Personalized Cognitive Counseling Reduces Drinking Expectancy Among Men Who Have Sex with Men and Transgender Women in Lima, Peru: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

Personalized cognitive counseling (PCC) is an evidence-based intervention designed to modify HIV-related risk behavior. We assessed the impact of PCC on sexual behavior, drinking expectancy, and incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in a 6-month randomized controlled trial among 153 HIV-uninfected men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TW) in Peru. Study retention was ≥ 90%, with three HIV infections (3 Control) and 19 cases of GC/CT (10 Control, 9 PCC) at 6 months. There was a decline in condomless receptive anal intercourse in the Control (0.74, 95% CI 0.60-0.91; p < 0.01) and PCC arms (0.72, 0.55-0.94; p = 0.02) at 6-month follow-up. There was a decrease in drinking expectancy at 6 months among participants endorsing alcohol use in the PCC arm (0.89, 0.83-0.96; p < 0.01), versus no change in the Control arm (0.98, 0.92-1.04; p = 0.54). PCC was efficacious in reducing drinking expectancy and HIV risk among MSM and TW in Peru.

RESUMEN: La consejería cognitiva personalizada (CCP) es una intervención basada en evidencia diseñada para poder modificar el comportamiento asociado con el riesgo de contraer VIH. Evaluamos el impacto de CCP en el compartimiento sexual, el drinking expectancy, y la incidencia de infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) a través de un estudio controlado aleatorio que duró seis meses e incluyó 153 hombres sin VIH que tienen relaciones sexuales con hombres (HSH) y mujeres transgéneros (MT) en Perú. La retención en el estudio fue ≥90%, con tres infecciones de VIH (3 Control) y 19 casos de GC/CT (10 Control, 9 CCP) a los seis meses. Hubo una disminución de las relaciones sexuales receptivas sin preservativos dentro del grupo Control (0.74, 95% CI: 0.60-0.91; p<0.01) y el grupo CCP (0.72, 0.55-0.94; p=0.02) a los seis meses. También hubo una disminución en el drinking expectancy a los seis meses dentro de los participantes quienes tomaban alcohol dentro del grupo CCP (0.89, 0.83-0.96; p<0.01), versus ningún cambio dentro del grupo Control (0.98, 0.92-1.04; p=0.54). La CCP fue eficaz en disminuir el drinking expectancy y el riesgo de contraer VIH dentro de HSH y MT en Perú.

How Do the Drinking Motives and Expectancies Relate to Drinking Problems among University Students? / 가정의학회지

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated how the alcohol drinking motives and alcohol drinking expectancies, as the internal factors, would relate to university students' alcohol drinking problems. METHODS: The general characteristics, the alcohol drinking problems, the motives to drink, and drinking expectancy were surveyed with 197 university students (106 males, 91 females) who visited the Health Center of Chungnam National University. RESULTS: The alcohol drinking amount per drink (P < 0.001), weekly alcohol drinking frequency (P < 0.001), alcohol drinking problem score (P < 0.001), the score of drinking expectancy (P < 0.001) and motives to drink for each domain (P < 0.05) for male students were significantly higher or larger than those of the female students. The distribution of the number of binge, heavy and at risk drinkers didn't show significant difference between sexes. The drinking problem score, the score of drinking expectancy and motives to drink for each domain showed significant (P < 0.001) positive correlation and male students displayed a higher positive correlation than that of female. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the influence on drinking problem score. The male students' drinking problem score was associated with the score of coping motive, lower grade, the score of enhancement motive and drinking expectancy (R2, 0.325; P < 0.05) whereas those of female students were related to the score of social and coping motive (R2, 0.477; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The common factor that related to drinking problem for both male and female students was the coping motive to resolve negative feeling. In addition, the enhancement motive and drinking expectancy in male students and the social motive in female students were the associated factors.

How Do the Drinking Motives and Expectancies Relate to Drinking Problems among University Students? / 가정의학회지

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated how the alcohol drinking motives and alcohol drinking expectancies, as the internal factors, would relate to university students' alcohol drinking problems. METHODS: The general characteristics, the alcohol drinking problems, the motives to drink, and drinking expectancy were surveyed with 197 university students (106 males, 91 females) who visited the Health Center of Chungnam National University. RESULTS: The alcohol drinking amount per drink (P < 0.001), weekly alcohol drinking frequency (P < 0.001), alcohol drinking problem score (P < 0.001), the score of drinking expectancy (P < 0.001) and motives to drink for each domain (P < 0.05) for male students were significantly higher or larger than those of the female students. The distribution of the number of binge, heavy and at risk drinkers didn't show significant difference between sexes. The drinking problem score, the score of drinking expectancy and motives to drink for each domain showed significant (P < 0.001) positive correlation and male students displayed a higher positive correlation than that of female. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the influence on drinking problem score. The male students' drinking problem score was associated with the score of coping motive, lower grade, the score of enhancement motive and drinking expectancy (R2, 0.325; P < 0.05) whereas those of female students were related to the score of social and coping motive (R2, 0.477; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The common factor that related to drinking problem for both male and female students was the coping motive to resolve negative feeling. In addition, the enhancement motive and drinking expectancy in male students and the social motive in female students were the associated factors.

Effects of Psychosocial Factors and the Genotypes of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase II and Tryptophan Hydroxylase on the Alcohol Use in Freshmen of a University / 대한정신약물학회지

OBJECTIVE: This study was done to investigate the genetic polymorphism of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) II and Tryptophan Hydroxylase (TPH) and examine effects of socio-demographic, psychological and genetic factors on the alcohol use in freshmen of a university in Korea. METHODS: ALDH II (N=534) and TPH (N=504) genotypes of 551 subjects were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The severity of alcohol drinking was assessed by average alcohol use per drinking episode and frequency of drinking per month. Characteristics of alcohol related behaviors, socio-demographic information, and motives and expectancies of drinking in the subjects, were assessed by designed questionnaires and selfreport scales. RESULTS: The frequencies of NN, ND, and DD genotype of ALDH II (N=534) were 64.0%, 30.1%, and 5.8%, while those of AA, AC, and CC genotypes of TPH (N=504) were 31.7%, 48.4%, 19.8% respectively. The distribution of ALDH II genotypes was not correlated with that of TPH genotypes. Subjects with D (-) (NN) genotype showed more average alcohol use per drinking episode (chi2 trend=29.42, p=0.001) and higher severity index of alcohol drinking (F=9.36, df=2, p=0.000) compared with those with D (+) (ND or DD) genotypes. Subjects with D (-) genotype showed higher frequency of heavy drinking behavior (chi2 trend=5.25, p=0.022) and blackout episode (chi2 trend=17.84, p=0.001). Socio-demographic, psychological, and genetic factors seemed to contribute to the severity of alcohol drinking in the subjects. CONCLUSIONS: C allele of TPH genotypes is important in determining the severity of drinking in subjects with NN genotype of ALDH II. Social motive, gender, and D allele of ALDH II genotype are contributing factors to determine the severity of drinking in total subjects. D allele of ALDH II genotypes plays an important role in determining the severity and motives of drinking, and other alcoholrelated behaviors.