[Professional profiles and representations of staff members in Burundi health centers: Socio-professional groups with compartmentalizes knowledge]. / Profils et représentations professionnelles des agents en centre de santé au Burundi : des groupes socio-professionnels aux savoirs cloisonnés.

BACKGROUND: The professional identities, profiles and representations of Burundian health workers remain insufficiently explored. Our twofold objective is to identify the different socio-professional profiles of first-line caregivers and to explore their respective representations of health workers and work. METHODS: The first study describes the overall population of the 1047 staff members employed in 2014-2015 in 62 health centers. The second is a cross-sectional survey conducted in April 2014. Using IRAMUTEQ© software, we conducted textology analysis of the structure and contents of 911 respondents' representations via 3 free associations with regard to 6 questions on the "good worker" and the "what renders one capable of doing good work". RESULTS: At the normative level, among all categories of staff, a relational role is a foundation of professional identity, while technical or administrative functions remain marginal. At the positional level, responses differed according to initial qualification level but not as a function of their role with patients or their professional experience. Three socio-professional categories emerged. The most qualified category (one-quarter of the population) consists primarily of male caregivers, with a high turnover rate (4 years) associated with prospects for further training and career development. These persons present the most professionalized representations of the worker and work. The second quarter has an average level of qualification and turnover (10 years), and is mainly composed of female caregivers with limited professional perspectives. This group's representations are less technical and more patient-centered. Finally, the remaining half consists of relatively low-skilled staff members in charge of technical and logistical support, who are likely to spend their entire career in the same center (>20 years). Largely disregarded by the health care system and its funders, they have few opportunities for training or advancement and despite their long experience, maintain profane representations of workers and work. CONCLUSION: Our results shed light on the predicament of unskilled staff members whose expectations are rarely taken into consideration, even though they represent a significant proportion of the workforce, perform tasks essential to quality of care, and serve as bearers of the memory of their hospital center. These results also highlight the compartmentalization of practices and knowledge between categories of workers and underscore the failure of continuous training strategies targeting the unskilled.

[Music, a vehicle for fulfilment and social development]. / La musique, un vecteur d'épanouissement et de développement social.

The national programme El Sistema was created in Venezuela. Since 10 years, an association based on this project emerge in France. El Sistema France use music for social development and fulfilment for deprived families. Three programmes exist which have set up a multicultural choir, a symphony orchestra in schools and staged an opera.

INFANT AVOIDANCE DURING A TACTILE TASK PREDICTS AUTISM SPECTRUM BEHAVIORS IN TODDLERHOOD.

The experience of touch is critical for early communication and social interaction; infants who show aversion to touch may be at risk for atypical development and behavior problems. The current study aimed to clarify predictive associations between infant responses to tactile stimuli and toddler autism spectrum, internalizing, and externalizing behaviors. This study measured 9-month-old infants' (N = 561; 58% male) avoidance and negative affect during a novel tactile task in which parents painted infants' hands and feet and pressed them to paper to make a picture. Parent reports on the Pervasive Developmental Problems (PDP), Internalizing, and Externalizing scales of the Child Behavior Checklist were used to measure toddler behaviors at 18 months. Infant observed avoidance and negative affect were significantly correlated; however, avoidance predicted subsequent PDP scores only, independent of negative affect, which did not predict any toddler behaviors. Findings suggest that incorporating measures of responses to touch in the study of early social interaction may provide an important and discriminating construct for identifying children at greater risk for social impairments related to autism spectrum behaviors.

Envelhecimento ­ Desafios do Séc. XX / Aging - Challenges of the XXI Century / Vieillissement - Les défis du XXIe Siècle

A relação entre desenvolvimento social, aumento da longevidade e tempo histórico constitui o nosso objecto da análise. Alongamento da vida adulta, novos riscos sociais e consequente necessidade de adaptação das políticas sociais, num tempo histórico de profunda mudança, orienta a reflexão sobre o futuro e o papel de diferentes actores sociais na construção do direito a envelhecer com dignidade e segurança, laço que une as diferentes gerações.

The relationship between social development, longevity increase and historical time is our object of analysis. Stretching adulthood, new social risks and the consequent need to adapt social policies in a historic time of profound change, guides the reflection on the future and role of different social actors in building the right to age with dignity and security, which is a link that unites different generations.

La relation entre développement social, longévité croissante et temps historique, constitue l'objet de notre analyse. L'allongement de la vie adulte, les nouveaux risques sociaux en considérant le besoin d'adaptation des politiques sociales en temps de profond changement social, oriente notre réflexion sur le future et sur le rôle des différents acteurs sociaux dans la construction du droit à vieillir en dignité et sécurité, lien qui unit les différentes générations.