The decrease in the population of Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus in sugarcane after nitrogen fertilization is related to plant physiology in split root experiments.

It has been established that a decrease in the population of Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus associated with sugarcane occurs after nitrogen fertilization. This fact could be due to a direct influence of NH(4)NO(3) on bacterial cells or to changes in plant physiology after fertilizer addition, affecting bacterial establishment. In this work, we observed that survival of G. diazotrophicus was directly influenced when 44.8mM of NH(4)NO(3) (640mgN/plant) was used for in vitro experiments. Furthermore, micropropagated sugarcane plantlets were inoculated with G. diazotrophicus and used for split root experiments, in which both ends of the system were fertilized with a basal level of NH(4)NO(3) (0.35mM; 10mgN/plant). Twenty days post inoculation (dpi) one half of the plants were fertilized with a high dose of NH(4)NO(3) (6.3mM; 180 mgN/plant) on one end of the system. This nitrogen level was lower than that directly affecting G. diazotrophicus cells; however, it caused a decrease in the bacterial population in comparison with control plants fertilized with basal nitrogen levels. The decrease in the population of G. diazotrophicus was higher in pots fertilized with a basal nitrogen level when compared with the corresponding end supplied with high levels of NH4NO3 (100dpi; 80 days post fertilization) of the same plant system. These observations suggest that the high nitrogen level added to the plants induce systemic physiological changes that affect the establishment of G. diazotrophicus.

Chronic osteomyelitis management in austere environments: the International Committee of the Red Cross experience.

BACKGROUND: Chronic osteomyelitis (COM) causes major physical disability. In situations of limited resources and war zones, western world treatments are neither affordable nor sustainable. The International Committee of the Red Cross has established a COM treatment project in the Democratic Republic of Congo, with emphasis on affordability and sustainability. METHODS: One hundred and sixty-eight patients were treated for COM. The protocol focused on surgical excision of necrotic bone, physiotherapy and an open wound dressing method using granulated brown sugar. RESULTS: Seventy-one patients could be reviewed with a mean follow-up of 13.7 months (5-28 months). 46 patients (63.4%, 95% CI 52.5-75.6) had excellent/good results in terms of clinical cure of the infection, and 36 patients (50.7%, 95% CI 38.7-62.7) had seen excellent/good improvement in their functional status compared with before treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The above-mentioned treatment protocol has shown encouraging results: almost two-thirds of the patients had their infection clinically cured, and half the patients saw significant functional improvement.

Roccellinastrum, Cenozosia and Heterodermia: Ecology and phylogeny of fog lichens and their photobionts from the coastal Atacama Desert.

Some deserts on Earth such as the Namib or the Atacama are influenced by fog which can lead to the formation of local fog oases - unique environments hosting a great diversity of specialized plants and lichens. Lichens of the genera Ramalina, Niebla or Heterodermia have taxonomically been investigated from fog oases around the globe but not from the Atacama Desert, one of the oldest and driest deserts. Conditioned by its topography and the presence of orographic fog, the National Park Pan de Azúcar in the Atacama Desert is considered to be such a lichen hotspot. Applying multi-gen loci involving phylogenetic analyses combined with intense morphological and chemical characterization, we determined the taxonomic position of five of the most abundant epiphytic lichens of this area. We evaluated Roccellinastrumspongoideum and Heterodermiafollmannii which were both described from the area but also finally showed that the genus Cenozosia is the endemic sister genus to Ramalina, Vermilacinia, Namibialina and Niebla. As a result, we have described the species Heterodermiaadunca, C.cava and C.excorticata as new lichen species. This work provides a comprehensive dataset for common fog lichen genera of the Coastal Range of the Atacama Desert that can be used as a baseline for monitoring programs and environmental health assessments.

[Capacity of the oleaginous yeast Clavispora lusitaniae Hi2 to transform agroindustrial residues into lipids]. / Potencial de la levadura oleaginosa Clavispora lusitaniae Hi2 en la conversión de residuos agroindustriales a lípidos.

BACKGROUND: Single-cell oils obtained from oleaginous microorganisms by using lignocellulosic waste hydrolysates are an alternative for producing biodiesel. AIMS: To isolate a yeast strain able to produce lipids from centrifuged nejayote (CN), hydrolyzed nejayote solids (HNS) and hydrolyzed sugarcane bagasse (HSB). METHODS: In order to identify the yeasts recovered, 26S ribosomal DNA was sequenced. The metabolic profile was assessed by using API20C AUX strips. The nutritional characterization of CN, HNS and HSB was performed by quantifying reducing sugars, total carbohydrates, starch, protein and total nitrogen. The biomass and lipid production ability were evaluated by performing growth kinetics of Clavispora lusitaniae Hi2 in combined culture media. RESULTS: Six oleaginous yeast strains were isolated and identified, selecting C. lusitaniae Hi2 to study its lipids production by using nejayote. The C. lusitaniae Hi2 strain can use glucose, xylose, arabinose, galactose and cellobiose as carbon sources. Cultures of C. lusitaniae Hi2 presented the best biomass (5.6±0.28 g/L) and lipid production (0.99±0.09 g/L) at 20 h of incubation with the CN:HNS media in the 25:75 and 50:50 ratios, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The use of CN, HNS and HSB for the growth of C. lusitaniae Hi2 is an option to take advantage of these agro-industrial residues and generate compounds of biotechnological interest.

Influence of Extremophiles on the Generation of Acid Mine Drainage at the Abandoned Pan de Azúcar Mine (Argentina).

The risk of generation of acid drainages in the tailings of the Pan de Azúcar mine that closed its activities more than three decades ago, was evaluated through biooxidation studies using iron- and sulfur-oxidizing extremophilic leaching consortia. Most of tailings showed a high potential for generating acid drainage, in agreement with the results from net acid generation (NAG) assays. In addition, molecular analysis of the microbial consortia obtained by enrichment of the samples, demonstrated that native leaching microorganisms are ubiquitous in the area and they seemed to be more efficient in the biooxidation of the tailings than the collection microorganisms. The acid drainages detected at the site and those formed by oxidation of the tailings, produced a significant ecotoxicological effect demonstrated by a bioassay. These drainages, even at high dilutions, could seriously affect a nearby Ramsar site (Laguna de Pozuelos) that is connected to the Pan de Azúcar mine through a hydrological route (Cincel River).

[Consumption of sugary drinks and sugar added to beverages and their relation ship with nutritional status in young people of Medellin (Colombia)]. / Consumo de bebidas azucaradas y con azúcar añadida y su asociación con indicadores antropométricos en jóvenes de Medellín (Colombia).

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: Worldwide, there is a high prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and young people, the etiology is multicausal and influences environmental, cultural and eating habits factors such as the consumption of sugary drinks and added sugar that promote excess weight and risk of chronic diseases. Objective: To identify the relationship between the amount ingested of sugary drinks (BA) and added sugar (AA) with the nutritional status of young people. Methods: Cross sectional study, carried out in 596 individuals, between 10 and 18 years, the evaluation of dietary intake was made through Reminder 24 hours (R24H), for each of the individuals was considered the Best Linear Predictor Insleegue (MPLI) of energy,% AMDR of the total CHOS (acceptable range of distribution of macronutrients) and of the simple CHOS; the nutritional status was classified according to Z score of the body mass index (BMI) and percentage of body fat (% GC). An association with the Spearman correlation, Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis and a quantile regression model was determined. Results: Young people from medium-low socioeconomic status had higher AA consumption (p = <0.0001), young people with adequate nutritional status had higher AA (p = 0.011) and energy consumption (p = <0.0001 ) and those with excess nutritional status ingest a greater amount of BA (p = 0.025) and greater% of simple AMDR CHOS (p = 0.045). Conclusions: the development of overweight was not related to excessive energy intake, but to the consumption of sugary drinks and the contribution of simple carbohydra es to total energy.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: A nivel mundial se reporta alta prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en niños y jóvenes, la etiología es multicausal e influyen factores ambientales, culturales y hábitos alimentarios como es el consumo de bebidas azucaradas y azúcar añadido que promueven el exceso de peso y riesgo de enfermedades crónicas. Objetivo: Identificar la relación entre la cantidad ingerida de bebidas azucaradas (BA) y azúcar añadido (AA) con el estado nutricional de jóvenes. Métodos: estudio Cross sectional, realizado en 596 individuos, entre 10 y 18 años, la evaluación de ingesta dietética se realizó por medio de Recordatorio 24 horas (R24H), para cada uno de los individuos se consideró el Mejor Predictor Lineal Insesgado (MPLI) de la energía, %AMDR de los CHOS totales (Rango aceptable de distribución de macronutrientes) y de los CHOS simples; el estado nutricional se clasificó según puntaje Z del Índice de masa corporal (IMCz) y porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC). Se determinó asociación con la correlación de Spearman, U de Mann-Whitney y Kruskal-Wallis y un modelo de regresión cuantílica. Resultados: Los jóvenes de estrato socioeconómico medio-bajo tuvieron mayor consumo de AA (p=<0,0001), los jóvenes con estado nutricional adecuado tuvieron mayor consumo de AA (p=0,011) y de energía (p=<0,0001) y aquellos con estado nutricional en exceso ingirieron mayor cantidad de BA (p=0,025) y mayor %AMDR CHOS simples (p=0,045). Conclusiones: el desarrollo del sobrepeso no estuvo relacionado con la ingesta excesiva de energía, sino con el consumo de bebidas azucaradas y el aporte de los carbohidratos simples a la energía total.

The effect of a new mixture of sugar and sugar-alcohols compared to sucrose and glucose on blood glucose increase and the possible adverse reactions: A phase I double-blind, three-way randomized cross-over clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: Several sweeteners are introduced to replace sucrose in the human diet. However, they had their own limitations and concerns, particularly in terms of their taste and their long-term health consequences. This study examined the effect of a new mixture of sugars and sugar alcohol on the postprandial blood glucose levels and its possible gastrointestinal (GI) adverse reactions in human adults. METHODS: In this double-blind three-way randomized clinical trial, adults (21 with type 2 diabetes and 20 healthy) received 300ml of three beverages containing 50g glucose, sucrose, and lacritose (a mixture of lactose, fructose, sucrose, and erythritol) when they were in the fasted state in a random order. Postprandial serum glucose was checked every 30min up to 2h and the gastrointestinal reactions were collected. RESULTS: The mean serum glucose was significantly lower in all time points after ingestion of the lacritose for participants with type 2 diabetes compared to glucose and sucrose (P<0.05). The blood glucose levels were significantly lower in the 30th and 60th min for healthy subjects (P<0.05). Adverse GI reactions were not significant between the test beverages. CONCLUSIONS: The ingestion of a 50g dose of lacritose containing lactose, fructose, sucrose, and erythritol, led to an improved blood glucose levels without any significant adverse effect compared to the same amount of glucose and sucrose. Studying the long-term effects of lacritose on appetite, metabolic markers and adverse reactions is recommended. The trial was registered in Iranian registry of clinical trials: IRCT2015050912571N2.

Compatibilidad de un bioinsecticida a base de Beauveria bassiana con agroquímicos: efecto en la germinación y la actividad insecticida sobre Diatraea saccharalis

Los barrenadores del tallo del género de Diatraea spp. (Lepidoptera:Crambidae) han sido reconocidos por ser la plaga de mayor impacto en el cultivo de caña de azúcar, en el que causan importantes pérdidas económicas. Para su control, una cepa colombiana de Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill (aislamiento Bv062) que demostró alta virulencia frente a larvas de D. saccharalis (Fabricius), fue utilizada para el desarrollo de un bioinsecticida formulado como un concentrado emulsionable (CE). Con el fin de integrar este bioinsecticida en un esquema de manejo integrado de plagas, es necesario evaluar su compatibilidad con los agroquímicos utilizados comúnmente en el cultivo de caña de azúcar. Para tal fin se evaluó el efecto in vitro de 11 agroquímicos (fungicidas, insecticidas y herbicidas) sobre la germinación y actividad insecticida de conidios formulados. Inicialmente el CE y los agroquímicos fueron ajustados al doble de la concentración recomendada y mezclados en proporción 1:1, se incubaron durante dos horas, y se determinó el porcentaje de germinación. Los conidios expuestos a los agroquímicos fueron también purificados y utilizados para un bioen-sayo frente a larvas de segundo instar de D. saccharalis. El CE resultó ser compatible con los herbicidas e insecticidas evaluados, manteniendo una germinación y eficacia superior al 80%. Por el contrario, el CE fue incompatible con todos los fungicidas evaua-dos. Estos resultados permiten sugerir recomendaciones de aplicación del bioplaguicida a base de B. bassiana Bv062, junto con insecticidas y herbicidas empleados en el cultivo de caña, pero se recomienda no aplicarlo de manera simultánea con fungicidas como el benomil y del grupo de triazoles. Se recomienda validar estos resultados en condiciones de campo.

Sugarcane stem borers of the genus Diatraea spp. (Lepidoptera:Crambidae) have been recognized as the pest of the greatest impact on sugarcane crops causing significant economic losses. For its control, a colombian strain of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill (code Bv062) that showed a high virulence against D. saccharalis (Fabricius) larvae was used for a biopesticide development, formulated as emulsifiable concentrate (EC). In order to include the EC into an integrated pest management (IPM) scheme, it is necessary to evaluate its compatibility with the agrochemicals commonly used in sugarcane crops. For this purpose, the in vitro effect of 11 agrochemicals (fungicides, insecticides and herbicides) on the germination and insecticidal activity of Bv062 formulated conidia was evaluated. Initially, the EC and agrochemicals were adjusted to double the recommended concentration and mixed in a 1:1 ratio. The mixes were incubated for two hours, and the germination percentage was calculated. The conidia exposed to the agrochemicals were also purified and used for a bioassay against second instar larvae of D. saccharalis. The EC was compatible with the herbicides and insecticides, maintaining germination and efficacy higher than 80%. In contrast, EC was incompatible with all the fungicides evaluated. These results allow us to suggest recommendations for the application of the biopesticide based on B. bassiana Bv062 with insecticides and herbicides used in sugarcane crops, but it is not recommended to apply it simultaneously with fungicides such as benomyl and the triazole group. It is recommended to validate these results under field conditions.

Estado de las Políticas de regulación para el consumo de azúcar y para la comida chatarra en 3 países de América Latina

Introducción: El consumo de bebidas azucaradas y alimentos no saludables es un problema de Salud Pública y de las Políticas Públicas que buscan reducir el impacto de las Enfermedades No Trasmisibles (ENT) en América Latina. Objetivo: identificar las Políticas Públicas generadas en Colombia, Argentina y Chile para la regulación del consumo de azúcar y comida chatarra. Materiales y Métodos: Análisis exploratorio a través de una revisión de literatura y revisión de documentos normativos. Resultados: Colombia en el año 2021 sancionó la Ley 2120 denominada "Ley de Comida Chatarra", que promueve el acceso a información necesaria para fomentar entornos alimentarios saludables y prevenir las ENT, que incluye nuevas normas para el etiquetado de alimentos y describir sus características al consumidor y así limitar el consumo de alimentos procesados y ultraprocesados. Chile fue pionero en el desarrollo de los sellos de advertencia y desde el año 2014, aplica un impuesto adicional a las bebidas no alcohólicas. Argentina en 2021, sancionó la ley que obliga a la industria de alimentos a disponer de etiquetas en los envases que alerten al consumidor sobre los excesos de azúcares, grasas y sodio Conclusiones: Los tres países investigados cuentan con políticas de etiquetado de alimentos procesados, y en Chile existen impuestos a las bebidas azucaradas. Es importante estudiar el impacto de dichas políticas en la prevalencia y severidad de las ENT y de la caries.

Abstract: The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and unhealthy foods is a public health problem that has become a regulatory issue for the public policies aimed at reducing the impact of Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs) in Latin America. Objective: to identify the Public Policies in Colombia, Argentina and Chile for the regulation of the consumption of sugar and junk food. Materials and methods. Exploratory analysis through a literature and policy documents review. Results: In 2021, Colombia approved the Law 2120 called "Junk Food Law" promoting public access to information for a healthy food environment to prevent NCDs. It includes food labeling for overweight and obesity prevention and establishes a specific labeling regulation for processed and ultra-processed food and sweet drink products. Chile was pioneer in the development of warning stamps on food packages and since 2014 also taxes sweet non-alcoholic beverages. In 2021, Argentina approved a law to add labels on food packages to alert consumers about excess of sugars, fats and sodium. Conclusions: The three investigated countries have labeling policies for processed food, and Chile puts taxes on sugary drinks. It is important to study the impact of these policies on NCD prevalence, severity and on dental caries.

Queima de biomassa da cana-de-açúcar e hospitalizações de crianças e idosos por agravos respiratórios em Pernambuco, Brasil / Burning of sugarcane biomass and hospitalizations of children and older adults for respiratory problems in Pernambuco State, Brazil / Quema de biomasa de caña de azúcar y hospitalizaciones de niños y ancianos por enfermedades respiratorias en Pernambuco, Brasil

Resumo: Este estudo buscou analisar a relação entre as hospitalizações por agravos respiratórios e a queima regular da cana-de-açúcar em Pernambuco, Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico de série temporal correspondente ao período de 2008 a 2018. Foram comparadas as taxas de hospitalizações por agravos respiratórios em crianças menores de 5 anos e em idosos maiores de 60 anos em municípios produtores e não produtores de cana-de-açúcar, por meio da análise estatística não paramétrica de Mann-Whitney. Conjuntamente, foi observada a distribuição mensal das ocorrências de focos de calor nos municípios casos e controles e aplicada a correlação de Pearson para analisar a associação entre ambas as variáveis. Foi verificado que, para ambos os grupos etários, as taxas de hospitalizações são maiores nos municípios produtores de cana-de-açúcar, com diferença estatística significativa p < 0,005. A taxa de internação hospitalar em idosos é 28% mais elevada nos municípios casos, sendo ainda maior em crianças menores de 5 anos, cuja razão das medianas é 40%. No entanto, foi identificado que o comportamento sazonal das hospitalizações por agravos respiratórios diverge do observado na distribuição mensal dos focos de calor, não havendo correlação estatística significativa. Esses achados sugerem possível associação com a exposição crônica aos particulados emitidos pela queima de biomassa, comprometendo a saúde de grupos vulneráveis, e endossam a necessidade de substituição das queimadas no monocultivo da cana-de-açúcar, bem como a estruturação de políticas públicas de proteção à saúde humana e ambiental.

Abstract: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between hospitalizations for respiratory problems and the regular burning of sugarcane in Pernambuco State, Brazil. This is an ecological time series study corresponding to the period from 2008 to 2018. The rates of hospitalizations for respiratory diseases in children aged under 5 years and in adults older than 60 years in sugarcane-producing and non-producing municipalities were compared using nonparametric Mann-Whitney statistical analysis. Together, we observed the monthly distribution of the hot spots occurrences in the case and control municipalities and applied Pearson's correlation to analyze the association between both variables. For both age groups, hospitalization rates are higher in sugarcane-producing municipalities, with a statistically significant difference p < 0.005. The rate of hospitalization in older adults is 28% higher in the case municipalities, and is even higher in children aged under 5 years whose ratio of the medians is 40%. However, the seasonal behavior of hospitalizations for respiratory diseases differs from that observed in the monthly distribution of hot spots, without statistically significant correlation. These findings suggest a possible association with chronic exposure to particulates emitted by biomass burning, compromising the health of vulnerable groups, and endorse the need to replace fires in the monoculture of sugarcane and to structure public policies to protect human and environmental health.

Resumen: Este estudio buscó analizar la relación entre las hospitalizaciones por enfermedades respiratorias y la quema regular de caña de azúcar en Pernambuco, Brasil. Se trata de un estudio ecológico de serie temporal correspondiente al período entre 2008 y 2018. Las tasas de hospitalizaciones por enfermedades respiratorias en niños menores de 5 años y en ancianos mayores de 60 años en municipios productores de caña de azúcar y en los municipios no productores de azúcar se compararon mediante el análisis estadístico no paramétrico de Mann-Whitney. Se observó en conjunto la distribución mensual de las ocurrencias de puntos calientes en los casos y controles de los municipios, y se aplicó la correlación de Pearson para analizar la asociación entre ambas variables. Se encontró que, para ambos grupos de edad, las tasas de hospitalización fueron más altas en los municipios productores de caña de azúcar, con una diferencia estadísticamente significativa p < 0,005. La tasa de hospitalización de los ancianos fue un 28% mayor en los municipios casos, y aún mayor que la de los niños menores de 5 años cuya relación de las medianas fue del 40%. Sin embargo, se identificó que el comportamiento estacional de las hospitalizaciones por enfermedades respiratorias difiere de lo observado en la distribución mensual de puntos calientes, sin correlación estadística significativa. Estos hallazgos evidencian una posible asociación con la exposición crónica a partículas emitidas por la quema de biomasa, lo que afecta la salud de los grupos vulnerables, además apuntan a la necesidad de implementar medidas contra los incendios en el monocultivo de la caña de azúcar y políticas públicas para proteger la salud humana y el medioambiente.

Caracterización de patrones alimentarios durante la pandemia por COVID 19 en Chile / Characterization of food patterns during the COVID 19 pandemic in Chile

Fundamentos: El confinamiento para evitar el contagio por COVID-19 ha mostrado tener un impactonegativo en diferentes componentes de la salud de la población, siendo la alimentación uno de los másnotables. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar la ingesta de ciertos alimentos según sexo, edad, ynivel educativo y socioeconómico durante la pandemia por COVID 19 en Chile.Métodos: estudio transversal a través de una encuesta en línea. Cada persona respondió un cuestionario deingesta de alimentos, y preguntas sobre el tipo y la duración del confinamiento y datos sociodemográficos.Resultados: Participaron 1722 personas (82,5% sexo femenino). Al evaluar el % de cumplimiento de lasrecomendaciones para cada alimento, las frutas y lácteos fueron inferior al 10%, siendo significativamentemayor en mujeres. En cambio, el consumo de bebidas azucaradas, bebidas con cafeína y alcohol, fue mayoren hombres. Al analizar por edad se observó que en los mayores de 55 años había un menor consumo dealimentos saludables y mayor consumo de alimentos no saludables como bebidas azucaradas y comidachatarra. Al analizar por nivel socioeconómico se observó un menor consumo de alimentos saludables enpersonas de menor nivel socioeconómico, por el contrario, el consumo de alimentos no saludables fue mayor,excepto en alcohol, bebidas con cafeína y azúcar.Conclusiones: Existe un elevado consumo de alimentos no saludables, y se presentan diferencias en laingesta según sexo, edad y nivel socioeconómico. (AU)

Background: Confinement to prevent contagion by COVID-19 has been shown to have a negative impact ondifferent components of the population's health, food being one of the most notable. The objective of thiswork was to characterize the intake of certain foods according to sex, age, and educational andsocioeconomic level during the COVID 19 pandemic in Chile..Methods: cross-sectional study through an online survey. Each person answered a food intake questionnaireon the self-administered form, and questions about the type and duration of confinement andsociodemographic data.Results: 1722 people participated (82.5% female). When evaluating the% of compliance with therecommendations for each food, fruit and dairy, it is less than 10%, but being significantly higher in women,whereas the consumption of sugary drinks, caffeinated drinks and alcohol, the highest in men. Whencomparing by age, it was observed that in those over 55 years of age the majority of healthy foods werereduced, more unhealthy foods such as sugary drinks and junk food and when comparing by socioeconomiclevel, a lower consumption of healthy foods was observed in people of lower level Socioeconomic, on thecontrary, the consumption of unhealthy foods was higher, except for alcohol, caffeinated beverages andsugar.Conclusions: There is a high consumption of unhealthy foods during the pandemic, and there are differencesin intake according to sex, age and socioeconomic level. (AU)

Aplicaciones de aprendizaje automático para el análisis industrial de la provisión azucarera en Matanzas, Cuba

El análisis de los servicios ecosistémicos puede aportar conocimientos importantes sobre cómo se procesan y se obtienen los bienes del sistema agroindustrial azucarero. Para este trabajo, se recopilaron 346 datos del procesamiento industrial de la caña de azúcar en tres zafras, en la agroindustria del municipio Calimete, Provincia Matanzas (Cuba), con el objetivo de emplear algoritmos de aprendizaje automáticos, para predicciones relacionadas a datos biofísicos y económicos. Se analizaron siete predictores y mediante best subset selection, se identificó la combinación de rendimiento potencial en caña y pérdidas industriales totales, para predecir el servicio de provisión azucarera, mediante la regresión lineal múltiple. Se ajustó, también, un segundo modelo, que predice el efecto económico de las pérdidas industriales. En ambos modelos, se logró explicar por encima del 70 % de la variabilidad observada, en las variables dependientes, con un test F significativo (p-value: < 0,05), además de cumplirse con las condiciones de diagnóstico y validación.

The analysis of ecosystem services can provide important insights into how goods are processed and obtained from the sugar agro-industrial system. For this work, 346 data were collected on the industrial processing of sugarcane in three harvest, in the agroindustry of the Calimete municipality, Matanzas Province (Cuba), with the objective to use the machine learning algorithm, to predict both, biophysical and economic data. Seven predictors were analyzed and by best subset selection, it was identified both the potential yield in sugarcane and the total industrial losses combination to predict the sugar provision service, by multiple linear regression. In addition, it was adjusted a second model to predict the economic effect of the industrial losses. In both models were able to explain over 70 % of the variability observed, in the dependent variables, with a significant F test (p-value: <0.05), also the diagnostic and validation conditions were met.

PEComa pulmonar / PEComa of the lung

Resumen Los tumores de células claras "de azúcar" (CCTL) son lesiones benignas muy infrecuentes. Forman parte de un grupo de neoplasias mesenquimales denominadas PEComas que se originan de las células epiteloides perivasculares. Por su rico estroma vascular, suelen tener avidez por los distintos tipos de contrastes utilizados en los estudios de diagnóstico por imágenes, simulando lesiones de estirpe maligna. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 66 años con hallazgo de un nódulo pulmonar durante la estadificación oncológica por adenocarcinoma de próstata al que se le realizó una segmentectomía pulmonar anatómica. El resultado definitivo de anatomía patológica fue tumor de células epiteloides perivasculares (PEComa pulmonar o tumor de células claras "de azúcar").

Abstract Clear cell ''sugar'' tumor of the lung is a rare benign tumor arising from perivascular epithelioid cells (PECs). They belong to a group of mesenchymal neoplasms called PEComas. Although widely presumed as benign, due to their rich vascular stroma they are usually avid for the different types of contrast agents used in imaging studies, mimicking a malignant lesion. We report the case of a 66-year-old man in whom a solitary pul monary nodule was discovered during oncological staging for an adenocarcinoma of the prostate who underwent an anatomical pulmonary segmentectomy. The final pathology result was a perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (pulmonary PEComa or clear "sugar" cell tumor).

Potencial de la levadura oleaginosa Clavispora lusitaniae Hi2 en la conversión de residuos agroindustriales a lípidos / Capacity of the oleaginous yeast Clavispora lusitaniae Hi2 to transform agroindustrial residues into lipids

AntecedentesLos lípidos obtenidos de microorganismos oleaginosos a partir de hidrolizados de residuos lignocelulósicos son una alternativa para la fabricación de biodiesel.ObjetivosAislar una levadura oleaginosa capaz de producir lípidos a partir de nejayote centrifugado (NC), hidrolizado de sólidos de nejayote (HSN) e hidrolizado de bagazo de caña de azúcar (HBC).MétodosPara identificar los aislamientos recuperados se secuenció el ADN ribosómico 26S. La capacidad metabólica se evaluó mediante tiras API20C AUX. La caracterización nutricional del NC, HSN y HBC se realizó cuantificando azúcares reductores, carbohidratos totales, almidón, proteína y nitrógeno total. La capacidad de producción de biomasa y lípidos de la cepa Clavispora lusitaniae Hi2 se evaluó mediante cinéticas de crecimiento en medios de cultivo formulados a partir de NC, HSN y HBC.ResultadosSe aislaron e identificaron seis cepas de levaduras oleaginosas, siendo C. lusitaniae Hi2 seleccionada para producir lípidos mediante el uso de nejayote. Dicha cepa puede utilizar glucosa, xilosa, arabinosa, galactosa y celobiosa como fuentes de carbono. Los cultivos de C. lusitaniae Hi2 en medio con NC y HSN (en relación 25:75) presentaron la mayor producción de biomasa, 5,6 ± 0,28 g/L; la mayor producción de lípidos, 0,99±0,09 g/L, se obtuvo con una relación 50:50 de estos residuos a las 20 h de incubación.ConclusionesLa utilización de NC, HSN y HBC para el crecimiento de C. lusitaniae Hi2 es una opción para el aprovechamiento de estos residuos y la generación de compuestos de interés biotecnológico. (AU)

BackgroundSingle-cell oils obtained from oleaginous microorganisms by using lignocellulosic waste hydrolysates are an alternative for producing biodiesel.AimsTo isolate a yeast strain able to produce lipids from centrifuged nejayote (CN), hydrolyzed nejayote solids (HNS) and hydrolyzed sugarcane bagasse (HSB).MethodsIn order to identify the yeasts recovered, 26S ribosomal DNA was sequenced. The metabolic profile was assessed by using API20C AUX strips. The nutritional characterization of CN, HNS and HSB was performed by quantifying reducing sugars, total carbohydrates, starch, protein and total nitrogen. The biomass and lipid production ability were evaluated by performing growth kinetics of Clavispora lusitaniae Hi2 in combined culture media.ResultsSix oleaginous yeast strains were isolated and identified, selecting C. lusitaniae Hi2 to study its lipids production by using nejayote. The C. lusitaniae Hi2 strain can use glucose, xylose, arabinose, galactose and cellobiose as carbon sources. Cultures of C. lusitaniae Hi2 presented the best biomass (5.6±0.28 g/L) and lipid production (0.99±0.09 g/L) at 20 h of incubation with the CN:HNS media in the 25:75 and 50:50 ratios, respectively.ConclusionsThe use of CN, HNS and HSB for the growth of C. lusitaniae Hi2 is an option to take advantage of these agro-industrial residues and generate compounds of biotechnological interest. (AU)

Sugarcane bagasse or elephant grass hay in diets for goats: Performance, feeding behavior and carcass characteristics

Background: Novel feeding strategies should be developed to produce high-quality meat in current goat production systems. Objective: To evaluate the effects of castration and the association of spineless cactus with sugarcane bagasse or elephant grass hay on nutrient intake, digestibility, performance, feeding behavior and carcass traits of feedlot kids. Methods: A total of 24 male kids (12 castrated and 12 intact), with an average initial weight of 18.5 ± 3.8 kg were allotted to a completely randomized 2 x 2 factorial design (sugar cane bagasse or elephant grass hay; intact or castrated), and confined for 70 days. Results: Nutrient intake and animal performance were similar between treatments. Sugarcane bagasse increased, when compared to elephant grass hay, the digestibility of dry matter (66.12 vs 62.88; p=0.005), crude protein (74.26 vs 70.95; p=0.029) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (91.94 vs 83.07; p<0.001). The forage source affected the time spent resting, ruminating and total chewing time, but there was no effect of diet on feeding and rumination efficiencies. Elephant grass hay increased, when compared to sugarcane bagasse, hot carcass weight (9.87 vs 10.79; p=0.025) and hot carcass yield (43.81 vs 46.87; p=0.013). Intact kids produced heavier hot carcasses when compared with castrated kids (10.80 vs 9.86; p=0.014). Conclusion: Feeding intact or castrated kids with sugar cane bagasse or elephant grass hay do not affect nutrient intake and performance. Feedlot goats have improved carcass traits if kept intact and fed elephant grass hay.

Antecedentes: Se requiere desarrollar nuevas estrategias de alimentación para producir carne de alta calidad en los sistemas actuales de producción de cabras. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la castración y asociación de palma forrajera con bagazo de caña de azúcar o heno de pasto elefante sobre la ingesta de nutrientes, digestibilidad, rendimiento, comportamiento de alimentación y caracteristicas de la canal de cabritos de engorde. Métodos: Un total de 24 cabritos (12 castrados y 12 intactos) con peso inicial promedio de 18,5 ± 3,8 kg fueron asignados a un diseño factorial 2 x 2 completamente al azar (bagazo de caña de azucar o heno de pasto elefante; castrados o intactos) y confinados durante 70 días. Resultados: La ingesta de nutrientes y el rendimiento animal fueron similares entre tratamientos. El bagazo de caña de azúcar aumentó, en comparación con el heno de pasto elefante, la digestibilidad de la materia seca (66,12 vs 62,88; p=0,005), de la proteína cruda (74,26 vs 70,95; p=0,029) y de los carbohidratos no fibrosos (91,94 vs 83,07; p<0,001). La fuente de forraje afectó el tiempo de descanso, de rumia, y el tiempo total de masticación, pero no hubo efecto de la dieta sobre la eficiencia alimentacia y de la rumia. El heno de pasto elefante aumentó, en comparación con el bagazo, el peso de la canal caliente (9,87 vs 10,79; p=0,025) y el rendimiento de la canal caliente (43,81 vs 46,87; p=0,013). Los animales intactos produjeron canales calientes más pesadas en comparación con los castrados (10,80 vs 9,86; p=0,014). Conclusión: La alimentación de cabritos enteros o castrados con bagazo de caña de azúcar o heno de pasto elefante no afecta la ingesta de nutrientes y el rendimiento. Los cabritos tienen mejores características de canal si se alimentan con heno de pasto elefante y se dejan enteros.

Antecedentes: Novas estratégias de alimentação devem ser desenvolvidas para produção de carne de qualidade nos atuais sistemas de produção de caprinos. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da castração e da associação da palma forrageira com o bagaço de cana de açúcar ou feno de capim elefante no consumo de nutrientes, digestibilidade, desempenho, comportamento ingestivo e características de carcaça de cabritos confinados. Métodos: Um total de 24 caprinos (12 castrados e 12 não castrados), com peso inicial médio de 18,5 ± 3,8 kg, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2 (bagaço de cana de açúcar ou feno de capim elefante; inteiros ou castrados), confinados durante 70 dias. Resultados: O consumo de nutrientes e o desempenho dos animais foram semelhante entre os tratamentos. O bagaço de cana elevou, quando comparado com o feno, a digestibilidade da matéria seca (66,12 vs 62,88; p=0,005), proteína (74,26 vs 70,95; p=0,029) e carboidratos não fibrosos (91,94 vs 83,07; p<0,001). As fontes de fibra afetaram os tempos de ócio, ruminação e mastigação total, mas não houve efeito para as eficiências de alimentação e ruminação. O feno de capim elefante aumentou, quando comparado com o bagaço, o peso de caracaça quente (9,87 vs 10,79; p=0,025) e o rendimento de carcaça quente (43,81 vs 46,87; p=0,013). Os animais inteiros produziram carcaças quentes mais pesadas em comparação aos castrados (10,80 vs 9,86; p=0,014). Conclusão: Alimentar caprinos inteiros ou castrados com bagaço de cana ou feno de capim-elefante não interfere no consumo de nutrientes e desempenho. Caprinos confinados terão as características de carcaça melhoradas se mantidos intactos e alimentados com feno de capim elefante.

Principales alimentos con azúcares añadidos y su variación geográfica y sociodemográfica: estudio latinoamericano de nutrición y salud (ELANS) / Main foods with added sugars and their geographic and sociodemographic variation: Latin American study of nutrition and health (ELANS)

Diversos estudios epidemiológicos y de intervención apuntan a una asociación fuerte y consistente entre la ingesta excesiva de azúcares y el riesgo de desarrollar caries dentales y enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. El objetivo fue describir los 10 principales alimentos que contribuyen a la ingesta de azúcares añadidos en muestras representativas de poblaciones urbanas de ocho países latinoamericanos, y considerar diferencias por país, sexo, nivel socioeconómico (NSE) y grupo de edad. Se realizó una encuesta transversal multinacional en hogares de Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Perú y Venezuela (N=9218; 15­65 años). La contribución porcentual a la ingesta total del nutriente sirvió para identificar los alimentos aportadores. Los datos se estratificaron por país, sexo, NSE y grupo de edad y se compararon los gramos por día. Excepto en Perú y en el grupo de 50 a 65 años, los refrescos figuraron como el principal contribuyente a la ingesta de azúcares añadidos. Las bebidas caseras y las industrializadas también destacaron. Argentina fue el país con mayor ingesta de azúcares añadidos aportados por bebidas industrializadas, y Chile el país con menor frecuencia de bebidas como fuentes. Entre los 10 contribuyentes, la ingesta de azúcares añadidos fue mayor en el sexo masculino, excepto para sacarosa y pasteles dulces. Mayores ingestas de azúcares provenientes del jugo de fruta natural y sacarosa fueron observadas en el NSE más bajo. Las mayores y menores ingestas en los grupos de edad cambian de acuerdo con la fuente alimentaria. En conclusión, las bebidas azucaradas fueron los principales contribuyentes a la ingesta de azúcares añadidos, y la ingesta varió según la ubicación geográfica y los factores sociodemográficos(AU)

This study aimed to describe the top 10 foods that contribute to added sugars intake in representative samples of urban populations in eight Latin American countries, and consider differences by country, sex, socioeconomic level (SEL), and age group. A household-based, multinational, cross-sectional survey was conducted in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela (N=9218; 15­65 years). Contributors to added sugars were identified and listed based on the percentage of contribution to total intake of this nutrient. Data were stratified by country, sex, SEL, and age group, and the grams per day compared. Except in Peru and in the 50 to 65 years age group, soft drinks were the leading contributor to added sugar intake. Homemade beverages together industrialized beverages have been a prominent position on ranking. In general, the highest intake of added sugars by industrialized beverages was from Argentina, and the lowest frequency of beverages as sources of added sugars was observed in Chile. Among the top 10 contributors, male sex had highest added sugar intake, except for sucrose and sweet cakes. Higher intakes of sugars from natural fruit juice and sucrose were observed in the lower SEL. The highest and lowest intakes in the age groups change according to the food source. In conclusion, sugar-sweetened beverages were main contributors to added sugar intake, and the intake vary with geographical location and sociodemographic factors(AU)

Effect of stress on the leaf anatomy of sugarcane cultivars with different drought tolerance(Saccharum officinarum, Poaceae) / Efecto del estrés sobre la anatomía foliar de cultivares de caña de azúcar con diferente tolerancia a la sequía (Saccharum officinarum, Poaceae)

Introduction: Drought is an important stress factor for sugarcane production in many areas of the world. Water proportion and moisture indices are applicable information for agronomic planning to forecast water excess or deficit during the crop cycle. Objective: Leaf anatomical features of two different sugarcane Saccharum 'UT12' (drought susceptible cultivar) and Saccharum 'UT13' (drought tolerant cultivar) were compared under early drought stress situation between 30 and 90 days after planting. Methods: Forty leaf anatomical features were investigated using peeling and free hand sectioning technique. Results: Some anatomical characteristics showed response to drought stress. Saccharum 'UT12' demonstrated higher sensitivity toward anatomical characteristics than Saccharum 'UT13'. A total of 23 and 15 out of the 40 anatomical characteristics showed significance in Saccharum 'UT12' and Saccharum 'UT13', respectively. Some anatomical features such as cell wall and cuticle thickness, vascular bundle size, stomatal size and density can be used as important markers for drought stress assessment in sugarcane leaf. Conclusions: This is the first report describing comparative leaf anatomy of sugarcane Saccharum 'UT12' and Saccharum 'UT13' in Thailand under drought stress. Results will provide important information to improve adaptation mechanisms of tolerant sugarcane cultivars under initial drought stress situations.

Introducción: La sequía es un factor de estrés importante para la producción de caña de azúcar en muchas áreas del mundo. La proporción de agua y los índices de humedad son información aplicable en la planificación agronómica para pronosticar el exceso o el déficit de agua durante el ciclo del cultivo. Objetivo: Se compararon las características anatómicas de las hojas de dos cañas de azúcar diferentes Saccharum 'UT12' (cultivar susceptible a la sequía) y Saccharum 'UT13' (cultivar tolerante a la sequía) bajo una situación de estrés por sequía temprana entre 30 y 90 días después de la siembra. Métodos: Se investigaron las características anatómicas de cuarenta hojas utilizando la técnica de seccionamiento de pelado y manos libres. Resultados: Algunas características anatómicas mostraron respuesta a estrés por sequía. Saccharum "UT12" demostró una mayor sensibilidad hacia las características anatómicas que Saccharum 'UT13'. Un total de 23 y 15 de las 40 características anatómicas mostraron significancia en Saccharum 'UT12' y Saccharum 'UT13', respectivamente. Algunas características anatómicas como la pared celular y el grosor de la cutícula, el tamaño del haz vascular, el tamaño y la densidad de los estomas se pueden utilizar como marcadores importantes para evaluar el estrés por sequía en la hoja de caña de azúcar. Conclusiones: Este es el primer reporte que describe la anatomía comparada de la hoja de la caña de azúcar Saccharum 'UT12' y Saccharum 'UT13' en Tailandia bajo estrés por sequía. Los resultados proporcionarán información importante para mejorar los mecanismos de adaptación de cultivares tolerantes de caña de azúcar bajo situaciones iniciales de estrés por sequía.

Reducción de la ingesta de alimento balanceado por consumo de agua endulzada con sacarosa en ratas Wistar / Reduction of balanced food intake by consumption of water sweetened with sucrose in Wistar rats

El azúcar de mesa, que se obtiene de la caña de azúcar, es el edulcorante más utilizado en la elaboración de los alimentos. El azúcar es importante en la obtención de energía, es necesario para la síntesis de ácidos grasos, de ácidos nucleicos, evita el estrés oxidativo y el desarrollo de anemia. Puede ocasionar caries, diabetes, obesidad, arteriosclerosis y otras patologías. En el presente trabajo se valoró el efecto que tiene la ingesta crónica de agua endulzada con sacarosa al 30% sobre el consumo de alimento balanceado, el perfil lipídico, la concentración de glucosa sérica, y sobre algunos marcadores del estado nutricional como el peso y las proteínas séricas totales, en machos de ratas Wistar. El agua endulzada con sacarosa al 30% se administró a un grupo de 9 ratas Wistar durante 3 meses y se tomó como grupo control a un grupo de 9 ratas que bebieron agua natural. El consumo de alimentos por ambos grupos, así como los marcadores de química sanguínea se analizaron al final del tratamiento. Los niveles de glucosa, lípidos y proteínas séricas totales se midieron mediante espectroscopía. Los resultados mostraron que el consumo de agua endulzada con sacarosa al 30% redujo en más de un 90% el consumo de alimento balanceado; sin embargo, no afectó el perfil lipídico ni el nivel de glucosa en sangre, así como tampoco el nivel de proteínas séricas totales. El consumo de agua endulzada con sacarosa podría provocar desnutrición a largo plazo ya que ocasiona una reducción en la ingesta de alimento rico en nutrientes.

Sugar, obtained from sugarcane, is the most commonly used sweetener in food processing. Sugar is an important food for energy generation and it is necessary for the synthesis of fatty acids and nucleic acids. It prevents oxidative stress and anemia development. However, its consumption can cause dental caries, diabetes, obesity, arteriosclerosis and other pathologies. In the present work, the effect of chronic intake of water sweetened with 30% sucrose on balanced food consumption, lipid profile, serum glucose concentration, as well as some markers of nutritional status such as weight and total serum proteins was assessed in male Wistar rats. The water sweetened with 30% sucrose was administered to a group of 9 Wistar rats for 3 months, having 9 rats as a control group that drank natural water. Food consumption between both groups as well as blood chemistry markers were analyzed at the end of the treatment. Glucose, lipid levels as well as total serum proteins were measured by spectroscopy. The results showed that the consumption of water sweetened with 30% sucrose reduced the consumption of balanced food by more than 90%, however, it did not affect the lipid profile, the level of glucose in the blood or the level of total serum proteins concentration. Consumption of sucrose-sweetened water could lead to long-term malnutrition by reducing the intake of nutrient-rich food.

O açúcar comum, obtido a partir da cana de açúcar, é o adoçante mais utilizado na elaboração dos alimentos. O açúcar é importante para a geração de energia; necessário para a síntese de ácidos graxos e de ácidos nucleicos. Previne o estresse oxidativo e o desenvolvimento de anemia. No entanto, seu consumo pode causar cárie dentária, diabetes, obesidade, arteriosclerose e outras patologias. No presente trabalho, foi avaliado o efeito da ingestão crônica de água adoçada com sacarose a 30% sobre o consumo de alimentos ricos em nutrientes, perfil lipídico, concentração sérica de glicose e alguns marcadores do estado nutricional, como o peso. e as proteínas séricas totais em ratos Wistar machos. A água adoçada com sacarose a 30% foi administrada a um grupo de 9 ratos Wistar por 3 meses, tendo como grupo controle um grupo de 9 ratos que beberam água natural. O consumo de alimentos entre os dois grupos e os marcadores de química sanguínea foram analisados no final do tratamento. Os níveis de glicose, lipídios e proteínas séricas totais foram medidos por espectroscopia. Os resultados mostraram que o consumo de água adoçada com sacarose a 30% reduziu em mais de 90% o consumo de alimentos ricos em nutrientes, no entanto, não afetou o perfil lipídico, o nível de glicose em sangue nem o nível de proteínas séricas totais. O consumo de água adoçada com sacarose poderia levar à desnutrição no longo prazo, visto que produz uma redução na ingestão de alimentos ricos em nutrientes.

Fermentative characteristics and nutritional value of sugarcane silage added with two types of urea / Características fermentativas y valor nutricional del ensilaje de caña de azúcar con adición de dos tipos de urea / Características fermentativas e valor nutricional da silagem de cana-de-açúcar aditivada com dois tipos de ureia

Abstract Background: Dry matter (DM) loss is high in sugarcane silage due to its high content of soluble carbohydrates which favors yeast growth and ethanol production, thus reducing the nutritional value of the preserved forage. Objective: To determine the effect of adding two types of urea at two concentration levels to sugarcane silage on the nutritional value and fermentative characteristics of the silage. Methods: A completely randomized 2×2+1 factorial design was used, based on two types of urea (conventional and protected), two urea concentration (0.5 and 1.0% of the natural matter), and a control (sugarcane silage with no additives). Six replicates were used. The mixture was placed in PVC silos and opened after 60 days. Results: There was no difference in DM content or effluent losses by the addition of urea. In regards to neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and lignin, decreased levels were observed compared to the control, regardless of urea type. Urea type and concentration had an effect on ammoniacal nitrogen content, with higher values for conventional urea, but not affecting the pH. The addition of urea to sugarcane silage reduced gas losses and raised the levels of crude protein, ether extract, and effective degradability. Conclusion: Adding protected or conventional urea at 1% of natural matter at the time of sugarcane ensiling reduces gas losses and improves nutritional composition of the silage.

Resumen Antecedentes: La caña de azúcar ensilada presenta una elevada pérdida de materia seca (MS) debido a su alto contenido de carbohidratos solubles que favorece el crecimiento de levaduras y la producción de etanol, reduciendo así el valor nutricional del ensilado. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto de dos tipos de urea en dos concentraciones sobre las características fermentativas y el valor nutricional del ensilaje de caña de azúcar. Métodos: Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar, en esquema factorial 2x2+1, basado en dos tipos de urea (común o protegida), dos concentraciones de urea (0,5 y 1,0% de la materia natural) y un control (ensilaje de caña de azúcar sin aditivos). Se utilizaron seis réplicas de cada tratamiento. El material fue ensilado en silos de PVC, los que fueron abiertos después de 60 días. Resultados: No hubo diferencia en el contenido de MS o en las pérdidas por efluentes con la adición de urea. En relación a la fibra detergente neutra, fibra detergente ácida y lignina, se observó disminución de éstos con respecto al control, independientemente del tipo de urea. Se observó un efecto de la concentración y del tipo de urea para el contenido de nitrógeno amoniacal, con mayores valores para la urea común, pero sin efecto sobre el pH. La adición de urea en el ensilado de caña redujo las pérdidas por gases y elevó los niveles de proteína bruta, extracto etéreo y degradabilidad efectiva. Conclusión: La adición de urea común o protegida, al 1% de materia natural, al inicio del ensilaje de caña de azúcar reduce las pérdidas por gases y mejora la composición nutricional del ensilaje.

Resumo Antecedentes: A ensilagem de cana-de-açúcar sem aditivos apresenta elevada perda de matéria seca (MS) devido ao alto teor de carboidratos solúveis, favorecendo o crescimento de leveduras e produção de etanol, reduzindo assim o valor nutricional da forragem conservada. Objetivo: Determinar o efeito do tipo de ureia (comun ou protegida) e diferentes concentrações nas características fermentativas e valor nutritivo das silagens de cana-de-açúcar. Métodos: Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 + 1, sendo dois tipos de ureia (comun ou protegida), e duas concentrações (0,5 e 1,0% com base na matéria natural) mais o controle (silagem exclusiva de cana-de-açúcar); com seis repetições. O material foi ensilado em silos de PVC e abertos após 60 dias. Resultados: Não houve diferença no teor de MS e nas perdas por efluentes com adição da ureia. Em relação à fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido e lignina observou-se diminuição destes em relação ao controle, independente do tipo de ureia. Observou-se efeito das concentrações e do tipo de ureia para o teor de nitrogênio amoniacal, com maiores valores para a ureia comum, porém sem efeito no pH. A adição de ureia na ensilagem de cana reduziram as perdas por gases e elevaram os teores de proteína bruta, extrato etéreo e degradabilidade efetiva. Conclusão: O uso de 1% de ureia, independente do tipo, promove um incremento no valor nutricional da silagem de cana-de-açúcar e reduz as perdas por gases.

Sugarcane biopolymer as a guide tube in the regeneration of peripheral nerves in rats / Biopolímero de caña de azúcar como tubo guía en la regeneración de nervios periféricos en ratones

SUMMARY: Peripheral nerve regeneration is a serious clinical problem. The goal of this work was to evaluate comparatively a biopolymer tube of sugarcane with an expanded polyethylene tube as a tube guide in peripheral nerve regeneration. Fourteen male albino Wistar rats were used, separated into three different groups: control (CG), lesion + polyethylene tube (PG) and lesion + sugarcane biopolymer (SBG). At 60 days old, animals from the PG and SBG underwent surgery for tubulization of the sciatic nerve, and 60 days after the injury they were sacrificed for collection of the nerve. In the analysis of the number of nerve fibers, a smaller number was seen in the PG and SBG groups compared to the CG, no difference was seen between the PG and SBG groups (p<0.05). With regard to the number of blood vessels, the SBG group had a larger number than the CG and PG groups (p<0.05). The SBG also presented increase on axonal diameter and G -ratio compared to PG (p<0.05). Taken together these data revealed that biopolymer tube favors a suitable environment for peripheral nerve regeneration.

RESUMEN: La regeneración nerviosa periférica es un problema clínico grave. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar comparativamente un tubo de biopolímero de caña de azúcar con un tubo de polietileno expandido, como guía de tubo en la regeneración de nervios periféricos. Se utilizaron dieciocho ratas Wistar albinas macho, separadas en tres grupos: control (CG), lesión + tubo de polietileno (PG) y lesión + biopolímero de caña de azúcar (SBG). A los 60 días de edad, los animales del PG y SBG fueron sometidos a una cirugía para la tubulización del nervio ciático, y 60 días después de la lesión fueron sacrificados para la recolección del nervio. En el análisis del número de fibras nerviosas, se observó un número menor en los grupos PG y SBG en comparación con el CG; no se observaron diferencias entre los grupos PG y SBG (p <0,05). Con respecto al número de vasos sanguíneos, el grupo SBG tuvo un número mayor que los grupos CG y PG (p <0,05). El SBG también presentó un aumento en el diámetro axonal y la proporción G en comparación con PG (p <0,05). En conjunto, estos datos revelaron que el tubo de biopolímero favorece un entorno adecuado para la regeneración de nervios periféricos.