses de estudio de los pacientes. Resultados: En los casos estudiados por sospechas, el 41,43 por ciento pertenecía al municipio Bayamo y el 51,85 por ciento (9180) fueron pacientes femeninas. El rango de edad predominante fue ≤ 20 años (n = 8340; 47,10 por ciento). En el 87,07 por ciento (15417) de los pacientes la identificación de signos y síntomas sugerentes de arbovirosis fue mediante las pesquisas. La positividad a dengue se encontró en el 25,00 por ciento de los pacientes (4427), de los cuales el 53,87 por ciento (2385) fueron pacientes femeninas. El rango de edad más afectado por la arbovirosis fue el de 41-60 (n = 1422; 32,12 por ciento). El mes de septiembre fue el de mayor número de casos tanto estudiados por sospechas (n = 3720; 21,01 por ciento) como confirmados con dengue (n = 1341; 30,29 por ciento). En la provincia, la tasa de incidencia del dengue fue de 54,0 por cada 10 mil habitantes. Conclusiones: Se evidenció la importancia de las pesquisas como método para identificar signos y síntomas sugerentes de enfermedades arbovirales. Las tasas de incidencia calculadas señalaron a los territorios más afectados por dengue, lo cual constituye un punto de partida para la implementación de estrategias de salud enfocadas en la prevención arboviral(AU)

Introduction: Arboviral diseases have a high incidence and constitute a permanent threat to health globally. Objective: Characterize from the epidemiological perspective patients with clinical suspicion and diagnosis of arbovirus in Granma province during 2019. Methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in the period between January 1st and December 31st, 2019. The variables studied were: age, sex, municipalities, ways of identifying signs and symptoms, dengue positivity and months of study of patients. Results: In the cases studied due to suspicions, 41.43 percent belonged to Bayamo municipality and 51.85percent (9180) were female patients. The predominant age range was ≤ 20 years (n = 8340; 47.10percent). In 87.07percent (15417) of patients, the identification of signs and symptoms suggestive to arbovirus was through investigations. Dengue positivity was found in 25.00 percent of patients (4427), of which 53.87percent (2385) were female patients. The age range most affected by arbovirus was 41-60 (n = 1422; 32.12percent). September was the month with the highest number of cases both studied by suspicions (n = 3720; 21.01percent) and confirmed with dengue (n = 1341; 30.29percent). In the province, the incidence rate of dengue was 54.0 per 10,000 inhabitants. Conclusions: The importance of the investigations as a method to identify signs and symptoms suggestive to arboviral diseases was evidenced. The calculated incidence rates indicated the most affected territories by dengue, which constitutes a starting point for the implementation of health strategies focused on arboviral prevention(AU)

Características epidemiológicas del síndrome febril inespecífico en Nueva Paz, Mayabeque / Epidemiological Characteristics of Nonspecific Febrile Syndrome in Nueva Paz Municipality, Mayabeque Province

Introducción: La vigilancia del síndrome febril inespecífico es una estrategia para la identificación temprana de enfermedades de interés en salud pública y de otras enfermedades no diagnosticadas usualmente. Objetivo: Determinar las características epidemiológicas del síndrome febril inespecífico. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo-transversal en pacientes con diagnóstico inicial de síndrome febril inespecífico en el municipio Nueva Paz, Mayabeque, en el período enero-diciembre, 2018. El universo estuvo constituido por 828 casos. Los datos obtenidos de la Unidad Municipal de Higiene y la base de datos de arbovirosis se vaciaron en una planilla creada al efecto. Las variables cuantitativas se resumieron mediante media aritmética y desviación estándar y las variables cualitativas mediante porcentajes. La comparación de proporciones se realizó a través de chi-cuadrado y dócima de Duncan, con un nivel de significación para p < 0,05. Resultados: Predominó el sexo femenino (55,08 por ciento) y la edad menor de 18 años (33,93 por ciento). Se encontró mayor número de focos en el área de salud de Los Palos (53,44 por ciento), donde se reportó más cantidad de síndrome febril inespecífico (50,60 por ciento). Los meses de mayo, julio y octubre notificaron mayor número de focos. La vigilancia se comportó en 61,7 por ciento con una reactividad en 56,50 por ciento. El 48,06 por ciento de los casos clasificaron dengue. Conclusiones: El incumplimiento de los programas de control del vector, la urbanización no planificada, el crecimiento acelerado de la población y la existencia de una infraestructura de salud deficiente ha permitido que proliferen las arbovirosis a gran escala en el municipio Nueva Paz(AU)

Introduction: Surveillance of nonspecific febrile syndrome is a strategy for early identification of public health concern diseases as well as other diseases not usually diagnosed. Objective: To determine the epidemiological characteristics of nonspecific febrile syndrome. Methods: Descriptive and cross-sectional study carried put, in the period January-December 2018, in patients with an initial diagnosis of nonspecific febrile syndrome from Nueva Paz Municipality, Mayabeque Province. The universe consisted of 828 cases. The data obtained from the Municipal Unit of Hygiene and Epidemiology as well as from the arbovirus diseases database were emptied into a form created for this purpose. Quantitative variables were summarized using arithmetic mean and standard deviation, while qualitative variables were summarized using percentages. The comparison of proportions was made through chi-square and Duncan's tests, with a level of significance P<0.05. Results: There was a predominance of the female sex (55.08 percent) and ages under eighteen years (33.93 percent). A greater number of focuses were found in the health area of Los Palos (53.44 percent), where a greater amount of nonspecific febrile syndrome was reported (50.60 percent). The months of May, July and October accounted for higher numbers of outbreaks. Surveillance was 61.7 percent with reactivity at 56.50 percent, 48.06 percent of the cases classified as dengue. Conclusions: Failure to comply with vector control programs, unplanned urban planning, accelerated population growth and the existence of a deficient health infrastructure have allowed great-scale arbovirus infections to proliferate in Nueva Paz Municipality(AU)

Educação e promoção da saúde: uma experiência pedagógica potencializadora do protagonismo infanto-juvenil no enfrentamento ao Aedes aegypti / Health education and promotion: a pedagogical experience to enhance children and youth leadership in combating Aedes aegypti / Education and health promotion: a pedagogical experience that enhances the leadership of children and youth in coping with Aedes aegypti

Este artigo apresenta um recorte dos resultados da experiência pedagógica realizada com estudantes por meio da interlocução entre saúde e escola, permeada pela educação e promoção da saúde enquanto potencializadores do protagonismo infantojuvenil. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, pesquisa-ação, realizado com 55 estudantes em minicursos em duas escolas municipais de Fortaleza (CE). Esta pesquisa versa sobre a implementação de uma abordagem ecossistêmica em ambiente escolar para a promoção da saúde, prevenção e controle do Aedes aegypti. Observa-se que as ações de controle contra o vetor dependerão de ampla participação de diversos grupos e comunidades. Os estudantes perceberam a necessidade de intensificar ações de promoção da saúde no cotidiano e promover o protagonismo e a autonomia dos sujeitos para coletivamente compreender a saúde como resultante das condições de vida para um desenvolvimento social mais equitativo. Conclui-se que o incremento de atividades dirigidas à mudança comportamental dos alunos, concentrando-se em componentes educativos, e a compreensão de que a saúde resulta de múltiplos determinantes alinham-se a uma articulação de ações de promoção de saúde fomentadoras de um saber coletivo, que estimula no indivíduo e na coletividade sua autonomia e emancipação para o cuidado de si e de seu entorno.

This paper presents the results of a pedagogical experience carried out with students via dialogue between healthcare and school, based on health education and promotion as potentiators of youth leadership. To investigate the implementation of an ecosystem approach in a school environment for health promotion, and Aedes aegypti control and prevention, a qualitative action research was carried out with 55 students attending mini-courses in two municipal schools in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. Results show that action aimed at vector control depend on the broad participation of different groups and communities. Students realized the need to enhance daily health promotion actions and to promote youth leadership and autonomy to collectively understand health as a result of living conditions, seeking more equitable social development. In conclusion, the increased activities aimed at behavioral change, focusing on educational components, and the understanding that health results from multiple determinants, assumes an articulation of health promotion actions that foster collective knowledge to stimulate individual and community autonomy and emancipation in caring for themselves and their surroundings.

Este artículo presenta un extracto de los resultados de la experiencia pedagógica realizada con estudiantes a través del diálogo entre salud y escuela, permeada por la educación y la promoción de la salud como potenciadoras del protagonismo infantil. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo, investigación acción realizada con 55 alumnos en minicursos en dos escuelas municipales de Fortaleza (CE), Brasil. Se trata de la implementación de un enfoque ecosistémico en un ambiente escolar para la promoción de la salud, prevención y control del Aedes aegypti. Se observa que las acciones de control del vector dependerán de la amplia participación de diferentes grupos y comunidades. Los estudiantes percibieron la necesidad de intensificar las acciones de promoción de la salud en el cotidiano y promover el protagonismo y la autonomía de los sujetos para comprender colectivamente la salud como resultado de condiciones de vida para un desarrollo social más equitativo. Se concluye que el aumento de actividades dirigidas al cambio de comportamiento de los estudiantes, con foco en los componentes educativos, y la comprensión de que la salud resulta de múltiples determinantes, se alinean con una articulación de acciones de promoción de la salud que fomenten el conocimiento colectivo que estimule en el individuo y la colectividad su autonomía y emancipación para cuidar de sí mismos y de su entorno.

Caracterización de pacientes con sospecha de arbovirosis atendidos en un policlínico de Jiguaní, Granma / Characterization of patients with suspected arbovirus infection cared for at a polyclinic in Jiguaní, Granma

Introducción: Las enfermedades producidas por arbovirus son un problema grave a nivel mundial. Objetivo: Caracterizar los pacientes estudiados por sospecha de arbovirosis en una institución de salud. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal en el policlínico Edor de los Reyes Martínez Áreas del municipio Jiguaní, provincia Granma, en el periodo comprendido entre el 1 de enero y el 31 de diciembre de 2019. Se trabajó con una muestra de 2947 personas y se estudiaron las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, consejos populares, forma de identificación de signos/síntomas, diagnóstico inicial y positividad a dengue. Resultados: El 40,07 por ciento de los casos estudiados pertenece al consejo popular Jiguaní Norte. Fueron pacientes femeninas 1590 (53,95 por ciento). El rango de edad predominante fue 41-60 años (n = 1222; 41,47 por ciento). En 1908 (64,74 por ciento) pacientes la identificación de signos y síntomas sugerentes de arbovirosis fue mediante las pesquisas. El 98,88 por ciento de los pacientes (n = 2914) fue diagnosticado inicialmente con síndrome febril inespecífico. La única arbovirosis identificada fue el dengue, el que se encontró en 637 pacientes. Octubre fue el mes con mayor número de pacientes estudiados (n = 1063; 36,07 por ciento). Conclusiones: La mayoría de los casos pertenecía al sexo femenino y a la zona urbanizada del municipio. El consejo popular urbano Jiguaní Norte fue el que más casos positivos a dengue aportó(AU)

Introduction: Arbovirus infections are a serious global health problem. Objective: Characterize the patients studied for suspected arbovirus infection at a health institution. Methods: A cross-sectional observational descriptive study was conducted at Edor de los Reyes Martínez Arias polyclinic in the municipality of Jiguaní, province of Granma, from 1 January to 31 December 2019. The study sample was 2947 people, and the variables examined were age, sex, people's council, form of sign / symptom identification, initial diagnosis and positivity for dengue. Results: Of the cases studied, 40.07 percent were from the people's council of Jiguaní Norte. 1590 patients were female (53.95 percent). The prevailing age group was 41-60 years (n = 1222; 41.47 percent). In 1908 patients (64.74 percent) signs and symptoms suggesting arbovirus infection were identified through screening. 98.88 percent of the patients (n = 2914) were initially diagnosed with unspecific febrile syndrome. The only arbovirus infection identified was dengue, which was detected in 637 patients. October was the month when the highest number of patients were studied (n = 1063; 36.07 percent). Conclusions: Most cases were female and from urbanized areas in the municipality. Jiguaní Norte urban people's council contributed the most dengue positive cases(AU)

Caracterización clinicoepidemiológica de pacientes con dengue ingresados en el Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí / Clinical epidemiological characterization of patients with dengue admitted to Pedro Kourí Tropical Medicine Institute

Introducción: El dengue es una infección viral endémica reemergente de notable preponderancia por su morbilidad y mortalidad, cuya incidencia se ha multiplicado en las últimos tiempos a nivel internacional. Objetivos: Caracterizar a pacientes con dengue según la clasificación revisada de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y determinar la correspondencia entre esta y la clasificación tradicional respecto a la gravedad de los casos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal en el Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí de La Habana durante el 2012, en el que se revisaron 247 historias clínicas seleccionadas por muestreo aleatorio estratificado. Resultados: En la casuística predominaron el dengue con signos de alarma, el grupo etario de 40-59 años, el sexo femenino y el síndrome de choque por dengue como principal forma clínica de gravedad. La fiebre estuvo presente en todos los afectados; también sobresalieron la cefalea, la astenia, las artromialgias, la exantema y el dolor retroocular. La leucopenia y la trombocitopenia constituyeron hallazgos muy frecuentes, al igual que la citólisis hepática; en tanto, las manifestaciones digestivas y hemorrágicas, entre otras, se asociaron significativamente con el desarrollo de dengue grave. Conclusiones: Se evidenció que utilizando la clasificación tradicional se hubiesen dejado de identificar y tratar adecuadamente a pacientes con dengue grave y dengue con signos de alarma, al catalogarse la mayoría de estos como fiebre del dengue, subestimando así la gravedad clínica de dichos casos.

Introduction: Dengue is a viral endemic reemerging infection of remarkable preponderance for its morbidity and mortality whose incidence has multiplied in the last times at international level. Objectives: To characterize patients with dengue according to the classification reviewed by the Health World Organization and to determine the correspondence between this and the traditional classification regarding the seriousness of the cases. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out at Pedro Kourí Tropical Medicine Institute in Havana during 2012, in which 247 medical records were reviewed selected by stratified random sampling. Results: In the case material there was a prevalence of dengue with alarm signs, 40-59 age group, female sex and the shock syndrome due to dengue as the main clinic form of seriousness. The fever was present in all those affected; migraine, asthenia, artromialgias, exanthema and retroocular pain were also outstanding. The leukopenia and thrombocytopenia constituted very frequent findings, the same as hepatic cytolysis; as long as, the digestive and hemorrhagic manifestations, among others, were significantly associated with the development of serious dengue. Conclusions: It was evidenced that using the traditional classification the identification and appropriate treatment to patients with serious dengue and dengue with alarm signs would not be possible, when being classified most of these as fever of the dengue, underestimating this way the clinical seriousness of these cases.