Bidirectional and cross-lag relationship between social media use and psychological wellbeing: evidence from an Indian adolescent cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: In an online era like today, the relationship between social media and depression among adolescents and young adults is erratic and still continues to be a debatable subject. The study aims to examine the association and bi-directional relationship between social media usage and depressive symptoms among the adolescent boys and girls in India. METHODS: The study uses data from two waves of Understanding the Lives of Adolescents and Young Adults (UDAYA) project survey conducted in two Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Depression was measured by a Patient Health Questionnaire. Logistic regression has been used for analyzing the data comprising the same time period, whereas the bidirectional relationship between two time periods has been evaluated by Cross-Lagged Path Model. RESULT: Findings suggest that the percentage of moderate depressive symptoms increased from 1.7% to 3.0% from Wave 1 to Wave 2. Depression among adolescent girls increased slightly from wave 1 to wave 2 whereas a slight decrement was noticed in the moderate form of depressive symptom among adolescent girls using social media for the two waves. Socioeconomic factors like education, age, gender played an important role in affecting depression among adolescents in both the Wave of the survey. The path relationship reveals that social media users in Wave 1 [ß=0.22, p<0.001] were positively associated with social media users in Wave 2. Similar patterns were observed for depressive symptoms at both the waves of the survey. However, cross lagged relations between social media use and depression could not be established between the survey periods. CONCLUSION: A significant degree of association was found between social media use and depression among adolescent boys and girls in the study. The present study concludes that factors like age, gender and education showed significant relationships with social media use and depression.

The longitudinal relationship between leisure activities and depressive symptoms among older Chinese adults: an autoregressive cross-lagged analysis approach.

BACKGROUND: Existing studies have shown a correlation between leisure activities and depressive symptoms in older adults, but the direction of the longitudinal relationship is inconsistent. This study used an autoregressive cross-lagged model to examine the longitudinal relationship between leisure activity participation and geriatric depression. METHODS: A total of 7,138 participants aged 60 years or older from the 2nd to the 4th wave of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) were analysed. RESULTS: First, present depressive symptoms were significantly associated with future depressive symptoms (ß2013-2015 = .893, p < .001; ß2015-2018 = .946, p < .001), and the same rule applied to leisure activities (ß2013-2015 = .402, p < .001; ß2015-2018 = .404, p < .001). Second, current depressive symptoms negatively predicted future leisure activities (ß2013-2015 = -.071, p < .001; ß2015-2018 = -.085, p < .001), but the inverse relationship was not statistically significant (ß2013-2015 = -.003, p > .05; ß2015-2018 = -.003, p > .05). CONCLUSION: These findings underscore the importance of interventions targeting depressive symptoms to potentially enhance engagement in leisure activities among older adults. The results contribute to the understanding of the complex dynamics between mental health and lifestyle choices in older populations, highlighting the potential of proactive mental health interventions to improve overall well-being.

Relationship between Value-Based Behaviors and Scheduled Activities of University Students before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Cross-Lagged Model.

University students are in a phase during which they have various experiences typical in the academic environment and face situations that require adaptability and influence value formation. In the abnormal situation of the COVID-19 pandemic, university students' life rhythms, academic, interpersonal, and financial situations have changed drastically. In those situational cues, the value-based behavior of university students may have changed. Values provide purpose and direction for each action. Furthermore, values are situational goals that lead to specific real-time behavior. Therefore, this study aimed to examine whether there is a two-way influencing relationship between value-based behavior and scheduled activities of university students at two points in time (before the COVID-19 pandemic and during the COVID-19 pandemic). 417 university students answered a questionnaire at Times 1 and 2 (with a 1-year interval). We examined the relationship between value-based behavior and scheduled activities using a longitudinal cross-lagged model analysis. The findings of this study indicate that promoting value-based behaviors is positively associated with the frequency of value-based behaviors and scheduled activities even during anomalies such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Even in anomalous situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic, increasing value-based behaviors such as behavioral activation can improve the lives of university students. Future intervention studies should show whether behavioral activation is effective in decreasing depressive symptoms among university students even in abnormal situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

Body mass index, internalizing behavior and executive function: examining trait-state effects from age 2 to 15.

This study aimed to examine the reciprocal relation between body mass index and internalizing behavior from age 2 to 15, and also the predictive role of executive function. This study included a subset sample of 640 children (47% were male) from the National Institute of Child Health and Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. A refined random-intercept cross-lagged model was employed to analyze: (1) the reciprocal relation between children's body mass index and internalizing behavior assessed in eight waves from age 2 to 15; (2) the predictive role of executive functioning in both children's body mass index and internalizing behavior. Trait-level body mass index-to-internalizing behavior association was not found; a significant state-level prediction from body mass index in 5th grade to internalizing behavior in 6th grade was found. Executive function was significantly associated with trait-level body mass index, trait-level internalizing behaviors, and state-level internalizing behaviors. The findings suggest that deficits in children's executive functioning may be a shared risk associated with both high body mass index and internalizing behaviors. From an intervention perspective, this study highlighted the importance of targeting executive function to intervene in children's obesity or internalizing behaviors.

Parental Coping Strategies as Predictors and Outcomes of Bullying: Longitudinal Relationships Between Child Victimization, Parent-Child Communication, and Parent-Teacher Consultation.

Parental actions, such as parent-child communication and parent-teacher consultation about a child's social adjustment, have been addressed as predictors, but not as outcomes of victimization. This study, based on the Bronfenbrenner's social-ecological model, considered them as outcomes as well as predictors of child victimization and examined their longitudinal bi-directional relationship with child victimization. Data were drawn from the Seoul Education Longitudinal Study, where a total of 4005 Korean youth (female = 43.6%, age mean = 12.43, SD = 1.48 in the first wave), and their parents (female = 87%) were surveyed for six waves (when the youth were 7th to 12th grade). Autoregressive cross-lagged analyses revealed that child victimization positively predicted parent-teacher consultation and negatively predicted parent-child communication, and of these strategies, only parent-child communication was a statistically significant negative predictor of subsequent victimization. The results of this study suggest that parents tend to talk with teachers instead of their own children when bullying occurs, but it is ineffective in preventing further victimization. Communicating with one's children, which is a less common reaction, appears to be a better preventative measure.

Longitudinal Relationships Among Child School Engagement, Parental Monitoring, and Child Prosocial Behavior: A Child-Parent Synergistic Mechanism.

Numerous contextual factors have been identified that impact the development of children's prosocial behavior, yet the influence of child-initiated factors on prosocial behavior and its underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study employed three longitudinal models to examine in depth how children's school engagement may promote the development of their own prosocial behavior. Three-wave longitudinal data from 4691 children (M age = 9.480, SD = 0.507; 48.2% female) with 2-year intervals were used. Sequentially, a cross-lagged panel model, a random intercept cross-lagged panel model, and a parallel process latent growth model were constructed. The findings indicated that children's school engagement consistently predicted the future level, dynamic changes at within-person level, and long-term trends in their prosocial behavior, and these longitudinal relationships were partially mediated by parental monitoring. These results reveal a child-parent synergistic mechanism for the development of prosocial behavior, wherein children's school engagement both directly promotes their own prosocial behavior and simultaneously enhances prosocial behavior through eliciting increased parental monitoring.

Longitudinal joint modeling for assessing parallel interactive development of latent ability and processing speed using responses and response times.

To measure the parallel interactive development of latent ability and processing speed using longitudinal item response accuracy (RA) and longitudinal response time (RT) data, we proposed three longitudinal joint modeling approaches from the structural equation modeling perspective, namely unstructured-covariance-matrix-based longitudinal joint modeling, latent growth curve-based longitudinal joint modeling, and autoregressive cross-lagged longitudinal joint modeling. The proposed modeling approaches can not only provide the developmental trajectories of latent ability and processing speed individually, but also exploit the relationship between the change in latent ability and processing speed through the across-time relationships of these two constructs. The results of two empirical studies indicate that (1) all three models are practically applicable and have highly consistent conclusions in terms of the changes in ability and speed in the analysis of the same data set, and (2) additional analysis of the RT data and acquisition of individual processing speed measurements can reveal the parallel interactive development phenomena that are difficult to detect using RA data alone. Furthermore, the results of our simulation study demonstrate that the proposed Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo estimation algorithm can ensure accurate model parameter recovery for all three proposed longitudinal joint models. Finally, the implications of our findings are discussed from the research and practice perspectives.

Longitudinal Relationship between L2 Grit and Motivational Regulation Strategy in University Second Language Learning: An Autoregressive Cross-lagged Model Study.

Despite the significance of grit and motivational regulation strategies (MRS) to language learning, limited research has been conducted on their longitudinal interplay. The present study explores the relationship between these two constructs in an English as a second language (L2) learning context through a longitudinal design. This study utilizes repeated measures of L2 grit and MRS at two time points (T1 and T2) to investigate the direction of influence between them and proposes and evaluates four models: an autoregressive model, two unidirectional models, and a bidirectional model. Using questionnaire data from 205 Chinese university students to evaluate the models, results from model assessment revealed that L2 grit at T1 positively predicted L2 grit at T2 and that MRS at T1 positively predicted MRS at T2. While L2 grit showed stability, MRS developed over time. The unidirectional model with L2 grit at T1 as a predictor of MRS at T2 was identified as the model of best fit, indicating that L2 grit at an earlier time unidirectionally influenced MRS at a later time. Based on these findings, we conclude that there is a unidirectional influence between L2 grit and MRS: the former plays an influential role in shaping MRS in L2 learning over time. Implications and recommendations for future research are discussed. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the dynamics between the two constructs, which in turn impacts language learning persistence and success, offering valuable insights for educators, policymakers, and researchers striving to optimize language learning environments and interventions.

Exploring the reciprocal relationship between activities of daily living disability and depressive symptoms among middle-aged and older Chinese people: a four-wave, cross-lagged model.

BACKGROUND: Early studies have shown a relationship between activities of daily living (ADL) disability and depressive symptoms in older people. However, discussions on the direction of this relationship are insufficient. The study's objective was to assess the reciprocal relationship between ADL disability and depressive symptoms among middle-aged and older Chinese people. METHOD: Data was collected in four waves of a nationwide survey, the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), which was carried out in 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2018. In total, this study included 4,124 participants aged ≥ 45 years at baseline. A summing score of the eleven items for basic activities of daily living (BADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) was calculated to indicate the degree of ADL disability. The 10-item Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CESD-10) was adopted to measure depressive symptoms. The reciprocal relationship between ADL disability and depressive symptoms was tested by cross-lagged models. RESULT: At baseline, 911 (22.1%) participants were classified as having difficulties with ADL, and the prevalence of depressive symptoms was 34.4% (1,418). Among middle-aged and older people in China, there was a significant reciprocal and longitudinal relationship between ADL disability and depressive symptoms. People who had difficulty with ADL faced a higher risk of depressive symptoms, and those who suffered from depressive symptoms were accompanied by an increase in ADL disability in the following years. The subgroup analysis on age also showed that ADL disability was reciprocally and longitudinally related to depressive symptoms. However, only women showed similar results in the subgroup analysis on gender. CONCLUSION: This study shows that ADL disability is bi-directionally related to depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older Chinese people over time. The results suggest we should identify ADL disability and bad psychological conditions in time to prevent subsequent mutual damage among middle-aged and older Chinese people, a vulnerable group rising in the future.

Does #Tamojunto alter the dynamic between drug use and school violence among youth? Secondary analysis from a large cluster-randomized trial.

The present study investigated how intervention might alter the relationship between perpetrating violence and later drug use. A cluster-randomized controlled trial design involving 72 schools (38 intervention, 34 control) and 6390 students attending grades 7 and 8 was employed in Brazil. Drug use and violence were assessed at three points. A random-intercept cross-lagged panel model examined the reciprocal association between drug use and school violence domains across the three data collection waves. For both groups, we found that the cross-lagged effect of perpetration on further drug use in adolescents was stronger than the reverse, but the interrelationship was not statistically significant between #Tamojunto and control schools. The carry-over effects of drug use and violence were also not significantly different between groups. There is a lack of evidence showing that #Tamojunto can modify the dynamics between drug use and school violence across the 21-month period. The direction of the causal effect (i.e., the more perpetration behavior, the more subsequent drug use behavior) is present, but weak in both groups. The trial registration protocol at the national Brazilian Register of Clinical Trials (REBEC) is #RBR-4mnv5g.

Longitudinal relationships among career adaptability, resilience, and career commitment in chinese nursing undergraduates: testing differences in career interest between cross-lagged models.

PURPOSE: Various physiological and psychological negative situations experienced by nurses as a result of COVID-19 pandemic have been shown to increase their perception of organizational difficulty and decrease their career commitment, thereby accelerating the turnover rate of nurses. Resilience and career adaptability have important influences on career commitment, so there is a need to evaluate the relationships between them and the underlying mechanisms. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Using a cross-lagged design, the Career Adaptability Scale, the Chinese version of career commitment, and Davidson's Resilience Scale as research methods, we studied 692 nursing students for two consecutive years to evaluate the relationship among career adaptability, resilience, and career commitment. RESULTS: Career adaptability at T1 substantially and positively predicts the career commitment at T2. Career adaptability and resilience are mutually predictive. No interaction is found between resilience and career commitment over time. There is a substantial difference in the cross-lagged relationship among career adaptability, resilience, and career commitment for low- and high-career interest. CONCLUSION: Our results show the importance of developing career commitment early on. Developing career adaptability, enhancing resilience, and increasing career interest in nursing students might help to increase career commitment.

Optimism, pessimism and support in older couples: A longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVES: Optimism is linked to varied advantageous outcomes, ranging from improved health to better relationships, while pessimism is linked to reduced well-being. Relatively little is known about how optimism and pessimism may work together to shape the perception of support within marital relationships, and whether perceived support can affect couple-members' optimism and pessimism. METHOD: We used three waves of a nationally representative sample of older couples (N = 1681 couples), spanning a period of eight years. Partners reported perceived support, optimism, and pessimism in each wave. We used a random-intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) to test within- and between-person effects. RESULTS: At the within-person level, husbands', but not wife's, future expectations were associated with partners' perceived marital support; increases in husbands' pessimism on a given wave were related to decreases in husbands' perceived marital support at the next wave, and vice versa (i.e., actor effect). Within the same wave, increases in husbands' pessimism were associated with wives' decreased perceived marital support. At the between-person level, both partners' optimism and pessimism were associated with marital support. DISCUSSION: Findings suggest that changes in husbands' levels of pessimism propel marital support experiences of both partners. At the methodological level, results highlight the importance of examining interpersonal processes at both the within- and between-levels of analyses, as they may yield divergent patterns.

Reciprocal associations between affectual, associational, and normative solidarity with parents during children's early to established adulthood.

Intergenerational solidarity has become increasingly important to understand, as close family members mobilize the provision of social support across generations and contribute to family wellbeing. However, less is known about continuity and change in normative (eldercare norms), affectual, and associational solidarity with mothers and fathers as children emerge into full or established adulthood. Therefore, we focused on reciprocal associations between three dimensions of intergenerational solidarity (normative, affectual, and associational) as reported by young-adult children from their early twenties to late thirties. Data were derived from respondents in the Longitudinal Study of Generations: daughters reported about relationships with 291 mother-father pairs and sons reported about relationships with 309 mother-father pairs in 2000, 2005, and 2016. Autoregressive cross-lagged models prospectively predicted mutual influences among the three dimensions of solidarity across daughter-parent and son-parent relationships. In addition, multiple group analysis was conducted to examine the children's gender difference. We found that normative solidarity and emotional closeness with mothers were mutually reinforcing in daughters' and sons' parental relationships. However, normative solidarity predicted emotional closeness with fathers in both daughter-parent and son-parent relationships. The study concludes that sons and daughters establish eldercare norms based on emotional components of solidarity with mothers, and suggest that filial duty is a key reason why mother-child relations become close over the family life course.

La solidaridad intergeneracional se ha vuelto cada vez más importante de comprender, ya que los familiares cercanos movilizan el apoyo social entre las generaciones y contribuyen al bienestar familiar. Sin embargo, se sabe poco acerca de la continuidad y el cambio en la solidaridad normativa (las normas de cuidado de los adultos mayores), afectiva y asociativa con las madres y los padres a medida que los hijos entran en la adultez completa o definitiva. Por lo tanto, nos centramos en las asociaciones recíprocas entre las tres dimensiones de solidaridad intergeneracional (normativa, afectiva y asociativa) según lo informado por los hijos jóvenes-adultos desde sus veinte hasta sus cuarenta años. Los datos se tomaron de personas encuestadas en el Estudio Longitudinal de Generaciones: las hijas informaron acerca de las relaciones con 291 pares de madres y padres y los hijos informaron acerca de las relaciones con 309 pares de madres y padres en los años 2000, 2005 y 2016. Los modelos autorregresivos de retardo cruzado predijeron prospectivamente influencias mutuas entre las tres dimensiones de solidaridad en las relaciones entre la hija y el padre/la madre y las relaciones entre el hijo y el padre/la madre. Además, se realizaron análisis multigrupo para analizar la diferencia de género de los hijos. Descubrimos que la solidaridad normativa y la cercanía emocional con las madres se reforzaron mutuamente en las relaciones parentales de las hijas y los hijos. Sin embargo, la solidaridad normativa predijo la cercanía emocional con los padres tanto en las relaciones entre la hija y el padre/la madre como en las relaciones entre el hijo y el padre/la madre. En el estudio se llega a la conclusión de que los hijos y las hijas establecen normas de cuidado de los adultos mayores basándose en los componentes emocionales de la solidaridad con las madres, y se sugiere que el deber filial es un motivo clave por el cual las relaciones entre madre e hijos se vuelven cercanas durante el transcurso de la vida familiar.

Cooperative and Competitive Attitudes During Adolescence and Their Social and Academic Outcomes.

Individuals develop diverse social attitudes during adolescence. This study focused on adolescents' cooperative and competitive attitudes from grades 7-11 and their outcomes in grade 12. The sample included 6,908 South Korean adolescents (47.6% girls, mean age = 12.83, range = 12-15). Latent cross-lagged models revealed negative directional associations between cooperative and compet itive attitudes for grades 7-10, but no significant associations for grades 10-11. Cooperative attitudes contributed more to social than academic outcomes, whereas competitive attitudes more positively predicted academic outcomes. The results suggest that educators who support early to mid-adolescents' cooperative or competitive attitudes need to strike a delicate balance as these attitudes do not change independently and both have distinct strengths and weaknesses.

A longitudinal study investigating the relationships among multicultural receptivity, sense of community, and self-esteem of Korean adolescents.

The relative homogeneity in ethnicity and language of native Koreans and their highly competitive lifestyle, especially among adolescents preparing for college, have limited their solidarity with heterogeneous ethnic groups, which may cause problems in this global era. This study uses the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey to explore the relationships among multicultural receptivity, sense of community, and self-esteem for Korean adolescents over three time points. For this purpose this study conducted an autoregressive cross-lagged path analysis, controlling for covariates such as gender, parenting style, peer attachment, and satisfaction with academic achievement. The cross-lagged effects on each other of self-esteem and sense of community were positive over time. The cross-lagged effects on each other of multicultural receptivity and self-esteem were not statistically significant. The results were less symmetrical for the third pairing: the effects of multicultural receptivity on sense of community were consistently positive, but the effects of sense of community on multicultural receptivity were not statistically significant. To enhance the sense of community, promoting multicultural receptivity and self-esteem would therefore show good results.

Bi-directional relationships between physical activity and mental health among a large sample of Canadian youth: a sex-stratified analysis of students in the COMPASS study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this research was to examine the bidirectional association between self-reported symptoms of mental disorder and physical activity among a large sample of Canadian secondary school students over time. METHODS: Linked survey data were obtained from 28,567 grade 9 to 12 students across Canada participating in two waves of the COMPASS Study (2017-18; 2018-19). Autoregressive cross-lagged models were run to examine the reciprocal relationships between self-reported moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and symptoms of depression (CESD-10) and anxiety (GAD-7). Models were stratified by gender, and accounted for grade, ethno-racial identity, and school-level clustering. RESULTS: Autoregressive associations show that neither symptoms of anxiety nor depression, at baseline, were predictive of mean MVPA at follow-up - consistent for the full sample and among both males and females. Higher MVPA among males at baseline was associated with lower symptoms of both anxiety (ß = - 0.03, p = 0.002) and depression (ß = - 0.05, p < 0.001) at follow-up. However, among females, higher MVPA at baseline was associated with greater symptoms of anxiety (ß = 0.03, p < 0.001), but not symptoms of depression (ß = 0.01, p = 0.073), at follow-up. CONCLUSION: In our large sample of Canadian secondary school students, associations between physical activity and symptoms of mental disorder were not bi-directional, and these relationships differed in males and females. This study illustrates the complex nature of the relationship between physical activity and symptoms of mental disorder among youth. While results support the benefits of promoting physical activity among males to prevent or manage internalizing symptoms, the relationship among females warrants further investigation.

Bidirectional relationship between parental psychological control and adolescent maladjustment.

INTRODUCTION: This study explores the longitudinal and bidirectional relations between paternal/maternal psychological control and adolescent maladjustment (i.e., internalizing symptoms, aggression, and association with deviant peers). METHODS: This longitudinal investigation was conducted at two time points over a one-year interval with participants comprising 543 Chinese adolescents aged 10 to 13 (mean age at Time 1 = 11.29; 51.93% girls). The performed measurements encompassed paternal/maternal psychological control, adolescent internalizing symptoms, aggression, association with deviant peers, and demographic information. RESULTS: The findings of a cross-lagged model analysis revealed that paternal psychological control was longitudinally and positively related to adolescent internalizing symptoms and aggression. Maternal psychological control was not significantly related to any domain of adolescent maladjustment. In turn, adolescent association with deviant peers was longitudinally and positively associated with both parents' psychological control. CONCLUSIONS: Parental psychological control was bidirectionally associated with adolescent maladjustment in general, and paternal psychological control played a crucial role on adolescent maladjustment in the Chinese cultural context. The study's findings supported the reciprocal model of parent-child interaction, and extended it by highlighting the apprehension of the characteristics of parental impact from a cultural perspective. The study results add to the current scholarly understanding of parental psychological control in the non-western cultural context.

Longitudinal associations between cybervictimization, anger rumination, and cyberaggression.

Adolescents' involvement in cyberbullying has been a growing public health concern for some time. Cybervictimization and cyberaggression are two phenomena that previous research has often shown to be associated. However, longitudinal research into these associations and also into potential risk factors for these phenomena is less common. Anger rumination is a proven risk factor for aggressive behavior, but the relationship between anger rumination and victimization is not clear. The present longitudinal study investigated the associations between cybervictimization, anger rumination and cyberbullying in a sample of 3017 adolescents (MW1 = 13.15; SD = 1.09; 49% girls) from 7th to 9th grade. The European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire and the Anger Rumination Scale were administered in four waves with 6 months intervals over a total period of 18 months. The associations between the variables were analyzed with a cross-lagged model. We found that: cybervictimization predicted anger rumination and cyberaggression; anger rumination was associated with later increases in both cybervictimization and cyberaggression: but involvement in cyberaggression predicted neither subsequent involvement in cybervictimization, nor in anger rumination. In addition, cybervictimization was found to mediate the association between anger rumination and cyberaggression. This study expands the understanding of the factors associated with cybervictimization and cyberaggression, and its results indicate that intervention programs should focus on boosting self-control to decrease impulsive behavior and protocols to prevent and intervene in cyberbullying.

The development of grit and growth mindset during adolescence.

Individual differences in grit and growth mindset predict effort and achievement in the face of challenges, but little is known about how the two traits influence each other during adolescence. In the current investigation, we analyzed data on grit and growth mindset collected from 1667 adolescents and their teachers on four occasions over 2 academic years. In autoregressive cross-lagged models, grit predicted rank-order increases in growth mindset and growth mindset predicted rank-order increases in grit. These findings suggest that during adolescence, grit and growth mindset are distinct but mutually reinforcing.

Relations among Perceptions of Neighborhood Cohesion and Control and Parental Monitoring across Adolescence.

Social disorganization theory argues that disadvantaged neighborhoods will have less cohesion and control, and therefore will be less conducive to effective parental monitoring. This study aims to test these relationships using four waves of the Pitt Mother and Child Project (ages 11, 12, 15, and 17). The sample consists of 185 low-income males and their parents, 56.44% of whom identify as White, and 34.67% of whom identify African American. Crossed-lagged path models were estimated and the indirect effect of neighborhood disadvantage on parental monitoring through neighborhood cohesion and control was estimated. Separate models were estimated for parental and adolescent perceptions of parental monitoring. The results demonstrate a positive relationship between parental perception of neighborhood social cohesion and parental monitoring, and a negative relationship found between parental perceptions of neighborhood social control and parental monitoring in both models. The findings of this study suggests that neighborhoods may be an important target for interventions that are aiming to improve parental monitoring and ultimately adolescent outcomes.