Preoperative assessment of microvascular invasion risk using gadoxetate-enhanced MRI for predicting outcomes after liver transplantation for single hepatocellular carcinoma within the Milan criteria.

OBJECTIVE: To compare therapeutic outcomes after liver transplantation (LT) between hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) with low and high risk for microvascular invasion (MVI) within the Milan criteria evaluated preoperatively. METHODS: Eighty patients with a single HCC who underwent LT as the initial therapy between 2008 and 2017 were included from two tertiary referral medical centers in a HBV-predominant population. A preoperative MVI-risk model was used to identify low- and high-risk patients. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) after LT between the two risk groups was compared using Kaplan-Meier curves with the log-rank test. Prognostic factors for RFS were identified using a multivariable Cox hazard regression analysis. RESULTS: Eighty patients were included (mean age, 51.8 years +/- 7.5 [standard deviation], 65 men). Patients were divided into low-risk (n = 64) and high-risk (n = 16) groups for MVI. The RFS rates after LT were significantly lower in the MVI high-risk group compared to the low-risk group at 1 year (75.0% [95% CI: 56.5-99.5%] vs. 96.9% [92.7-100%], p = 0.048), 3 years (62.5% [42.8-91.4%] vs. 95.3% [90.3-100%], p = 0.008), and 5 years (62.5% [42.8-91.4%] vs. and 95.3% [90.3-100%], p = 0.008). In addition, multivariable analysis showed that MVI high risk was the only significant factor for poor RFS (p = 0.016). CONCLUSION: HCC patients with a high risk of MVI showed significantly lower RFS after LT than those without. This model could aid in selecting optimal candidates in addition to the Milan criteria when considering upfront LT for patients with HCC if alternative treatment options are available. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: High risk for microvascular invasion (MVI) in hepatocellular carcinoma patients lowered recurrence-free survival after liver transplantation, despite meeting the Milan criteria. Identifying MVI risk could aid candidate selection for upfront liver transplantation, particularly if alternative treatments are available. KEY POINTS: • A predictive model-derived microvascular invasion (MVI) high- and low-risk groups had a significant difference in the incidence of MVI on pathology. • Recurrence-free survival after liver transplantation (LT) for single hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) within the Milan criteria was significantly different between the MVI high- and low-risk groups. • The peak incidence of tumor recurrence was 20 months after liver transplantation, probably indicating that HCC with high risk for MVI had a high risk of early (≤ 2 years) tumor recurrence.

The molecular signature and prognosis of glioma with preoperative intratumoral hemorrhage: a retrospective cohort analysis.

BACKGROUND: Intratumoral hemorrhage, though less common, could be the first clinical manifestation of glioma and is detectable via MRI; however, its exact impacts on patient outcomes remain unclear and controversial. The 2021 WHO CNS 5 classification emphasised genetic and molecular features, initiating the necessity to establish the correlation between hemorrhage and molecular alterations. This study aims to determine the prevalence of intratumoral hemorrhage in glioma subtypes and identify associated molecular and clinical characteristics to improve patient management. METHODS: Integrated clinical data and imaging studies of patients who underwent surgery at the Department of Neurosurgery at Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2011 to January 2022 with pathological confirmation of glioma were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into hemorrhage and non-hemorrhage groups based on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging. A comparison and survival analysis were conducted with the two groups. In terms of subgroup analysis, we classified patients into astrocytoma, IDH-mutant; oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant, 1p/19q-codeleted; glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype; pediatric-type gliomas; or circumscribed glioma using integrated histological and molecular characteristics, according to WHO CNS 5 classifications. RESULTS: 457 patients were enrolled in the analysis, including 67 (14.7%) patients with intratumoral hemorrhage. The hemorrhage group was significantly older and had worse preoperative Karnofsky performance scores. The hemorrhage group had a higher occurrence of neurological impairment and a higher Ki-67 index. Molecular analysis indicated that CDKN2B, KMT5B, and PIK3CA alteration occurred more in the hemorrhage group (CDKN2B, 84.4% vs. 62.2%, p = 0.029; KMT5B, 25.0% vs. 8.9%, p = 0.029; and PIK3CA, 81.3% vs. 58.5%, p = 0.029). Survival analysis showed significantly worse prognoses for the hemorrhage group (hemorrhage 18.4 months vs. non-hemorrhage 39.1 months, p = 0.01). In subgroup analysis, the multivariate analysis showed that intra-tumoral hemorrhage is an independent risk factor only in glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype (162 cases of 457 overall, HR = 1.72, p = 0.026), but not in other types of gliomas. The molecular alteration of CDK6 (hemorrhage group p = 0.004, non-hemorrhage group p < 0.001), EGFR (hemorrhage group p = 0.003, non-hemorrhage group p = 0.001), and FGFR2 (hemorrhage group p = 0.007, non-hemorrhage group p = 0.001) was associated with shorter overall survival time in both hemorrhage and non-hemorrhage groups. CONCLUSIONS: Glioma patients with preoperative intratumoral hemorrhage had unfavorable prognoses compared to their nonhemorrhage counterparts. CDKN2B, KMT5B, and PIK3CA alterations were associated with an increased occurrence of intratumoral hemorrhage, which might be future targets for further investigation of intratumoral hemorrhage.

[Analysis of microsatellite instability in endometrial cancer: The significance of minimal microsatellite shift].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the differences and characteristics of microsatellite instability (MSI) in endometrial cancer (EMC), by using colorectal cancer (CRC) as control. METHODS: In the study, 228 cases of EMC were collected. For comparative analysis, 770 cases of CRC were collected. Mismatch repair (MMR) expression was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC), and microsatellite instability (MSI) was analyzed by PCR and capillary electrophoresis fragment analysis (MSI-PCR). MSI-PCR was detected using five mononucleotide repeat markers: BAT-25, BAT-26, NR-21, NR-24, and MONO-27. RESULTS: In EMC, we found 27.19% (62/228) of deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) using IHC, significantly higher than CRC (7.79%, 60/770). Meanwhile, subclonal expression of MMR protein was found in 4 cases of dMMR-EMC and 2 cases of dMMR-CRC. According to the criteria of major micro-satellite shift, we found 16.23% (37/228) of MSI-high (MSI-H), 2.63% (6/228) of MSI-low (MSI-L), and 81.14% (185/228) of microsatellite stability (MSS) in EMC using MSI-PCR. The discor-dance rate between MMR-IHC and MSI-PCR in EMC was 11.84% (27/228). In CRC, we found 8.05% (62/770) of MSI-H, 0.13% (1/770) of MSI-L, and 91.82% (707/770) of MSS. The discordance rate between MMR-IHC and MSI-PCR in CRC was only 0.52% (4/770). However, according to the criteria of minimal microsatellite shift, 12 cases of EMC showed minimal microsatellite shift including 8 cases of dMMR/MSS and 4 cases of dMMR/MSI-L and these cases were ultimately evaluated as dMMR/MSI-H. Then, 21.49% (49/228) of EMC showed MSI-H and the discordance rate MMR-IHC and MSI-PCR in EMC decreased to 6.58% (15/228). No minimal microsatellite shift was found in CRC. Compared with EMC group with major microsatellite shift, cases with minimal microsatellite shift showed younger age, better tumor differentiation, and earlier International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage. There were significant differences in histological variant and FIGO stage between the two groups (P < 0.001, P=0.006). CONCLUSION: EMC was more prone to minimal microsatellite shift, which should not be ignored in the interpretation of MSI-PCR results. The combined detection of MMR-IHC and MSI-PCR is the most sensitive and specific method to capture MSI tumors.

[Expression and significance of INSM1 and SOX11 in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor and solid pseudopapillary neoplasm].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expression and significance of insulinoma associated protein 1 (INSM1) and SRY-related high-mobility group box 11 (SOX11) in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (PNET) and solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN). METHODS: To detect the expression of INSM1, SOX11, Syn, CgA, CD56, ß-catenin, and CD99 in 56 cases of PNET, 42 cases of SPN, 16 cases of ductal adenocarcinoma (DACC) and 8 cases of acinar cell carcinoma (ACC) by immunohistochemistry. The application value of combination of INSM1 and SOX11 was compared with conventional markers (Syn, CgA, CD56, ß-catenin, and CD99) in diagnosis and differential diagnosis of PNET and SPN. RESULTS: (1) In the 56 cases of PNET, the positive signals of INSM1 were located in the tumor and islet nucleus, the positive expression rate in the tumor tissues was 91.07% (51/56), whereas the signal was absent in 42 cases of SPN, 16 cases of DACC and 8 cases of ACC, and there were significant statistical difference between PNET with SPN, DACC, and ACC respectively (P < 0.001). (2) The positive signals of SOX11 were located in the tumor nucleus, with the positive expression rate was 92.86% (39/42) in SPN, however, the positive expression rate of SOX11 was 8.93% (5/56) in PNET, which included 3 cases of G1 and 2 cases of G3 types of PNET, the SOX11 positive signal was absent in 16 cases of DACC, 8 cases of ACC and peritumoral nomal pancreatic tissue, and the differences were statistically significant of positive rate between SPN with PNET, DACC and ACC, respectively (P < 0.001). (3) The sensitivity of INSM1(+)/SOX11(-) immunophenotype for PNET was 85.71%, vs. CD56 (57.14%), the difference was statistically significant (P=0.001); vs. Syn (80.36%) and CgA (71.43%), the difference was no statistically significant (P>0.05). The specificity of INSM1(+)/SOX11(-) for PNET was 100.00%, vs. Syn (42.86%) and CD56 (47.62%), the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001); vs. CgA (92.86%), the difference was no statistically significant (P>0.05). The sensitivity of INSM1(-)/SOX11(+) immunophenotype for SPN was 92.86%, vs. ß-catenin (90.48%) and CD99 (85.71%), the difference was no statistically significant (P>0.05). The specificity of INSM1(-)/SOX11(+) for SPN was 96.43%, vs. CD99 (48.21%), the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001); vs. ß-catenin (100.00%), the difference was no statistically significant (P>0.05). (4) The positive expression of INSM1 and SOX11 in PNET and SOX11 were not correlated with clinicopathological parameters (age, gender, tumor size, location, grade, and metastasis) (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: The positive expression patterns of INSM1 and SOX11 in PNET and SPN respectively are conductive to distinguish the both tumors. The combination of both take precedence over some corresponding conventional immunohistochemical markers in terms of sensitivity and specificity.

Role of Lactate Dehydrogenase in Identifying Relapse for Patients With Stage I Testicular Cancer on Surveillance.

PURPOSE: Tumor markers alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, and lactate dehydrogenase assume a key role in the management of testicular germ cell tumors. While alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin have modest sensitivity and specificity for germ cell tumors, lactate dehydrogenase has weak sensitivity and specificity. We explored the utility of lactate dehydrogenase in identifying relapse among stage I seminomatous and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors on surveillance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with a history of stage I testicular germ cell tumors were identified from a prospectively maintained database at the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre from December 1980 to May 2021 and surveyed according to established institutional algorithm guidelines. The utility of lactate dehydrogenase elevation to independently detect germ cell tumor relapse was examined. RESULTS: Among 1,014 seminoma and 676 nonseminomatous germ cell tumor patients, 176 and 176 patients relapsed with a median time to relapse of 13.6 and 8.9 months, respectively. Imaging alone was the most common mode of relapse detection in 144 and 74 of seminoma and nonseminomatous germ cell tumor patients, respectively. Lactate dehydrogenase was elevated in 49 cases of seminoma and 38 cases of nonseminomatous germ cell tumors at relapse, but was never the sole relapse indicator. Among 350 seminoma and 311 nonseminomatous germ cell tumor patients who never relapsed, 210 and 233, respectively, had at least 1 elevated lactate dehydrogenase value. CONCLUSIONS: Lactate dehydrogenase alone did not independently contribute to early relapse detection in stage I seminoma or nonseminomatous germ cell tumor. Elevated lactate dehydrogenase values were documented in a high proportion of nonrelapsing seminoma and nonseminomatous germ cell tumor cases.

Radiomic machine learning for predicting prognostic biomarkers and molecular subtypes of breast cancer using tumor heterogeneity and angiogenesis properties on MRI.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate machine learning approaches for radiomics-based prediction of prognostic biomarkers and molecular subtypes of breast cancer using quantification of tumor heterogeneity and angiogenesis properties on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: This prospective study examined 291 invasive cancers in 288 patients who underwent breast MRI at 3 T before treatment between May 2017 and July 2019. Texture and perfusion analyses were performed and a total of 160 parameters for each cancer were extracted. Relationships between MRI parameters and prognostic biomarkers were analyzed using five machine learning algorithms. Each model was built using only texture features, only perfusion features, or both. Model performance was compared using the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) and the DeLong method, and the importance of MRI parameters in prediction was derived. RESULTS: Texture parameters were associated with the status of hormone receptors, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, and Ki67, tumor size, grade, and molecular subtypes (p < 0.002). Perfusion parameters were associated with the status of hormone receptors and Ki67, grade, and molecular subtypes (p < 0.003). The random forest model integrating texture and perfusion parameters showed the highest performance (AUC = 0.75). The performance of the random forest model was the best with a special scale filter of 0 (AUC = 0.80). The important parameters for prediction were texture irregularity (entropy) and relative extracellular extravascular space (Ve). CONCLUSIONS: Radiomic machine learning that integrates tumor heterogeneity and angiogenesis properties on MRI has the potential to noninvasively predict prognostic factors of breast cancer. KEY POINTS: • Machine learning, integrating tumor heterogeneity and angiogenesis properties on MRI, can be applied to predict prognostic biomarkers and molecular subtypes in breast cancer. • The random forest model showed the best predictive performance among the five machine learning models (logistic regression, decision tree, naïve Bayes, random forest, and artificial neural network). • The most important MRI parameters for predicting prognostic factors in breast cancer were texture irregularity (entropy) among texture parameters and relative extracellular extravascular space (Ve) among perfusion parameters.

Reliability of Serum Tumor Marker Measurement to Diagnose Recurrence in Patients with Clinical Stage I Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumors Undergoing Active Surveillance: A Systematic Review.

PURPOSE: Men with nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of the testicle without evidence of residual disease after radical orchiectomy (clinical stage I) are increasingly managed with active surveillance. The guideline-recommended cornerstones of surveillance are conventional serum tumor markers and computerized tomography. The reliability of serum tumor markers as a tool to diagnose early recurrence of clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors is unclear. The study objective was to conduct a systematic review of the currently available evidence assessing the reliability of serum tumor markers as a test to diagnose recurrence in patients with clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors under active surveillance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, with no language or date restrictions. Studies were included that readily identified the tumor marker status of patients with clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors who had a recurrence on active surveillance. The primary outcome was marker positivity at the time of recurrence. Risk of bias assessment was undertaken. RESULTS: A total of 2,157 studies were identified and independently screened by 2 reviewers, with 37 studies ultimately being included. A relatively high risk of bias was identified among the studies, with the vast majority being retrospective series. The total population for the included studies was 8,545 patients with clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors managed by active surveillance, and 2,254 ultimately relapsed. Serum tumor markers were elevated in 28% to 75% of patients at the time of recurrence and were the only indication of recurrence in 4% to 39%. The unavailability of patient-level data is the major limitation to the present findings. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors managed by active surveillance, the use of serum tumor markers cannot obviate the need for computerized tomography. More reliable serum markers are needed in order to limit radiation exposure for these patients.

Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen Positron Emission Tomography/Computerized Tomography in the Evaluation of Initial Response in Candidates Who Underwent Salvage Radiation Therapy after Radical Prostatectomy for Prostate Cancer.

PURPOSE: We assessed predictors of short-term oncologic outcomes of patients who underwent salvage radiation therapy for biochemical recurrence after robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy without evidence of metastases on prostate specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography/computerized tomography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 194 patients with biochemical recurrence after robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy who underwent prostate specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography/computerized tomography prior to salvage radiation therapy. Patients with lymph node or distant metastases on restaging imaging or at the time of extended pelvic lymph node dissection during robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy were excluded, as were patients who received androgen deprivation therapy during or prior to salvage radiation therapy. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess predictors of treatment response, defined as prostate specific antigen value ≤0.1 ng/ml after salvage radiation therapy. RESULTS: Overall treatment response after salvage radiation therapy was 75% (146/194 patients). On multivariable analysis, prostate specific antigen value at initiation of salvage radiation therapy (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.27-0.62, p <0.001), pathological T stage (pT3a vs pT2 OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.11-0.69, p=0.006; pT3b vs pT2 OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.09-0.71, p=0.009) and local recurrent disease on imaging (OR 5.53, 95% CI 1.96-18.52, p=0.003) were predictors of treatment response. CONCLUSIONS: Salvage radiation therapy in patients without evidence of metastases on prostate specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography/computerized tomography showed a good overall treatment response of 75%. Higher treatment response rates were observed in patients with lower prostate specific antigen values at initiation of salvage radiation therapy, those with local recurrent disease on imaging and those with lower pathological T stage (pT2 vs pT3a/b).

Prediction of serosal invasion in gastric cancer: development and validation of multivariate models integrating preoperative clinicopathological features and radiographic findings based on late arterial phase CT images.

BACKGROUND: To develop and validate multivariate models integrating endoscopic biopsy, tumor markers, and CT findings based on late arterial phase (LAP) to predict serosal invasion in gastric cancer (GC). METHODS: The preoperative differentiation degree, tumor markers, CT morphological characteristics, and CT value-related and texture parameters of 154 patients with GC were analyzed retrospectively. Multivariate models based on regression analysis and machine learning algorithms were performed to improve the diagnostic efficacy. RESULTS: The differentiation degree, carbohydrate antigen (CA) 199, CA724, CA242, and multiple CT findings based on LAP differed significantly between T1-3 and T4 GCs in the primary cohort (all P < 0.05). Multivariate models based on regression analysis and random forest achieved AUCs of 0.849 and 0.865 in the primary cohort, respectively. CONCLUSION: We developed and validated multivariate models integrating endoscopic biopsy, tumor markers, CT morphological characteristics, and CT value-related and texture parameters to predict serosal invasion in GCs and achieved favorable performance.

Quantitative distribution of iodinated contrast media in body computed tomography: data from a large reference cohort.

OBJECTIVES: Dual-energy computed tomography allows for an accurate and reliable quantification of iodine. However, data on physiological distribution of iodine concentration (IC) is still sparse. This study aims to establish guidance for IC in abdominal organs and important anatomical landmarks using a large cohort of individuals without radiological tumor burden. METHODS: Five hundred seventy-one oncologic, portal venous phase dual-layer spectral detector CT studies of the chest and abdomen without tumor burden at time point of imaging confirmed by > 3-month follow-up were included. ROI were placed in parenchymatous organs (n = 25), lymph nodes (n = 6), and vessels (n = 3) with a minimum of two measurements per landmark. ROI were placed on conventional images and pasted to iodine maps to retrieve absolute IC. Normalization to the abdominal aorta was conducted to obtain iodine perfusion ratios. Bivariate regression analysis, t tests, and ANOVA with Tukey-Kramer post hoc test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Absolute IC showed a broad scatter and varied with body mass index, between different age groups and between the sexes in parenchymatous organs, lymph nodes, and vessels (range 0.0 ± 0.0 mg/ml-6.6 ± 1.3 mg/ml). Unlike absolute IC, iodine perfusion ratios did not show dependency on body mass index; however, significant differences between the sexes and age groups persisted, showing a tendency towards decreased perfusion ratios in elderly patients (e.g., liver 18-44 years/≥ 64 years: 0.50 ± 0.11/0.43 ± 0.10, p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Distribution of IC obtained from a large-scale cohort is provided. As significant differences between sexes and age groups were found, this should be taken into account when obtaining quantitative iodine concentrations and applying iodine thresholds. KEY POINTS: • Absolute iodine concentration showed a broad variation and differed between body mass index, age groups, and between the sexes in parenchymatous organs, lymph nodes, and vessels. • The iodine perfusion ratios did not show dependency on body mass index while significant differences between sexes and age groups persisted. • Provided guidance values may serve as reference when aiming to differentiate healthy and abnormal tissue based on iodine perfusion ratios.

Performance of radiomics models for survival prediction in non-small-cell lung cancer: influence of CT slice thickness.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether CT slice thickness influences the performance of radiomics prognostic models in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. METHODS: CT images including 1-, 3-, and 5-mm slice thicknesses acquired from 311 patients who underwent surgical resection for NSCLC between May 2014 and December 2015 were evaluated. Tumor segmentation was performed on CT of each slice thickness and total 94 radiomics features (shape, tumor intensity, and texture) were extracted. The study population was temporally split into development (n = 185) and validation sets (n = 126) for prediction of disease-free survival (DFS). Three radiomics models were built from three different slice thickness datasets (Rad-1, Rad-3, and Rad-5), respectively. Model performance was assessed and compared in three slice thickness datasets and mixed slice thickness dataset using C-indices. RESULTS: In corresponding slice thickness datasets, the C-indices of Rad-1, Rad-3, and Rad-5 for prediction of DFS were 0.68, 0.70, and 0.68 in the development set, and 0.73, 0.73, and 0.76 in the validation set (p = 0.40-0.89 and 0.27-0.90, respectively). Performance of the models was not significantly changed when they were applied to different slice thicknesses data in the validation set (C-index, 0.73-0.76, 0.72-0.73, 0.75-0.76; p = 0.07-0.92). In the mixed slice thickness dataset, performances of the models were similar to or slightly lower than their performances in the corresponding slice thickness datasets (C-index, 0.72-0.75 vs. 0.73-0.76) in the validation set. CONCLUSIONS: The performance of radiomics models for predicting DFS in NSCLC patients was not significantly affected by CT slice thickness. KEY POINTS: • Three radiomics models based on 1-, 3-, and 5-mm CT datasets showed C-indices for predicting disease-free survival of 0.68-0.70 in the development set and 0.73-0.76 in the validation set, without statistical differences (p = 0.27-0.90). • Application of the radiomics models to different slice thickness datasets showed no significant differences in performance between the values in the prediction of disease-free survival (p = 0.07-0.99). • Three radiomics models based on 1-, 3-, and 5-mm CT datasets performed well in mixed slice thickness datasets, showing similar or slightly lower performances.

Next-Generation Sequencing-Based Biomarkers in Breast Cancer.

For the realization of precision medicine in cancer treatment, discovery, and validation of clinically useful biomarker is the most important prerequisite. Biomarkers are needed and used for evaluation of cancer susceptibility, cancer screening (early detection), cancer subtyping, prediction of prognosis, decision of appropriate adjuvant therapy and duration of therapy, and for monitoring of recurrence. Biomarkers are also needed for decision of target therapy in metastatic cancer and monitoring of their response during follow-up. Now is the era of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS). NGS technology can detect almost all kind of genomic changes that occur in cancer that is different from normal condition. The cost also is now reasonably low to use in routine clinical practice.This chapter will review four kinds of NGS-based biomarkers that are already being used in clinical practice although the routine use is controversial, and that are promising and under active investigation focusing on studies done in Seoul National University Hospital (SNUH).

[Tumor biology of oropharyngeal carcinoma]. / Tumorbiologie des Oropharynxkarzinoms.

BACKGROUND: Etiologically, oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) can be divided into OPSCC caused by noxious agents and human papillomavirus (HPV)-driven carcinoma. These types differ with regard to clinical features and prognosis-differences which are rooted in the underlying molecular biology of the tumor. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work is to provide an overview of the molecular biological characteristics of the genetics, epigenetics, and immunology of OPSCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature review was performed on a selection of genetic, epigenetic, and immunological factors characterizing OPSCC. RESULTS: The understanding of genetic aberrations and their consequences for cancerogenesis and tumor biology is increasing. Epigenetic phenomena are complementing functional relationships. However, epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation are complex and much research is still required in this field. Immunological aspects of cancer molecular biology have moved into the focus in light of recent advances in the field of immunotherapy. CONCLUSION: The tumor biology of OPSCC is primarily defined by its HPV status. Additionally, HPV-independent genetic, epigenetic, and immunological signatures are being defined. From these advances, rationales for new treatment concepts may evolve.

[Exploratory screening of potential pan-cancer biomarkers based on The Cancer Genome Atlas database].

OBJECTIVE: To screen potential pan-cancer biomarkers based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, and to provide help for the diagnosis and prognosis assessment of a variety of cancers. METHODS: "GDC Data Transfer Tool" and "GDCRNATools" packages were used to obtain TCGA database. After data sorting, a total of 13 cancers were selected for further analysis. False disco-very rate (FDR) < 0.05 and fold change (FC) >1.5 were used as the differential expression criteria to screen genes and miRNAs that were up- or down-regulated in all the 13 cancers. In the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve), the area under the curve (AUC), the best cut-off value and the corresponding sensitivity and specificity were used to reflect diagnostic significance. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the survival probability and then the log-rank test was performed. Hazard ratio (HR) was calculated to reflect prognostic evaluation significance. DAVID tool were used to perform GO (Gene Ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) enrichment analysis for differentially expressed genes. STRING and TargetScan tools were used to analyze the regulatory network of differentially expressed genes and miRNAs. RESULTS: A total of 48 genes and 2 miRNAs were differentially expressed in all the 13 cancers. Among them, 25 genes were up-regulated, 23 genes and 2 miRNAs were down-regulated. Most differentially expressed genes and miRNAs had good ability to distinguish between the cases and controls, with AUC, sensitivity and specificity up to 0.8-0.9. Survival analysis results show that differentially expressed genes and miRNAs were significantly associated with patient survival in a variety of cancers. Most up-regulated genes were risk factors for patient survival (HR>1), while most down-regulated genes were protective factors for patient survival (0 < HR < 1). The enrichment analysis of GO and KEGG showed that the differentially expressed genes were mostly enriched in biological events related to cell proliferation. In the regulatory network analysis, a total of 13 differentially expressed genes and 2 differentially expressed miRNAs had regulatory and interaction relationships. CONCLUSION: The 48 genes and 2 miRNAs that were differentially expressed in 13 cancers may serve as potential pan-cancer biomarkers, providing help for the diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of a variety of cancers, and providing clues for the development of broad-spectrum tumor therapeutic targets.

[Serum LAPTM4B-35 protein as a novel diagnostic marker for hepatocellular carcinoma].

OBJECTIVE: LAPTM4B-35 protein is one of the isoforms that are encoded by a cancer driver gene, LAPTM4B. This gene was primarily found and identified in our lab of Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences. The LAPTM4B-35 protein and its encoded mRNA are significantly over-expressed in a variety of cancers, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), lung cancers (including non small-cell lung cancer and small-cell lung cancer), stomach cancer, colorectal carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, gallbladder cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, breast cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, and so on. It has firmly demonstrated through lab experiments either in vivo or in vitro, as well as clinical studies that the over-expression of LAPTM4B-35 can promote cancer growth, metastasis, and multidrug resistance. Specially, the expressive level of LAPTM4B-35 is associa-ted with recurrence of HCC. The aim of this study is to identify the release of LAPTM4B-35 protein from hepatocellular carcinoma into blood of HCC patients and into the medium of cultured HCC cells, and to identify its possible form of LAPTM4B-35 protein existed in blood and cell culture medium, as well as to explore the possibility of LAPTM4B-35 protein as a novel HCC biomarker for diagnosis of HCC and prognosis of HCC patients. METHODS: Immunobloting (Western blot) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used for identification of LAPTM4B-35 protein in the blood of HCC patients and normal individuals. Ultrafiltration and ultracentrifugation were used to isolate and purify exosomes from the culture medium of HCC cells. RESULTS: LAPTM4B-35 protein existed in the blood from HCC patients and normal donors that were demonstrated through Western blot and ELISA. LAPTM4B-35 was also released into the culture medium of HCC cells in the form of exosomes. Preliminary experiments showed that the average and the median of LAPTM4B-35 protein level in the blood of HCC patients (n=43) were both significantly higher than that in the blood of normal donors (n=33) through sandwich ELISA. CONCLUSION: It is promising that the LAPTM4B-35 protein which is released from HCC cells in the form of exosomes into their extraenvironment may be exploited as a novel cancer biomarker for HCC serological diagnosis.

Serum fibrinogen as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Early diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is important as PDAC can lead to mortality; however, no specific biomarker has been identified for its early diagnosis. We previously identified fibrinogen α chain as a promising biomarker for differentiating between patients with and without PDAC using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Here, we aimed to validate the clinical usefulness of serum fibrinogen as a biomarker for PDAC. METHODS: From 2009 to 2011, blood samples of 67 PDAC patients and 43 healthy adults (controls) were prospectively collected. Serum fibrinogen levels and their clinical significances were evaluated. RESULTS: Mean fibrinogen levels were significantly higher in the PDAC group than in the control group (3.08 ± 0.565 vs. 2.54 ± 0.249 log10 ng/mL, P < 0.001). In the receiver operating characteristic analysis, overall sensitivity, and specificity of serum fibrinogen levels for differentiating PDAC patients from control patients were 67.4% and 83.6%, respectively, with a 427-ng/mL cutoff value. Serum fibrinogen levels were significantly higher in PDAC patients with distant metastasis than in those without distant metastasis (3.38 ± 0.581 vs. 2.93 ± 0.499 log10 ng/mL, P = 0.002). Median overall survival was significantly longer in PDAC patients with low fibrinogen levels (<1000 ng/mL) than in those with high fibrinogen levels (≥1000 ng/mL) [489 days (95% confidence interval, 248.1-729.9) vs. 172 days (58.4-285.6) (P = 0.008)]. Although serum fibrinogen levels were poorly correlated with carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels, these two biomarkers together predicted survival better. CONCLUSIONS: Serum fibrinogen levels may be a useful biomarker for diagnosing and predicting PDAC prognosis.

CXCL12 expression is an adverse predictor for disease recurrence in patients with metastatic non-seminomatous testicular germ cell tumors.

BACKGROUND: To validate the utility of the chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) as prognostic marker in patients with localized and metastatic germ cell tumors (GCT). METHODS: CXCL12 expression was analyzed on a tissue microarray consisting of 750 tissue cores of different histological tumor components, Germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS) and adjacent normal tissue of 263 testicular cancer patients using a semi-quantitative score. The association between CXCL12 expression and recurrence-free survival (RFS) as well as overall survival (OS) was assessed using Kaplan-Meier curves with log-rank tests. RESULTS: CXCL12 expression was absent in all seminomas but was found in 52 of 99 (52.5%) non-seminomas. Follow-up was available for 260 patients of which 36 (13.8%) recurred. In patients with stage 1 non-seminoma GCT, CXCL12 expression was not associated with higher risk of disease recurrence (p = 0.270). In contrast, post chemotherapy RFS of patients with metastatic non-seminoma and positive CXCL12 expression was significantly shorter compared to CXCL12 negative patients (p = 0.003). OS differences were not statistically different between patients with CXCL12 positive or negative tumors for either localized or metastatic disease. CONCLUSIONS: CXCL12 is almost exclusively expressed in non-seminoma. Pure seminoma, GCNIS and adjacent normal testicular tissue are CXCL12 negative. Our analysis suggests that patients with metastatic disease and a CXCL12-positive non-seminoma are at higher risk for disease recurrence after first-line chemotherapy and might thus be candidates for more intensive treatment and/or closer follow-up.

Elevated CA-125 in IgG4 mesenteritis: a red herring or a disease biomarker? Case report and literature review.

Mesenteric panniculitis (MP) is a rare chronic disease characterized by inflammation and subsequently fibrosis of adipose tissue of the omentum. Only recently it has been associated with IgG4-related disease. Cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) is a high-molecular mass glycoprotein, traditionally associated with ovarian cancer, although it can be elevated in other conditions. Herein we describe a case of a 56-year-old man with IgG4 related mesenteric panniculitis associated with very high levels of CA-125 at the onset of disease. The CA-125 levels corresponded to clinical disease activity and improved with steroid therapy and rituximab. A literature review was performed concerning possible association of MP, IgG4-related disease and CA-125. The review of literature suggests that high levels of CA-125 can be raised in non-malignant, inflammatory conditions including IgG4-related mesenteritis and can improve with treatment.

THYROGLOBULIN AS A TUMOR MARKER IN DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CANCER - CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS.

- Initial treatment of the majority of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) includes total thyroidectomy. Postoperative ablation therapy with radioactive iodine (I-131) is indicated in all high-risk patients, however, there is disagreement regarding its use in low- and intermediate-risk patients. Over the last few decades, thyroglobulin (Tg) has been established as the primary biochemical tumor marker for patients with DTC. Thyroglobulin can be measured during thyroid hormone therapy or after thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulation, through thyroid hormone withdrawal or the use of human recombinant TSH. In many studies, the cut-off value for adequate Tg stimulation is a TSH value ≥30 mIU/L. However, there is an emerging body of evidence suggesting that this long-established standard should be re-evaluated, bringing this threshold into question. Recently, a risk stratification system of response to initial therapy (with four categories) has been introduced and Tg measurement is one of the main components. The relationship between the Tg/TSH ratio and the outcome of radioiodine ablation has also been studied, as well as clinical significance of serum thyroglobulin doubling-time. The postoperative serum Tg value is an important prognostic factor that is used to guide clinical management, and it is the most valuable tool in long term follow-up of patients with DTC.

[Clinical and pathological features of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) in a single institution: A descriptive study and review of the literature]. / Perfil clínico y anatomopatológico de los tumores estromales gastrointestinales de un hospital de área: Estudio descriptivo y revisión de la literatura.

INTRODUCTION: This study was aimed to assess the main clinical, pathological and therapeutic characteristics of a cohort of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). METHODS: Observational study including 66 patients diagnosed with GIST admitted to our hospital between 2002 and 2015. Parameters related to medical history, clinical manifestations, medical and surgical treatment, histopathology, and morbi-mortality were studied. A review of the literature was included to correlate with the results. RESULTS: The most frequent location of GIST in our patients was the stomach (65.2%), in which the gastric fondo was the predominant region. The most common clinical manifestation was gastrointestinal hemorrhage (45.5%), followed by incidental finding after imaging or invasive procedures (33.3%). 58 patients underwent surgery (90.6%), 15.5% were urgent. A total of 69% of the GISTs had a size between 2 and 10cm. The one-year mortality was 7.9%, all cases related to local or remote extension, or surgical complications. CONCLUSION: There is a large clinical variability among GIST cases. The first choice of treatment is surgery, which is feasible in most cases and should be as conservative as possible. The prognosis varies depending on the size and proliferation index, thus close follow-up should be performed. No tumor marker is clearly associated with a poor prognosis. New molecular biology studies are needed in order to find therapeutic targets.