Depth in Cultural Socialization in Families with Children Adopted from China.

Parents raising children adopted from a different racial/ethnic group usually engage in cultural socialization-providing activities in adoptees' birth culture-hoping to instill pride and help adoptees develop a positive identity. Adoptive parents engage in a wide variety of socialization activities, yet adult adoptees have reported not having deep enough exposure from their parents. The present study explored the depth of cultural socialization in transracial adoptive families. Informed by Pinderhughes' Ethnic-Racial Socialization model, this study developed a continuum examining the depth in cultural socialization with three indicators: (1) the depth of cultural activities, (2) parents' motivation for cultural socialization, and (3) parental cultural attitudes. Qualitative analyses of 41 White parents raising children adopted from China found that parents' motivation and acknowledgement of cultural differences reflected deep appreciation of adoptees' birth culture, however, activities they provided were not as deep. Activities that facilitated close relationships with people who shared adoptees' background in a natural context appeared to provide the deepest cultural connection. Despite limitations, the study demonstrated that the depth continuum was able to capture variations and nuances in cultural socialization. Suggestions for future research and recommendation for practice were also included.

Los padres que crían a niños adoptados de grupos étnicos o raciales diferentes generalmente se interesan por la socialización cultural y ofrecen actividades de la cultura de origen del adoptado con la esperanza de inculcarle orgullo y ayudarlo a desarrollar una identidad positiva. Los padres adoptivos participan en una amplia variedad de actividades de socialización (p. ej.: Quiroz, 2012), sin embargo, los adoptados adultos han informado no recibir una exposición suficientemente profunda de parte de sus padres (p. ej.: Day et al., 2015). El presente estudio analizó la profundidad de la socialización cultural en familias adoptivas interraciales. Basándose en el "Modelo de Socialización Étnico-Racial" de 2010 de Pinderhughes, este estudio desarrolló un continuo analizando la profundidad de la socialización cultural con tres indicadores: (1) la profundidad de las actividades culturales (2) la motivación de los padres para la socialización cultural y (3) las actitudes culturales de los padres. Los análisis cualitativos de 41 padres blancos que criaban a niños adoptados de China descubrieron que la motivación de los padres y el reconocimiento de las diferencias culturales reflejaban una profunda valoración de la cultura natal de los adoptados, sin embargo, las actividades que ofrecieron no fueron igual de profundas. Aparentemente, las actividades que facilitaron las relaciones cercanas con personas que compartían el origen de los adoptados en un contexto natural ofrecieron la conexión cultural más profunda. A pesar de las limitaciones, el estudio demostró que el continuo de la profundidad pudo captar las variaciones y los matices de la socialización cultural. También se incluyeron sugerencias para futuras investigaciones y recomendaciones para la práctica.

Management of cultural tourism in Ban Toon, Muang District, Phayao Province, Thailand during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background Add ABSTRACT above the background: The research aims to study the process of managing cultural tourism in the community and assess the socio-economic impact on the community with the help of eight key contributors to the project who play an essential role in the implementation of cultural tourism management. Methods: We prepared field notes from interviews and observations, and provided details from data collection (in the form of transcripts). Thematic analysis was employed to answer the research questions using a content analysis tool to obtain the community context in cultural tourism and tourism management dimensions. Participatory Action Research (PAR) was employed to meet the needs of stakeholders and test tourism routes through such routes. The tourism route development was evaluated using descriptive statistics. Results: There is one new cultural tourism route and the process of managing cultural tourism developed community-level organizations with spiritual leaders as the main advisors. The result of the net present value (NPV) analysis is 917,149 baht or 27,792$. The return from the implementation of this project (the internal rate of return (IRR)) is 11.32%. In addition, the ratio of the sum of the present value over the life of the project to the sum of the present value of the cost over the life of the project is 2.45 times, giving the project, if continued, an income 2.45 times greater than its expenditure. Conclusions: Cultural tourism management in Ban Toon, Muang District, and Phayao Province during the COVID-19 pandemic can be used as a guideline in other communities with similar contexts.

Assessing the environmental impacts of three different types of accommodations in Portugal and Spain by using an LCA approach.

The tourism industry, affected by COVID-19, must reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This study evaluated the environmental impact of three hotels in coastal and mountainous regions of Spain and Portugal using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Data was gathered via surveys in the Greentour tool. Results indicate that the 2-star hotel (focused on cultural-urban tourism) has the highest impacts in most categories, except for CC, FRD, and POF indicators. The 3-star hotel (beach tourism) contributes the most to CC and FRD indicators, while the hostel (nature-religious tourism) has the highest value in the POF indicator. LCA findings reveal that diesel consumption in the hostel and electricity usage in both the 2-star and 3-star hotels are major contributors to environmental impacts across various categories. Overall, evidence suggests that fossil fuel and electricity usage significantly affect tourism activities environmentally. Interestingly, this study highlights that a 2-star hotel can have a higher carbon footprint (CC indicator) compared to a 3-star hotel, challenging the notion that higher star ratings imply lower environmental impact.

The use of intangible heritage and creative industries as a tourism asset in the UNESCO creative cities network.

The creative economy has been recognized as key in urban development and planning, which the UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN) consolidates. While benefiting from the label, the tourism sector also plays a fundamental role in the creative strategy. This paper explores how intangible heritage and creative industries can work as a tourism asset for creative cities and thus participate in their development. An NVivo thematic content analysis of all the tourism-related actions listed in the UCCN reports was performed to identify what types of cultural tourism products and actions are linked to the creative cities and to understand how they relate to their UNESCO creative fields to detect gaps and potentials. Tourism activity represents 17% of the total actions listed in the creative cities' reports, mostly concentrated in the Crafts & Folk Art field. The empirical results highlight tendencies that can be applied and adapted to future destinations with intangible assets on their territory and that want to work with the creative industries. Thus, this paper unveils an underexplored potential of synergies between two important economic and creative activities.

Low-carbon municipal solid waste management using bio-based solutions and community participation: The case study of cultural tourism destination in Nan, Thailand.

Tourism expansion has led to increased municipal solid waste (MSW) generation, which can exacerbate environmental and societal problems if proper waste management systems are not implemented. The study develops a framework for implementing bio-based solutions (BbS) for MSW management in a cultural tourism destination, using the walking street in Nan, Thailand, as a case study. Four low-carbon waste management scenarios were assessed, including increasing recycling rates (RE), using food waste as animal feed (BbS1), using bagasse containers as a soil conditioner (BbS2), and substituting single-use plastics with bamboo products (BbS3). Results showed that the BbS1 scenario had the highest performance in greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation, reducing 66.3 t CO2e/year, followed by BbS2, RE, and BbS3 scenarios, which reduce GHG by about 12.3, 11, and 1 t CO2e/year, respectively. However, the BbS2 scenario has an additional benefit in returning around 84 kg N/year to the soil. Implementing the combination of RE, BbS1, BbS2, and BbS3 reduced waste to landfills by about 25.5 t MSW/year and reduced GHG emissions by 90.3 t CO2e/year. Enhancing residual waste management is recommended, which can lead to mitigation of about 164.3 t CO2e/year, or 83 % GHG emissions reduction compared to the base case.

Envisioning the futures of cultural tourism.

In the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic, the future of tourism is a much-debated topic both in academic and non-academic circles with commentators expounding contrasting perspectives. This conceptual paper contributes to such debates and aims at envisioning plausible futures of cultural tourism, in particular. For that purpose, we first discuss cultural tourism trends and the future scenarios available in the literature. Then, we articulate three cultural tourism visions of the decades to come: a utopian, a dystopian and a heterotopian vision. Finally, we conclude that the heterotopian vision provides the most nuanced interpretation of the future of cultural tourism and we discuss the potential ramifications of such a vision.

Research on the Integration of Cultural Tourism Industry Driven by Digital Economy in the Context of COVID-19-Based on the Data of 31 Chinese Provinces.

This article examines the impact of digital economy on the integration of China's cultural tourism industry in the context of COVID-19 by measuring the integration degree of cultural tourism industry as a substitute variable of cultural tourism integration. The empirical study found that the development of digital economy during the COVID-19 pandemic did promote the integration of China's cultural tourism industry, and compared with year 2019, the digital economy has strengthened the integration of cultural tourism industry. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the development of digital economy has promoted the integration of China's cultural tourism industry, and the positive effect of digital economy on the integration of China's cultural tourism industry has gradually strengthened compared to previous ones. The digital economy has played a mediating role in the impact of COVID-19 on the integration of China's cultural tourism industry. Therefore, China should formulate macropolicies and digital economy-related policies to strengthen the ability of digital economy to deal with risks and improve the digital system.

Can cultural tourism experience enhance cultural confidence? The evidence from Qingyuan Mountain.

A questionnaire survey was conducted among 600 visitors to the region using Qingyuan Mountain, a 5A picturesque location in Quanzhou City, Fujian Province, as the research site. A total of 489 valid questionnaires were received. The links between cultural involvement, cultural experience, cultural identity, cultural confidence, and cultural loyalty were experimentally examined using a structural equation modeling technique. The results showed that cultural experience was a mediating factor in the processes of the influence of cultural involvement on cultural identity and the influence of cultural involvement on cultural confidence, but the influence of cultural involvement on cultural identity and the influence of cultural involvement on cultural confidence were not supported. The study accordingly condenses theoretical contributions to academia and management insights for businesses.

Change of tourism organizations: Implications from a review of cultural tourism research.

Change has been universally acknowledged as the perpetual theme for routine organizational life. As cultural tourism, a major element of global tourism consumption accounting for 40% of tourism employment, is becoming increasingly flourishing and promising, tourism organizations are also obliged to implement a series of organizational changes to adapt to the trending culturalization in the tourism domain. In light of this, this research, by outlining important sub-themes and trends of cultural tourism research, tracks the evolution of cultural tourism as a research field over the previous decades so as to analyze existing interconnections between the systematic review and tourism organizational change. Based on these interconnections, the research also manages to propose several potential implications for tourism organizations to optimize their future implement of daily organizational changes for the sake of adaptative survival and development.

Tourism destinations and tourist behavior based on community interaction models of film-enabled tourism destinations.

The importance of media-induced tourism has increased in the latest decade. The integration and collaboration of film elements is an especially effective pathway for the innovative development and upgrading of the experience of the cultural tourism industry. Existing studies on the mechanism of tourism destinations and cultural tourism development, mainly from the perspective of tourism destinations and tourist experience, have rarely explored the cultural tourism development mechanism from the perspective of interest-related community interaction in the film-enabling context. In this study, we conducted high-frequency word analysis and element category analysis of the online text data of the Japanese animation film Your Name from the angle of interest-related community interaction through utilizing online text analysis and Grounded Theory analysis. Based on the interest-related community interaction, we analyzed the elements of interest-related community interaction in cultural tourism triggered by the film, including tourist hotspots, tourism resources, the tourist experience, sightseeing expectations, tourism evaluation and information dissemination, and formulated the orientation pathway of film-enabling cultural tourism. In this study, we aimed to enrich cultural tourism research and provide a reference point and theoretical support for film-enabling cultural tourism in the Internet era by introducing the concept of interest-related community innovation to the scene of film-enabling cultural tourism.

From Cultural Tourism to Social Entrepreneurship: Role of Social Value Creation for Environmental Sustainability.

Cross-cultural exchanges among the locals and the tourists have been beneficial in terms of social value creation and sustainability. The present study has examined the role of cultural tourism and social entrepreneurship on social value creation and environmental sustainability. The study has drawn a sample through a non-probabilistic convenience sampling method for desired data collection, as investigators approached tourists visiting the tourism destinations. The study reports data received with the help of tourists visiting cultural heritage in the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan. The study has employed the PLS_SEM approach for analysis purposes to draw the results. The findings showed a significant relationship between cultural tourism, environmental sustainability, and social value creation that significantly predicts environmental sustainability. The results revealed a significant positive association between social entrepreneurship, social value creation, and environmental sustainability. Besides, results showed that social value creation mediates the relationship between cultural tourism and environmental sustainability and social entrepreneurship and environmental sustainability. The study's findings climax the importance of cross-cultural interactions that enriches the cultural understanding and gives new perspectives to the existing cultural traditions. Pursuing environmental sustainability through social value creation requires an excellent combination of the administrative and political collaborative strategy that integrates cultural tourism and social entrepreneurship in tourist destination development and aims to attain improved tourist attractions. Besides, this research identifies a significant effect of cultural tourism on environmental sustainability. However, the relationship between tourism and environmental sustainability is bidirectional. It might provide direction for further study. The findings deliver valuable insight into global cultural tourism and social entrepreneurship activities that provide tourism destinations for community development. This investigation produces a systematic and holistic research framework to help explore the influence of cultural tourism and social value creation on the environmental sustainability at tourism destinations. The generalizability of the findings supplies helpful directions for future research on environmental sustainability related to social entrepreneurship and cultural tourism that leads to social value creation.

Value evaluation of cultural tourism tourists' psychological expectation based on machine learning data mining.

The era of smart tourism has arrived. In the context of big data information, based on the thinking of the entire tourism activity, it is worth thinking about the role of tourism information in tourism activities. This paper proposes a method for evaluating the psychological expectations of tourist destinations by applying the quality function configuration. According to the needs of tourists, the relevant product characteristics of the tourist destination are selected, an evaluation quality house is established, and various relationships within the quality house are weighed, and established a mathematical model for the evaluation of tourists' psychological expectations in tourist destinations. Bringing the methods of machine learning (ML) and data mining (DM) into the research of tourists' psychological expectation value evaluation, ML is one of the main methods to solve the problem of DM. ML is the process of using the system itself to improve itself, therefore, ML is widely used in data mining. The research combines psychology and tourism research, through empirical research, to establish a structural equation model. It analyzes the influence of tourism information on tourists' behavioral decisions, increases the media's variable expectations of tourism, and uses tourist satisfaction and behavior as dependent variables. The results showed that the effect of tourism information on tourists is significantly greater than the expected effect (p = 0.510, P is significant at 0.001 level) than the effect of tourist satisfaction (p = 0.290, P is significant at 0.05 level). Therefore, in order to create good expectations for tourists, the general image of a tourist destination must match the actual local conditions. Using the support vector machine algorithm with the introduction of optimization mechanism to train the feature set of the user data, and then predict the links in Sina Weibo, and obtain higher prediction accuracy and prediction speed. The psychological expectation evaluation model of tourists in tourist destinations can effectively calculate the perceived value of psychological expectation evaluation of tourists in tourist destinations, and help tourists choose reasonable and satisfactory travel plans.

COVID-19 Pandemic and Local Cultural Tourism in the Buzau Carpathians and Subcarpathians (Romania).

The COVID-19 pandemic was and continues to be a major challenge for tourist activities worldwide. Cultural tourism was mostly hit because of the social distancing measures, travel restrictions and ban on people gatherings for cultural events. The current study is trying to provide an overall image of the challenges local cultural tourism has faced during the COVID-19 pandemic in a predominantly rural area of Romania-the Buzau Carpathians and Subcarpathians. The area has a high tourist potential stemming from the complexity and diversity of the natural landscapes and the local historical setting. The survey relies on two field campaigns carried out in 2020 when 161 questionnaires were applied to tourists, businesses and residents. The results highlight the significant impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on small businesses during and after the travel restrictions (e.g., revenue losses, temporary business shut-downs and layoffs/technical unemployment), but also on tourists' travelling preferences and sentiment and on residents' attitudes and behaviour.

Moderating Effects of Religious Tourism Activities on Environmental Risk, Leisure Satisfaction, Physical and Mental Health and Well-Being among the Elderly in the Context of COVID-19.

The purpose of this study is to explore whether religious tourism activities can create a safe leisure environment and improve the well-being of the elderly during the COVID-19 pandemic, with the participants in the Baishatun Mazu pilgrimage in Taiwan as the subjects of this study. A mixed research method was used. First, statistical software and the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data. Then the respondents' opinions were collected. Finally, a multivariate analysis method was used to discuss the results of analysis. The findings showed that the elderly respondents thought that the epidemic prevention information and leisure space planning for the pilgrimage made them feel secure. The elderly believed the scenery, religious atmosphere, and commodities en route could reduce the perception of environmental risks to tourists, relieve pressure on the brain, and increase social opportunities. Therefore, the friendlier the leisure environment around the pilgrimage, the greater the leisure satisfaction among the elderly respondents. The happier the elderly felt, the less they considered the concentration of airborne contaminants, including viruses. The better their physical and mental health was, the less likely they were to want to ask for religious goods.

Research on the Relationship of Consumption Emotion, Experiential Marketing, and Revisit Intention in Cultural Tourism Cities: A Case Study.

Experience marketing plays an important role in improving the quality and upgrading tourism services in cultural tourism cities and helps guide the planning and development, commodity design, and business management of cultural tourism products. However, the urgent problems that need to be solved are as follows: How does experiential marketing in cultural tourism cities affect tourists' consumption behavior? How to adjust consumption emotion in tourist experience and revisit intention? Starting from the experience needs of tourists, this study selected Jinan city, represented by "Qilu culture," as the research object; discussed the relationship between experiential marketing, consumption emotion, and revisit intention; and used a structural equation model to verify the relationship between the three. This study divided the perception of experiential marketing into four dimensions-sensory experience, action experience, emotional experience, and thinking experience, and divided tourists' revisit intention into two dimensions- "revisit" and "recommendation". Totally, 305 tourists were randomly selected to participate in the questionnaire survey, and they came from 34 provinces in China. The results showed that cultural tourism cities can enhance tourists' positive consumption emotion through experiential marketing over time, and high-quality tourist consumption experience directly motivates tourists to revisit intention and then promotes tourists to go to cultural tourism cities for secondary consumption. These results suggest that cultural tourism cities should start from Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, pay attention to the needs of tourists at different levels, and adopt effective experiential marketing strategies from tourism experience to improve the quality of tourists' travel experience and promote tourists' revisit intention.

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Coupling and Coordination of Cultural Tourism and Objective Well-Being in Western China.

A supply of high-quality cultural tourism products effectively promotes people's happiness. This study takes the coupling and coordination relationship between cultural tourism (CT) and objective well-being (OWB) in western China as the research object and constructs an index evaluation system for the development levels of cultural tourism and objective welfare, which are divided into three development stages of dysfunctional, transitional, and coordinated development and 10 coordination levels, including high-quality coordination. The entropy weight method, coupled coordination model, Thiel index, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation were used to calculate the comprehensive development index and coupling coordination degree of the CT and OWB systems in western China from 2007 to 2020, and then their evolution characteristics were analyzed from the perspectives of time and space. The results show the following: (1) The comprehensive development capacity of the CT and OWB systems in the western region shows a relatively consistent growth trend except for 2020, the overall development capacity of objective welfare was relatively high, and the development capacity of cultural tourism was relatively low. (2) The CT and OWB systems were in a state of transition from high coupling and low coordination to high coupling and high coordination, which were divided into three development stages: imbalanced stage (2007-2008), transitional stage (2009-2011), and coordinated development (2012-2020). The coordination degree has developed steadily from moderate misalignment to good coordination over time, and the diversified characteristics of coupling coordination levels are obvious. (3) The spatial equilibrium of the CT and OWB systems is obvious, and the spatial difference in the western region is getting smaller, but the relative gap is widening significantly. (4) The comprehensive development capacity of the cultural tourism system should be enhanced, the spiritual needs of residents based on objective well-being should be met, and the sustainable development of the CT and OWB systems.

The Spanish Language as a Cultural and Touristic Resource for the Chinese Market to Develop Quality Education.

Since 1952, Spanish has been included as a Degree in the Foreign Language Studies in the higher education system of China. The number of Spanish students has gradually increased and, until March 2020, with 6 Universities recently approved by the Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), there are 102 Chinese universities that teach Spanish as a university degree. In 2017, the MOE of the People's Republic of China (PRC) published the Curriculum Plan in the Higher Secondary Schools, which incorporated the teaching of Spanish as a teaching option along with other languages, such as English, Japanese, Russian, German, and French. In the following year, during the Chinese President's state visit to Spain, a cooperation agreement was signed between the Royal Spanish Academy (abbreviated as RAE for its Spanish name) and SISU, under which a RAE-SISU Joint Research Centre was established. This study aims to publicize the situation of Spanish teaching in China, showing how a language can become a cultural and language tourism resource for Spain. An empirical study of student profiles was carried out at one of the most prestigious universities with reference to Spanish teaching in China, SISU. The data were obtained through primary sources employing a survey sent to the Chinese students studying their bachelor's degree of Spanish Philology, obtaining a sample of 159 students. The results revealed information on the studies carried out, also reviewing the most popular universities among the Chinese students in Spain, their stay period, and the destination image that the students have. The data will serve to show the opportunities for Spain as a destination for language tourism for the Chinese market. One of the implications of this study would be that it helps to explain how Spain can design a product for a niche market that demands Spain as a destination for language and cultural tourism.

Research on the Development of Religious Tourism and the Sustainable Development of Rural Environment and Health.

The purpose of the research is to explore how to reach a consensus on the development of cultural tourism and the sustainability of the entire rural environment from the perspective of different rights holders. Using Beigang Township in Taiwan as a case study, we first conducted a questionnaire survey and analyzed 600 respondents by statistical verifications method, then used an interview method to compile suggestions from experts and scholars, and finally conducted a field survey to collect actual information. After summarizing, organizing, and analyzing all the data, the study was examined in a multivariate manner. This study concludes that creating parking spaces, providing a comfortable resting place, facilitating the exchange of ideas, and improving the environmental literacy of the public will increase the public attention to issues such as village visibility, people interaction, ancient architecture, culture and totems, public health and transportation, and entrepreneurial development, as well as address the concerns of local residents and some men and people over 31-40 years old. By doing so, we can improve community building and security, enrich cultural resources, build and develop sufficient industries, stabilize prices, obtain a safe and hygienic village environment, increase the desire to revisit, become a recommendation for family travel, and achieve the goal of sustainable development of rural environment and health.

A Study on the Relationship between Mental Well-Being and Cultural Tourism Guides Based on the Interview Methodology.

The purpose of this study was to find a way for modern tourists to enjoy increased well-being while being provided with high-quality information about cultural assets. In order for tourists to enjoy well-being, cultural tourism guides must provide quality services while using various storytelling techniques. As the number of tourists who are interested in cultural assets and use their leisure time for this purpose increases, quality cultural tourism commentary can be directly connected to the well-being of tourists. Modern tourists can experience richness of life and emotional stability while being provided with cultural tourism commentary services through various storytelling techniques rather than professional knowledge. In order for tourists to effectively experience well-being through cultural tourism commentary, cultural tourism guides need to implement the following effective commentary. First, culture tourism guides should try to have sense of unity with visitors. Second, they should encourage humanistic imagination through related information. Third, they should provide customized explanations for tourists' understanding because tourists consist of various classes and ages. Cultural tourism guides who attract tourists' interest, have appropriate wit, skillful responses to cope with unexpected situations, cheerful laughter, and a loud voice gained satisfaction from many tourists. In modern society, cultural tourism commentators are not limited to simply explaining tourist destinations, but play an important role in satisfying the well-being of modern tourists who seek leisure and emotional stability. The external environment that refers to outdoor atmospherics is also crucial as it influences visitor experiences. In museums, external physical environment factors such as architectural style, positioning of entrances, and exterior décor and signage can be a crucial facet of external ambiance affecting visitor experiences. The external environment (e.g., spacious design, pretty landscape design, outdoor natural surroundings) is a constituent of the tangibility aspect of museum performances. These external environment factors and internal factors together create perceived physical environments that visitors and staff cognitively/emotionally/physiologically respond to. The significance of this study is that various cultural storytelling activities performed by tour guides are examining the possibility of experiencing increased psychological well-being while making tourists as well as themselves aware of the happiness and joy of life.

Analysis on Tourism Value of Traditional Chinese Medicine Culture of Mawangdui Han Dynasty Tomb / 中国中医药信息杂志

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) cultural tourism, with the trait of health and unique features, is based on rich resources of medicine and profound TCM culture. TCM cultural tourism focuses on making tourists get TCM knowledge and enjoy TCM tourism activities. Mawangdui Han Dynasty Tomb, a key scenic spot to develop TCM cultural tourism in Changsha, has advantages of high TCM cultural value with a good geographical position, and superior geographic and tourist viewing conditions. It has a great value in TCM cultural tourism.