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The transformative success of antibodies targeting the PD-1 (programmed death 1)/B7-H1 (B7 homolog 1) pathway (anti-PD therapy) has revolutionized cancer treatment. However, only a fraction of patients with solid tumors and some hematopoietic malignancies respond to anti-PD therapy, and the reason for failure in other patients is less known. By dissecting the mechanisms underlying this resistance, current studies reveal that the tumor microenvironment is a major location for resistance to occur. Furthermore, the resistance mechanisms appear to be highly heterogeneous. Here, we discuss recent human cancer data identifying mechanisms of resistance to anti-PD therapy. We review evidence for immune-based resistance mechanisms such as loss of neoantigens, defects in antigen presentation and interferon signaling, immune inhibitory molecules, and exclusion of T cells. We also review the clinical evidence for emerging mechanisms of resistance to anti-PD therapy, such as alterations in metabolism, microbiota, and epigenetics. Finally, we discuss strategies to overcome anti-PD therapy resistance and emphasize the need to develop additional immunotherapies based on the concept of normalization cancer immunotherapy.
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Neoplasias , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1 , Animais , Antígeno B7-H1 , Humanos , Imunoterapia , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Linfócitos T , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
Harnessing an antitumor immune response has been a fundamental strategy in cancer immunotherapy. For over a century, efforts have primarily focused on amplifying immune activation mechanisms that are employed by humans to eliminate invaders such as viruses and bacteria. This "immune enhancement" strategy often results in rare objective responses and frequent immune-related adverse events (irAEs). However, in the last decade, cancer immunotherapies targeting the B7-H1/PD-1 pathway (anti-PD therapy), have achieved higher objective response rates in patients with much fewer irAEs. This more beneficial tumor response-to-toxicity profile stems from distinct mechanisms of action that restore tumor-induced immune deficiency selectively in the tumor microenvironment, here termed "immune normalization," which has led to its FDA approval in more than 10 cancer indications and facilitated its combination with different therapies. In this article, we wish to highlight the principles of immune normalization and learn from it, with the ultimate goal to guide better designs for future cancer immunotherapies.
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Imunoterapia/métodos , Neoplasias/imunologia , Neoplasias/terapia , Antígeno B7-H1/efeitos dos fármacos , Antígeno B7-H1/imunologia , Antígeno CTLA-4/imunologia , Terapia Combinada/métodos , Humanos , Imunoterapia/tendências , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/imunologia , Microambiente Tumoral/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1, also called B7-H1) is an immune checkpoint protein that inhibits immune function through its binding of the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) receptor. Clinically approved antibodies block extracellular PD-1 and PD-L1 binding, yet the role of intracellular PD-L1 in cancer remains poorly understood. Here, we discovered that intracellular PD-L1 acts as an RNA binding protein that regulates the mRNA stability of NBS1, BRCA1, and other DNA damage-related genes. Through competition with the RNA exosome, intracellular PD-L1 protects targeted RNAs from degradation, thereby increasing cellular resistance to DNA damage. RNA immunoprecipitation and RNA-seq experiments demonstrated that PD-L1 regulates RNA stability genome-wide. Furthermore, we developed a PD-L1 antibody, H1A, which abrogates the interaction of PD-L1 with CMTM6, thereby promoting PD-L1 degradation. Intracellular PD-L1 may be a potential therapeutic target to enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy and chemotherapy in cancer through the inhibition of DNA damage response and repair.
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Antígeno B7-H1/genética , Reparo do DNA , DNA de Neoplasias/genética , Complexo Multienzimático de Ribonucleases do Exossomo/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/genética , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antígeno B7-H1/antagonistas & inibidores , Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Proteína BRCA1/genética , Proteína BRCA1/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Cisplatino/farmacologia , Dano ao DNA , DNA de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Complexo Multienzimático de Ribonucleases do Exossomo/metabolismo , Raios gama/uso terapêutico , Células HCT116 , Células HeLa , Humanos , Proteínas com Domínio MARVEL , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Camundongos , Proteínas da Mielina , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/metabolismo , Proteólise/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteólise/efeitos da radiação , Estabilidade de RNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Estabilidade de RNA/efeitos da radiação , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , RNA Interferente Pequeno/metabolismo , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression is a predictive biomarker for immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PD-L1 and glucose transporter 1 expression are closely associated, and studies demonstrate correlation of PD-L1 with glucose metabolism. AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the association of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography ([18F]FDG-PET/CT) metabolic parameters with PD-L1 expression in primary lung tumour and lymph node metastases in resected NSCLC. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 210 patients with node-positive resectable stage IIB-IIIB NSCLC. PD-L1 tumour proportion score (TPS) was determined using the DAKO 22C3 immunohistochemical assay. Semi-automated techniques were used to analyse pre-operative [18F]FDG-PET/CT images to determine primary and nodal metabolic parameter scores (including max, mean, peak and peak adjusted for lean body mass standardised uptake values (SUV), metabolic tumour volume (MTV), total lesional glycolysis (TLG) and SUV heterogeneity index (HISUV)). RESULTS: Patients were predominantly male (57%), median age 70 years with non-squamous NSCLC (68%). A majority had negative primary tumour PD-L1 (TPS < 1%; 53%). Mean SUVmax, SUVmean, SUVpeak and SULpeak values were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in those with TPS ≥ 1% in primary tumour (n = 210) or lymph nodes (n = 91). However, ROC analysis demonstrated only moderate separability at the 1% PD-L1 TPS threshold (AUCs 0.58-0.73). There was no association of MTV, TLG and HISUV with PD-L1 TPS. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the association of SUV-based [18F]FDG-PET/CT metabolic parameters with PD-L1 expression in primary tumour or lymph node metastasis in resectable NSCLC, but with poor sensitivity and specificity for predicting PD-L1 positivity ≥ 1%. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: Whilst SUV-based fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography metabolic parameters may not predict programmed death-ligand 1 positivity ≥ 1% in the primary tumour and lymph nodes of resectable non-small cell lung cancer independently, there is a clear association which warrants further investigation in prospective studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Non-applicable KEY POINTS: ⢠Programmed death-ligand 1 immunohistochemistry has a predictive role in non-small cell lung cancer immunotherapy; however, it is both heterogenous and dynamic. ⢠SUV-based fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography ([18F]FDG-PET/CT) metabolic parameters were significantly higher in primary tumour or lymph node metastases with positive programmed death-ligand 1 expression. ⢠These SUV-based parameters could potentially play an additive role along with other multi-modal biomarkers in selecting patients within a predictive nomogram.
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BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer is the 10th most common cancer globally, with a growing incidence in Japan. Evaluation of molecular, genetic, and cellular biomarkers that predict treatment response and prognosis in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC) may help optimize sequential treatment strategies with chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). METHODS: This multicenter, retrospective cohort study, evaluated programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, tumor mutational burden (TMB), and cancer-immune phenotype as predictive prognostic biomarkers following first-/second-line treatment in Japanese adult patients with mUC. The primary endpoint was prevalence of PD-L1 expression. Secondary endpoints were TMB, overall survival (OS), and progression-free survival (PFS) from initiation of first-line treatment, and exploratory endpoints were cancer-immune phenotype, OS, PFS, and treatment response according to potential biomarker status. RESULTS: Of the 143 patients included (mean age 71.7 years), PD-L1 expression was high in 29.4% of patients. Non-synonymous TMB was high in 33.6% and low in 66.4%. Cancer-immune phenotype was immune-desert in 62.9%, immune-excluded in 30.8%, and inflamed in 6.3%. Median OS and PFS following first-line treatment were 18.2 and 7.4 months, respectively. Overall response to second-line treatment was slightly better with high versus low/negative PD-L1 expression. PD-L1 expression and TMB were non-significant predictors of OS or PFS, whereas immune-excluded phenotype was associated with better OS in comparison with immune-desert phenotype. CONCLUSION: PD-L1 expression and TMB were non-significant predictors of prognosis after first-line treatment in Japanese patients with mUC, but cancer-immune phenotype may be an important prognostic factor in chemotherapy-ICI sequential treatment strategies. Clinical trial registration number UMIN000037727.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos Imunológicos , Carcinoma de Células de Transição , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária , Adulto , Humanos , Idoso , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/genética , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/tratamento farmacológico , Antígeno B7-H1/genética , Estudos Retrospectivos , Mutação , Antineoplásicos Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
Mounting evidence shows that the PD-1/PD-L1 axis is involved in tumor immune evasion. This is demonstrated by anti-PD-1 antibodies that can reverse tumor-associated PD-L1 to functionally suppress anti-tumor T-cell responses. Since type I and II interferons are key regulators of PD-L1 expression in melanoma cells and IFN-γ-producing CD8+ T cells and IFN-α-producing dendritic cells are abundant in vitiligo skin, we aimed to study the role of PD-1/PD-L1 signalling in melanocyte destruction in vitiligo. Moreover, impaired PD-1/PD-L1 function is observed in a variety of autoimmune diseases. It is, therefore, hypothesized that manipulating PD-1/PD-L1 signalling might have therapeutic potential in vitiligo. The PD-1+ T cells were abundantly present in situ in perilesional vitiligo skin, but expression of PD-L1 was limited and confined exclusively to dermal T cells. More specifically, neither melanocytes nor other epidermal skin cells expressed PD-L1. Exposure to IFN-γ, but also type I interferons, increased PD-L1 expression in primary melanocytes and fibroblasts, derived from healthy donors. Primary human keratinocytes only showed increased PD-L1 expression upon stimulation with IFN-γ. More interestingly, melanocytes derived from non-lesional vitiligo skin showed no PD-L1 upregulation upon IFN-γ exposure, while other skin cells displayed significant PD-L1 expression after exposure. In a vitiligo skin explant model, incubation of non-lesional vitiligo skin with activated (IFN-γ-producing) T cells from vitiligo lesions was previously described to induce melanocyte apoptosis. Although PD-L1 expression was induced in epidermal cells in these explants, this induction was completely absent in melanocytes. The lack of PD-L1 upregulation by melanocytes in the presence of IFN-γ-producing T cells shows that melanocytes lack protection against T-cell attack during vitiligo pathogenesis. Manipulating PD-1/PD-L1 signalling may, therefore, be a therapeutic option for vitiligo patients.
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Vitiligo , Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Humanos , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Melanócitos/metabolismo , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/metabolismoRESUMO
PURPOSE: Atezolizumab is an established treatment option for pretreated urothelial carcinoma, demonstrating efficacy in phase II/III trials. The SAUL study enrolled a broader patient population to determine safety and efficacy in underrepresented subgroups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with metastatic urinary tract carcinoma received atezolizumab 1,200 mg every 3 weeks until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, loss of clinical benefit, or patient/physician decision. The primary endpoint was safety. Efficacy was a secondary endpoint. Analyses by programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) status, age, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) and renal impairment were prespecified; post hoc analyses explored outcomes by tumor location. RESULTS: A total of 1,004 patients were enrolled. Subgroup analyses in patients with older age, renal impairment, or upper tract urothelial carcinoma showed safety and efficacy similar to those in patients without these characteristics. Patients with ECOG PS 2 had clinical features typically associated with aggressive disease; median overall survival was 2.3 months versus 10.0 months in patients with ECOG PS0/1. Patients with PD-L1 expression on ≥5% of tumor-infiltrating immune cells tended to have better outcomes than those with <5% PD-L1 expression, although conclusions on the relative efficacy of atezolizumab cannot be drawn from this single-arm study. CONCLUSIONS: The understudied populations included in the SAUL study had similar outcomes to those in more selected populations included in phase II/III trials of atezolizumab, except for those with ECOG PS 2. Age ≥80 years and/or creatinine clearance <30 ml/minute does not preclude administration of atezolizumab; however, treatment risk versus benefit must be carefully assessed in patients with ECOG PS 2.
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Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/uso terapêutico , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma de Células de Transição/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Bexiga Urinária/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Progressão da Doença , Determinação de Ponto Final , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Despite the unprecedented tumor regression and long-term survival benefit observed with anti-programmed death (PD) [anti-PD-1 or anti-B7-homolog 1 (B7-H1)] therapy in patients with advanced cancers, a large portion of patients do not benefit from such treatment and a fraction of responders relapse. Current efforts to overcome resistance and improve efficacy of anti-PD therapy require a clear understanding of resistance and should precede current avenues using random combinations with available treatment regimens. Here, we categorized three types of resistance, namely target-missing, primary, and acquired resistance. This categorization requires reliable, accurate tissue sampling and appropriate interpretation of results based on the four classifications of tumor immunity in the microenvironment (TIME). We believe that fundamental understanding of these complex tumor-immune interactions and of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these types of true resistance is the key for targeting the right targets in combination with or beyond anti-PD therapy in the future.
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Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Imunoterapia/métodos , Neoplasias/terapia , Imunidade Adaptativa , Antígeno B7-H1/imunologia , Resistência a Medicamentos , Neoplasias/imunologia , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/imunologia , Evasão Tumoral , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand 1 and 2 (PD-L1/PD-L2) regulate the immune system, and the checkpoint pathway can be exploited by malignant cells to evade anti-tumor immune response. Soluble forms (sPD-1/sPD-L1/sPD-L2) exist in the peripheral blood, but their biological and clinical significance is unclear. METHOD: Time-resolved immunofluorometric assay (TRIFMA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to measure sPD-1, sPD-L1, and sPD-L2 levels in serum from 131 lymphoma patients and 22 healthy individuals. RESULTS: Patients had higher sPD-1 and sPD-L2 levels than healthy individuals. In diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, patients with high International Prognostic Index score had higher sPD-1 levels and sPD-L2 levels correlated with subtype according to cell of origin. Compared to other lymphoma types, follicular lymphoma displayed higher sPD-1 and lower sPD-L1 levels along with lower ligand/receptor ratios. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to simultaneously characterize pretherapeutic sPD-1, sPD-L1, and sPD-L2 in a variety of lymphoma subtypes. The relation between higher sPD-1 levels and adverse prognostic factors suggests a possible biological role and potential clinical usefulness of sPD-1. Moreover, the reverse expression pattern in follicular lymphoma and T-cell lymphoma/leukemia may reflect biological information relevant for immunotherapy targeting the PD-1 pathway.
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Antígeno B7-H1/sangue , Biomarcadores Tumorais/sangue , Regulação Leucêmica da Expressão Gênica , Leucemia/sangue , Linfoma de Células B/sangue , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/sangue , Linfoma de Células T/sangue , Proteína 2 Ligante de Morte Celular Programada 1/sangue , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/sangue , Adulto , Apoptose , Antígeno B7-H1/química , Doadores de Sangue , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Contagem de Células , Testes Diagnósticos de Rotina , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoterapia , Ligantes , Linfoma de Células B/imunologia , Linfoma de Células B/metabolismo , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Proteína 2 Ligante de Morte Celular Programada 1/química , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/químicaRESUMO
Recent studies found that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), by virtue of their tissue recovery and immunoregulatory properties, have shown a broad prospect for applications in various autoimmune and degenerative diseases. Although the potential therapeutic use of MSCs is considerable, studies and clinical treatment efficacy are preliminary due to the heterogeneity of MSCs. Herein, based on RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and single cell sequence properties, we demonstrated that B7-H1 plays an important role in the immunosuppressive function of human gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs) in a collagen-induced arthritis murine model that is dependent on STAT3 signaling. Our data offer convincing evidence that B7-H1 expression by GMSCs helps to identify a new subpopulation of MSCs with a greater immunosuppressive property. The approach provides a unique and additional strategy for stem cells-based therapies of autoimmune and other inflammatory diseases.
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Artrite Experimental/etiologia , Artrite Experimental/metabolismo , Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Gengiva/citologia , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , Animais , Artrite Experimental/patologia , Autoimunidade , Antígeno B7-H1/genética , Biomarcadores , Colágeno/efeitos adversos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Humanos , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/citologia , Camundongos , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/metabolismo , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
Melanoma in humans and dogs is considered highly immunogenic; however, the function of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is often suppressed in the tumor microenvironment. In humans, current immunotherapies target checkpoint molecules (such as PD-L1, expressed by tumor cells), inhibiting their suppressive effect over TILs. The role of PD-L2, an alternative PD-1 ligand also overexpressed in malignant tumors and in patients with anti-PD-L1 resistance, remains poorly understood. In the current study, we evaluated the expression of checkpoint molecule mRNAs in canine melanoma and TILs. Analysis of checkpoint molecule gene expression was performed by RT-qPCR (real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction) using total RNA isolated from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded melanomas (n = 22) and melanocytomas (n = 9) from the Virginia Tech Animal Laboratory Services archives. Analysis of checkpoint molecule expression revealed significantly higher levels of PDCD1 (PD-1) and CD274 (PD-L1) mRNAs and an upward trend in PDCD1LG2 (PD-L2) mRNA in melanomas relative to melanocytomas. Immunohistochemistry revealed markedly increased numbers of CD3+ T cells in the highest PD-1-expressing subgroup of melanomas compared to the lowest PD-1 expressors, whereas densities of IBA1+ cells (macrophages) were similar in both groups. CD79a+ cell numbers were low for both groups. As in human melanoma, overexpression of the PD-1/PD-L1/PD-L2 axis is a common feature of canine melanoma. High expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 correlates with increased numbers of CD3+ cells. Additionally, the high level of IBA1+ cells in melanomas with low PD-1 expression and low CD3+ cells levels suggest that the expression of checkpoint molecules is modulated by interactions between T cells and cancer cells rather than histiocytes.
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Doenças do Cão , Melanoma , Animais , Antígeno B7-H1/genética , Cães , Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral , Melanoma/genética , Melanoma/veterinária , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/genética , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
Induced B7-H1 expression in the tumor microenvironment initiates adaptive resistance, which impairs immune functions and leads to tumor escape from immune destruction. Antibody blockade of the B7-H1/PD-1 interaction overcomes adaptive resistance, leading to regression of advanced human cancers and survival benefits in a significant fraction of patients. In addition to cancer cells, B7-H1 is expressed on dendritic cells (DCs), but its role in DC functions is less understood. DCs can present multiple antigens (Ags) to stimulate dominant or subdominant T cell responses. Here, we show that immunization with multiple tumor Ag-loaded DCs, in the absence of B7-H1, vastly enhances cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses to dominant Ag. In sharp contrast, CTL responses to subdominant Ag were paradoxically suppressed, facilitating outgrowth of tumor variants carrying only subdominant Ag. Suppressed CTL responses to subdominant Ag are largely due to the loss of B7-H1-mediated protection of DCs from the lysis of CTL against dominant Ag. Therefore, B7-H1 expression on DCs may help maintain the diversity of CTL responses to multiple tumor Ags. Interestingly, a split immunization approach, which presents dominant and subdominant Ags with different DCs, promoted CTL responses to all Ags and prevented tumor escape in murine tumor models. These findings have implications for the design of future combination cancer immunotherapies.
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Antígeno B7-1/metabolismo , Células Dendríticas/fisiologia , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/fisiologia , Animais , Antígeno B7-1/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Neoplasias Experimentais/imunologia , Neoplasias Experimentais/metabolismoRESUMO
Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1/B7-H1) serves as a cosignaling molecule in cell-mediated immune responses and contributes to chronicity of inflammation and the escape of tumor cells from immunosurveillance. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms leading to PD-L1 upregulation in human oral carcinoma cells and in primary human gingival keratinocytes in response to infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), a keystone pathogen for the development of periodontitis. The bacterial cell wall component peptidoglycan uses bacterial outer membrane vesicles to be taken up by cells. Internalized peptidoglycan triggers cytosolic receptors to induce PD-L1 expression in a myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (Myd88)-independent and receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 (RIP2)-dependent fashion. Interference with the kinase activity of RIP2 or mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases interferes with inducible PD-L1 expression.
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Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Infecções por Bacteroidaceae/metabolismo , Carcinoma/metabolismo , Parede Celular/metabolismo , Neoplasias Bucais/metabolismo , Porphyromonas gingivalis/metabolismo , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinase 2 de Interação com Receptor/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Infecções por Bacteroidaceae/microbiologia , Carcinoma/microbiologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Gengiva/metabolismo , Gengiva/microbiologia , Humanos , Queratinócitos/metabolismo , Queratinócitos/microbiologia , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Neoplasias Bucais/microbiologia , Periodontite/metabolismo , Periodontite/microbiologia , Regulação para Cima/fisiologiaRESUMO
Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is an immune modulator that promotes immunosuppression by binding to programmed death-1 of T-lymphocytes. Although tumor cell PD-L1 expression has been shown to be associated with the clinical response to anti-PD-L1 antibodies, its concise regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we evaluated the associations of tumor PD-L1 expression and immune cell infiltrating patterns in 146 cases of early lung adenocarcinoma (AC) to investigate the possible extrinsic regulation of tumor PD-L1 by immune cells. Using immunohistochemistry, cell surface PD-L1 expression in tumor cells was observed in 18.5% of stage 0-IA lung AC patients. Tumor PD-L1 positivity was significantly associated with stromal invasion, which was accompanied by increased tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. Among these immune cells, TAM and CD8+ T cells significantly accumulated in PD-L1-positive carcinoma cell areas, which showed a tumor cell nest-infiltrating pattern. Although CD8+ T cells are known to induce tumor PD-L1 expression via interferon-É£ production, the increased TAM within tumors were also associated with tumor cell PD-L1 positivity, independently of CD8+ T cell infiltration. Our in vitro experiments revealed that PD-L1 expression in lung cancer cell lines was significantly upregulated by co-culture with M2-differentiated macrophages; expression of PD-L1 was reduced to baseline levels following treatment with a transforming growth factor-ß inhibitor. These results demonstrated that tumor-infiltrating TAM are extrinsic regulators of tumor PD-L1 expression, indicating that combination therapy targeting both tumor PD-L1 and stromal TAM might be a possible strategy for effective treatment of lung cancer.
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Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão/patologia , Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Regulação para Cima , Células A549 , Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão/imunologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/imunologia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/imunologia , Macrófagos/imunologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is expressed in many malignancies and plays a critical role in escape from immune surveillance through inhibition of its receptor programmed death 1. The role of PD-L1 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) and mechanisms of its regulation, however, remain largely unknown. AIMS: To analyze the expression and prognostic significance of PD-L1 in ICC and to study the regulatory mechanisms of PD-L1. METHODS: Samples were obtained from 125 patients diagnosed with ICC in the Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital from January 2012 to January 2013. The records of each patient were analyzed to examine the relationship between PD-L1 and clinical data. In vitro experiments were performed to investigate the relationship between PD-L1 and the IL-6/mTOR signaling pathway and the feedback mechanism pathway of PD-L1. RESULTS: Expression of PD-L1 is closely related to tumor vascular invasion, lymphatic metastasis and TNM staging. High PD-L1 expression is closely related to poor prognosis in ICC. Mechanically, IL-6 induces PD-L1 expression through mTOR signaling in ICC cells. In addition, PD-L1 has a negative feedback inhibition effect on AKT signaling. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, high PD-L1 expression was found to be associated with poor prognosis. The IL-6/mTOR pathway upregulates expression of PD-L1, thus promoting tumor invasion, and PD-L1 negatively inhibits the AKT pathway.
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Antígeno B7-H1/genética , Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/genética , Ductos Biliares Intra-Hepáticos , Colangiocarcinoma/genética , Adulto , Idoso , Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/metabolismo , Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/patologia , Western Blotting , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Colangiocarcinoma/metabolismo , Colangiocarcinoma/patologia , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Retroalimentação Fisiológica , Feminino , Humanos , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Modelos Logísticos , Anormalidades Linfáticas , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Invasividade Neoplásica , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Prognóstico , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Transdução de Sinais , Taxa de Sobrevida , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/metabolismo , Regulação para CimaRESUMO
Mesothelioma is a rare, aggressive malignancy with poor outcome, and has limited treatment options. The aim of this study was to perform a comprehensive analysis of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and B7 homolog 3 (B7-H3) expression in mesothelioma. We investigated the protein expression of PD-L1 and B7-H3 and their potential correlation with histological subtype, which might help to develop new therapies targeting these immune checkpoint molecules. Expression analysis of PD-L1 and B7-H3 was performed by immunohistochemistry using serial tissue sections of specimens obtained from 31 patients with mesothelioma. Tumors were classified into 22 epithelioid, 6 sarcomatoid, and 3 biphasic types. Of the 31 patients, 13 (41.9%) were positive for PD-L1 and 28 (90.3%) were B7-H3 positive. Twelve of the 13 PD-L1 positive patients were positive for B7-H3. PD-L1 and B7-H3 were widely co-expressed in biphasic and sarcomatoid type tumor cells. These findings might provide a rationale for the use of combination therapy for mesothelioma by targeting PD-L1 and B7-H3, as well as the development of anti-B7-H3 or anti-PD-L1 single agents.
Assuntos
Antígenos B7/metabolismo , Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Mesotelioma , Idoso , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Mesotelioma/metabolismo , Mesotelioma/patologia , Mesotelioma Maligno/metabolismo , Mesotelioma Maligno/patologia , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: PD-L1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is an essential predictive biomarker for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), required to inform treatment decisions regarding anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. This study aims to investigate the concordance between PD-L1 IHC assessed on NSCLC cytology and histology specimens and to determine the impactce of tumour cellularity. METHODS: Matched cytology and histology NSCLC specimens were retrieved from the archives of the Royal Melbourne Hospital and the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital. PD-L1 IHC was performed concurrently on both specimens at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre using the SP263 assay kit on the Ventana Benchmark Ultra staining platform and scored by two experienced pathologists. RESULTS: Overall agreement between matched cytology and histology specimens was good (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.653, n = 58); however, markedly increased when the analysis was limited to cell-blocks with >100 tumour cells (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.957, n = 29). Specificity at both 1% and 50% cut-offs was high regardless of cellularity; however, sensitivity decreased in samples with <100 tumour cells. CONCLUSIONS: PD-L1 IHC on cytology cell-block specimens in NSCLC is an acceptable alternative to histological specimens, provided adequate tumour cells are present. Clinicians and pathologists should be mindful of the risk of false negative PD-L1 IHC in samples with low tumour cellularity, to avoid excluding patients from potentially beneficial treatment.
Assuntos
Antígeno B7-H1/genética , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Citodiagnóstico , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/genética , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antígeno B7-H1/imunologia , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/imunologia , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/terapia , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/uso terapêutico , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/imunologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The clinical response to anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) antibodies in patients with advanced gastric and gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) cancer in China has not been reported. METHODS: This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of SHR-1210, an anti-PD-1 antibody, in patients with advanced gastric/GEJ cancer in a phase 1 trial. The associations between candidate biomarkers (programmed death ligand 1 [PD-L1] expression, mismatch repair status, tumor mutation load, and lactate dehydrogenase [LDH] levels) and the efficacy of SHR-1210 were also explored. RESULTS: Thirty patients with recurrent or metastatic gastric/GEJ adenocarcinoma who were refractory or intolerant to previous chemotherapy were enrolled between June 2, 2016, and June 8, 2017. Seven patients (23.3%) demonstrated objective responses, including 1 complete response. The objective response rates for patients with PD-L1-positive and PD-L1-negative tumors were 23.1% (3 of 13) and 26.7% (4 of 15), respectively (P = 1.000). Two treatment-related grade 3 or higher adverse events were reported: one was grade 3 pruritus, and the other (3.3%) was grade 5 interstitial lung disease. All 20 patients tested for the mismatch repair status had mismatch repair-proficient tumors, and the response rate was 30.0% (95% confidence interval, 11.9%-54.3%). Patients with a higher mutation load (4 of 10) tended to have better responses than those with fewer mutations (2 of 10), but the difference was not significant (P = .628). Patients with a >10% relative increase from the baseline LDH level were more likely to experience disease progression (90% [9 of 10]) than patients with a ≤10% change (40% [8 of 20]; P = .017). CONCLUSIONS: Anti-PD-1 antibody SHR-1210 shows encouraging efficacy in patients with advanced gastric/GEJ cancer in China, including mismatch repair-proficient subgroups.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/administração & dosagem , Antineoplásicos Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Antígeno B7-H1/genética , Junção Esofagogástrica/patologia , Neoplasias Gástricas/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Idoso , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/efeitos adversos , Antineoplásicos Imunológicos/efeitos adversos , China , Junção Esofagogástrica/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Hidroliases/metabolismo , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mutação , Neoplasias Gástricas/genética , Neoplasias Gástricas/metabolismo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Chronic neuropathic pain is often associated with anxiety, depressive symptoms, and cognitive impairment with relevant impact on patients` health related quality of life. To investigate the influence of a pro-inflammatory phenotype on affective and cognitive behavior under neuropathic pain conditions, we assessed mice deficient of the B7 homolog 1 (B7-H1), a major inhibitor of inflammatory response. RESULTS: Adult B7-H1 ko mice and wildtype littermates (WT) received a chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve, and we assessed mechanical and thermal sensitivity at selected time points. Both genotypes developed mechanical (p < 0.001) and heat hypersensitivity (p < 0.01) 7, 14, and 20 days after surgery. We performed three tests for anxiety-like behavior: the light-dark box, the elevated plus maze, and the open field. As supported by the results of these tests for anxiety-like behavior, no relevant differences were found between genotypes after CCI. Depression-like behavior was assessed using the forced swim test. Also, CCI had no effect on depression like behavior. For cognitive behavior, we applied the Morris water maze for spatial learning and memory and the novel object recognition test for object recognition, long-, and short-term memory. Learning and memory did not differ in B7-H1 ko and WT mice after CCI. CONCLUSIONS: Our study reveals that the impact of B7-H1 on affective-, depression-like- and learning-behavior, and memory performance might play a subordinate role in mice after nerve lesion.
Assuntos
Ansiedade/fisiopatologia , Cognição , Depressão/fisiopatologia , Neuralgia/fisiopatologia , Nervo Isquiático/lesões , Animais , Ansiedade/complicações , Antígeno B7-H1/genética , Comportamento Animal/fisiologia , Constrição Patológica , Depressão/complicações , Hiperalgesia/fisiopatologia , Hiperalgesia/psicologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Neuralgia/complicações , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has an increasing incidence and dismal prognosis, with few systemic treatments approved, including several small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The application of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) to HCC has resulted in durable activity, and further evaluation is ongoing. In this review, we discuss the immunologic principles and the mechanism of action of the ICIs and present the relevant clinical data. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the current and emerging immunotherapeutic approaches for HCC, such as combination treatments, vaccines, and cellular therapies.