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INTRODUCTION: In 2017, New York City (NYC) passed a minimum floor price law (MFPL) to raise the minimum price of a pack of cigarettes to $13.00. Evaluation of the MFPL in NYC is limited and has yet to examine its potential as a pro-equity policy. METHODS: Data (n = 20,241; pre-policy n =15,037, post-policy n =5,204) were obtained from the New York State Adult Tobacco Survey, a quarterly repeated cross-sectional survey. Using the Difference-in-Differences approach, we compared changes in reported cigarette prices, cigarette consumption, and smoking status among NYC residents before and after policy implementation to changes in the same outcomes among residents in the rest of the state (ROS) over the same period. RESULTS: For some smokers, cigarette price increased in NYC for post-policy period; moreover, prices increased more in NYC than in ROS. NYC smokers who reported higher income, more education, or White or "Other" race, reported a bigger price increase than their ROS counterparts. Cigarette consumption decreased more in the post-policy period for people in the ROS, in general and among certain groups. Everyday smoking status decreased similarly in both NYC and ROS, whereas someday smoking status decreased primarily in the ROS during the analysis period. CONCLUSIONS: Cigarette prices in NYC increased after the 2017 MFPL; these increases were greater than those occurring elsewhere in the state, suggesting the policy might be a factor in the change. However, the increases were concentrated among relatively higher priced purchases, and groups with lower smoking prevalence. Changes in smoking status and cigarette consumption did not correspond to study hypotheses. IMPLICATIONS: This study provides an empirical analysis of a real-world policy in tobacco control. It examines the potential of the MFPL in New York City as a pro-equity policy. Findings extend the current MFPL literature and suggest that they may be able to raise cigarette prices for some purchases, but also may have a limited impact on smoking behaviors.
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OBJECTIVES: Evidence suggests that cigarette costs significantly impact tobacco use, yet the effect of state-level cost variations on cigarette sales per capita in the US remains uncertain. This study investigates how state-level cigarette costs affect pack sales per capita consumption. STUDY DESIGN: This was an observational study of cigarette-pack sales per capita consumption in the United States. METHODS: We used the tobacco tax burden data (1989-2019) and a two-way fixed-effects model to analyse how cigarette costs affect consumption. Our predictor variables were average cost per pack, state tax per pack, and combined federal and state tax as a percentage of the retail price. Additionally, we compared the percentage change in state cigarette taxes per pack for each state in five-year intervals, adjusting for inflation. RESULTS: Regression analysis revealed that a 10% increase in the average cost per pack was related to a 9.59% decrease in per capita cigarette consumption (ß_average cost = -0.959, P < 0.001). Similarly, a rise in state tax per pack and a higher tax as a proportion of the retail price per pack were related to a decline in consumption (ß_ state tax = -0.176, P < 0.001), (ß_retail price = -0.323, P < 0.001). States that raised cigarette taxes beyond the rate of inflation had a higher reduction in cigarette per capita sales than those maintaining stable tax rates. CONCLUSIONS: Some states have not raised their cigarette taxes sufficiently to account for inflation. It appears that cigarette costs have significantly reduced cigarette consumption in the US.
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Comércio , Impostos , Produtos do Tabaco , Estados Unidos , Produtos do Tabaco/economia , Produtos do Tabaco/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Impostos/estatística & dados numéricos , Impostos/economia , Comércio/estatística & dados numéricos , Comércio/economia , Fumar/epidemiologia , Fumar/economiaRESUMO
Abstract@#Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation is a non-invasive brain stimulation process popularly used to treat psychiatric disorders. Multiple evidence shows effectiveness of rTMS in treating addiction, particularly in tobacco or cigarette users. This study consisted of review of current published literatures on repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation following predefined eligibility criteria. The studies included evaluated at least one of the epidemiological parameters: (i) the meaning of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (ii) Effectiveness of the Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Simulation Over Behavioral therapy (iii) rTMS-associated adverse events among tobacco users@*Methodology@#We included published studies discussing rTMS in smoking cessation which examined if these interventions were effective and identified whether it has a severe negative effect on the patients. A total of 104 related studies were identified through database searches (Pubmed, Elsevier, Cochrane). Of which, 53 duplicate studies were removed. Five studies were then excluded with more than 10 years in publication. A total of 28 papers were then included in the study.@*Conclusion@#We conclude that rTMS is more effective in treating addiction in terms of smoking compared to behavioral therapy and rTMS affects triggered desired circuit which may be crucial among tobacco users. Individual neuronal excitability in the specific region’s subsequent induction may impact the therapeutic outcomes. With this, the high-frequency rTMS sequentially applied to the left superior medial frontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex may be an effective tool for improving the cessation rate.
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Estimulação Magnética Transcraniana , Abandono do Hábito de FumarRESUMO
Introducción: Se determinó la asociación entre conocimientos y actitudes frente al inicio del hábito de fumar en estudiantes universitarios. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal realizado mediante una encuesta auto-diligenciada por 433 estudiantes seleccionados aleatoriamente entre abril y mayo de 2010. Se realizaron análisis de regresión de Poisson simple y múltiple y se calcularon las razones de prevalencia (RP) crudas y ajustadas. Resultados: Se encontró que ser hombre (RP = 1,62; IC95%: 1,21-2,18) y conocer la legislación colombiana sobre tabaco (RP = 1,75; IC95%: 1,25-2,45) aumenta la probabilidad de inicio del hábito tabáquico durante la carrera. En contraste, conocer que generalmente los fumadores mueren más jóvenes (RP = 0,72; IC95%: 0,53-0,98), que la mayoría de pacientes con cáncer de pulmón son o han sido fumadores (RP = 0,64; IC95%: 0,46-0,89) y considerar el fumar un vicio (RP = 0,58; IC95%: 0,42-0,80) o una drogodependencia (RP = 0,48; IC95%: 0,27- 0,82) están asociados con menor probabilidad de inicio del hábito de fumar durante la vida universitaria. Conclusión: El conocimiento sobre los efectos de fumar disminuye el inicio de este hábito durante la carrera
Introduction: The association between knowledge and attitudes before the onset of smoking during college life in college students was determined. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study carried out through self-report survey in a sample of 433 students randomly selected between April and May 2010. Simple and multiple Poisson regression analysis were carried put and, crude and adjusted prevalence reasons (PR) were calculated. Results: We found that being male (PR = 1.62; 95%CI: 1.21- 2.18) and knowing Colombian legislation about tobacco use (PR = 1.75; 95%CI: 1.25-2.45) increases the likelihood of smoking onset during college. In contrast, knowing that smokers generally die younger than nonsmokers (PR = 0.72; 95%CI: 0.53-0.98), that most patients with lung cancer are or have been smokers (PR = 0.64; 95%CI: 0.46-0.89), and considering smoking is a bad habit (PR = 0.58; 95%CI: 0.42-0.80) or a drug dependence (PR = 0.48; 95%CI: 0.27-0.82) are associated with lower likelihood of smoking onset during college. Conclusion: Knowledge about the effects of smoking decreases the onset of smoking during college life
Introdução: Determinou se a associação entre conhecimentos e atitudes frente ao inicio do hábito de fumar em estudantes universitários. Metodologia: Estudo de corte transversal realizado mediante uma enquete autopreenchida por 433 estudantes selecionados aleatoriamente entre abril e maio de 2010. Realizaram se analise de regressão de Poisson simples e múltiplo e se calcularam as razoes de prevalências (RP) severas e ajustadas. Resultados: Encontrou se que ser homem (RP = 1,62; IC95%: 1,21-2,18) e conhecer a legislação colombiana sobre tabaco (RP = 1,75; IC95%: 1,25-2,45) aumenta a probabilidade de inicio de habito tabagismo durante os estudos universitários. Em contraste, conhecer que geralmente os fumantes morrem mais jovens (RP = 0,72; IC95%: 0,53-0,98), que a maioria de pacientes com câncer de pulmão é ou tem sido fumantes ou uma drogo-dependencia (RP = 0,48; IC95%: 0,27-0,82) estão associados com menor probabilidade de inicio do habito de fumar durante a vida universitária. Conclusões: O conhecimento sobre os efeitos de fumar diminuiu inicio deste habito durante os estudos universitários
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Masculino , Feminino , Adulto Jovem , Estudos Transversais , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Fumar , EstudantesRESUMO
O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a tendência do tabagismo, da cessação e da intensidade de cigarros diários, entre 2006 a 2009, nas capitais brasileiras. Foram analisados os dados de indivíduos com 18 anos e mais, entrevistados pelo Sistema de Vigilância e Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (VIGITEL), realizado nas capitais brasileiras e Distrito Federal em 2006, 2007, 2008 e 2009. Para cada ano e grandes regiões, foram calculadas as prevalências de tabagismo ajustadas por idade e por grupos etários (18 a 29, 30 a 59 e 60 ou mais anos) estratificados por sexo. Foi calculado ainda o índice de cessação do tabagismo e, para os fumantes atuais, estimou-se a proporção dos que referem fumar 20 ou mais cigarros segundo sexo e grupo etário (18 a 39 e 40 anos e mais). Os resultados mostram leve tendência à queda do tabagismo entre homens e estabilidade para mulheres, com exceção daquelas residentes nas regiões Norte e Nordeste. Em geral, as maiores prevalências entre homens aparecem nos grupos mais jovens; enquanto que, entre as mulheres, são entre as de idade intermediária (30 a 59 anos). A cessação sugere estar ligeiramente aumentando entre os homens; há forte relação inversa entre a prevalência de tabagismo e anos de escolaridade, e a proporção de fumantes de 20 ou mais cigarros diários é maior entre os mais idosos e apresenta padrão diferenciado entre as regiões brasileiras. Os resultados indicam a necessidade da priorização de estratégias de controle do tabagismo que alcancem jovens e mulheres de baixa escolaridade.
The objective of this study was to analyze the trend of tobacco use and smoking cessation, and the intensity of cigarettes per day from 2006 to 2009 in the Brazilian state capitals. Data were analyzed for 18-year-old individuals or older who were interviewed by the Telephone-based Surveillance of Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases (VIGITEL), which was performed in the Brazilian State capitals and the Federal District in 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009. For each year and large areas, age-adjusted prevalence and prevalence according to age groups (18 to 29, 30 to 59 and 60 and older) stratified by sex were calculated. Smoking cessation index was assessed and, for current smokers, the proportion of those who reported smoking 20 or more cigarettes a day was estimated according to gender and age group (18 to 39 and 40 and over). The results show a slight tendency to the reduction of tobacco use among men and stability for women, except for residents from the North and Northeast Regions. In general, the greatest prevalence among men is in younger groups; while amongst women, it is in the intermediary age group (30 to 59 years old). Smoking cessation seems to be slightly higher among men; there is a strong reverse relation between tobacco use and schooling. The proportion of 20 or more cigarettes per day is higher among older people and varies in Brazilian Regions. Results point out the need to prioritize strategies for tobacco control that can reach young individuals and women at low-education level.
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Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos/métodos , Abandono do Hábito de Fumar/estatística & dados numéricos , Fumar/epidemiologia , Fumar/tendências , Brasil/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Telefone , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
El presente estudio, con un diseño cuasiexperimental pre - test, pos - test de grupos pareados, tenía como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de una intervención basada en el Proceso de Adopción de Precauciones (PAP) en la disminución o abandono del consumo de cigarrillo en estudiantes universitarios de tres Instituciones de Educación Superior. En la investigación se retomaron elementos claves del PAP: motivación, percepción de vulnerabilidad, susceptibilidad, costos y beneficios, balance decisional y cambio como resultado primero de un funcionamiento cognitivo y luego de la planeación, así como el resultado del paso consecutivo por siete etapas. A partir de estos elementos se desarrolló una intervención que se aplicó a través de 6 sesiones de trabajo y al finalizar se compararon los resultados de las pruebas pre y post del grupo experimental con las del control. Para clasificar a las personas en el grupo experimental o en el grupo control se utilizó el Cuestionario para la Clasificación de Consumidores de Cigarrillo (C4) Londoño y Rodríguez, (2007), el Cuestionario de Expectativas hacia el Cigarrillo (CEC) Londoño y Rodríguez, (en prensa) y el Cuestionario de Motivación (Tentación). Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos en las medidas de nivel consumo, expectativas y motivación, (Londoño y Rodríguez, 2007). Finalmente se discuten estos y otros hallazgos importantes.
The present study, that used a quasi-experimental pre-test post-test design for paired groups, aimed at assessing the effect of an intervention based on the so called Precautions Adoption Process (PAP) in the reduction or cessation of smoking in university students from three Higher Education Institutions. The research took into account some key elements of PAP: motivation, vulnerability perception, susceptibility, cost and benefit, decisional balance and change, as a result of cognitive functioning and planning in the first place, and later to the passage through seven consecutive stages. Starting from these elements, an intervention program was developed and implemented in six work sessions. At the end, results from pre-test and post -test measurements of both the experimental and control groups were compared. In order to classify participants for each one of these groups several instruments were used: The Classification of Cigarette Consumers Questionnaire (C4) by Londoño, Rodríguez y Gantiva (in press), the Expectations Regarding Cigarettes Questionnaire (CEC) by Londoño y Rodríguez (2007) and the Motivation Questionnaire (Temptation). Results showed significant differences between groups in the level of consumption, expectations and motivation (Londoño y Rodríguez, 2007). These and other important findings are discussed.
O objetivo deste estudo -com um desenho quase-experimental pré e pós-teste de grupos pareados- es avaliar o efeito da aplicação de uma intervenção baseada no processo de adoção de precaução (PAP) na redução ou cessação do tabagismo entre estudantes de três instituições universitárias. Retomaram-se elementos fundamentais do PAP: motivação, percepção de vulnerabilidade, suscetibilidade, custos e benefícios, balance de decisão e mudança como resultado de uma função cognitiva, do planejamento e da passagem de sete etapas consecutivas. A partir destes elementos, se desenvolveu uma intervenção distribuída em seis sessões de trabalho. Depois, compararam-se os resultados das provas de pré e pós-teste do grupo experimental com as do grupo de controle. Para classificar as pessoas no grupo experimental ou no grupo controle, utilizou-se o Questionário de Classificação de Consumidores Tentativa (C4) de Londoño y Rodríguez (2007), o Questionário de Expectativas para o Cigarro (CEC), de Londoño y Rodriguez (no prelo) e o Questionário de Motivação (Tentação). Os resultados mostraram diferenças significativas entre os grupos nas medidas de nível de consumo, expectativas e motivação (Londoño y Rodríguez, 2007). Finalmente, discutimos estes e outros resultados importantes.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Fumar , Adolescente , Precauções Universais , Prevenção SecundáriaRESUMO
Objective To understand the cigarette consumption of Guangzhou residents and its influencing factors. Method The stratified random sampling was adopted and the selected families were visited by trained investigators with questionnaire from April to August in 2004. Results 27718 residents over 15 years old were investigated. The smoking rate was 22.7%, and 46.2% for male and 2.0% for female. The currently smoking rate was 19.9% (male 40.5% and female 1.6%). The currently smokers lighted up their first cigarette when they were 20 years old in median and their consumption were averagely 14.3 sticks everyday. 13.1% smokers tried to quit smoking. 9.4% people who once gave up cigarette picked it up again. The Logistic Stepwise Regression analysis showed sex (OR=0.022, 95%CI: 0.019~0.026), education (OR=0.697, 95%CI: 0.659~0.737), family income(OR=0.975, 95%CI: 0.955~0.995)and alcohol drinking(OR=2.687, 95%CI: 2.467~2.927)were found to be the influencing factors for individual smoking. Conclusion The resident smoking rate was lower in Guangzhou than that in Guangdong province or in China but it was still very higher. The most smokers were male and little of them quitted smoking. The tobacco control should be enhanced.