RESUMO
Sulfur dioxide-sulfites (E 220-228) were re-evaluated in 2016, resulting in the setting of a temporary ADI of 0.7 mg SO2 equivalents/kg bw per day. Following a European Commission call for data, the present follow-up opinion assesses data provided by interested business operators (IBOs) and additional evidence identified in the publicly available literature. No new biological or toxicological data addressing the data gaps described in the re-evaluation were submitted by IBOs. Taking into account data identified from the literature search, the Panel concluded that there was no substantial reduction in the uncertainties previously identified in the re-evaluation. Therefore, the Panel considered that the available toxicity database was inadequate to derive an ADI and withdrew the current temporary group acceptable daily intake (ADI). A margin of exposure (MOE) approach was considered appropriate to assess the risk for these food additives. A lower confidence limit of the benchmark dose of 38 mg SO2 equivalents/kg bw per day, which is lower than the previous reference point of 70 mg SO2 equivalents/kg bw per day, was estimated based on prolonged visual evoked potential latency. An assessment factor of 80 was applied for the assessment of the MoE. At the estimated dietary exposures, when using a refined exposure scenario (Data set D), MOEs at the maximum of 95th percentile ranges were below 80 for all population groups except for adolescents. The dietary exposures estimated using the maximum permitted levels would result in MOEs below 80 in all population groups at the maximum of the ranges of the mean, and for most of the population groups at both minimum and maximum of the ranges at the 95th percentile. The Panel concluded that this raises a safety concern for both dietary exposure scenarios. The Panel also performed a risk assessment for toxic elements present in sulfur dioxide-sulfites (E 220-228), based on data submitted by IBOs, and concluded that the maximum limits in the EU specifications for arsenic, lead and mercury should be lowered and a maximum limit for cadmium should be introduced.
RESUMO
Este artículo es producto de la investigación "Tasa de ganancia, inversión y producción industrial en Caldas y el área metropolitana de Manizales - Villamaría, 1985 - 2001"(1). En él se analiza la inversión y la toma de decisiones de inversión en la industria manufacturera en el departamento de Caldas y su área metropolitana (Manizales y Villamaría), utilizando como fuentes la Encuesta Anual Manufacturera (EAM), la Encuesta de Opinión Empresarial (EOE) y una encuesta realizada a expertos y empresas en el año 2007. En la primera parte se realiza una presentación bastante sintética del comportamiento de la inversión en Manizales y Caldas durante el período bajo estudio, comparándolo con lo ocurrido con la inversión en Colombia; en un segundo momento se analiza el desenvolvimiento de la variable desde la EOE. En tercer lugar, se construye desde la base de diferentes fuentes teóricas y empíricas (2) la manera en que los empresarios toman decisiones en inversión, acorde con los hallazgos reportados en las entrevistas a expertos y las encuestas a empresarios de la región, constituyéndose éste último tema en un objetivo central de este artículo. Se destaca, dentro de los hallazgos, que la inversión industrial en Caldas y Manizales no fue en el período bajo estudio una variable definitiva en el proceso de desarrollo industrial, lo que se reafirma por el bajo impacto que ésta tuvo en los sectores productivos de mayor importancia para la región y el área metropolitana. Se señala cómo la volatilidad de la inversión, la no recurrencia de la reinversión y el bajo crecimiento de las ganancias reales industriales frenaron un mejor desempeño de la industria en el ámbito del eje cafetero e impactaron la generación de empleo. Al final del período 1985-2001, el área metropolitana de Manizales había tenido una dramática caída de la inversión total industrial, tornándose negativa desde 1995, lo que no fue congruente con el comportamiento del producto bruto y el valor agregado. Así mismo, la inestabilidad de las decisiones de inversión, el crecimiento de la producción dada, la capacidad instalada no empujando la inversión y en menor grado la reducción en los costos laborales, determinó el camino de las ganancias y su estancamiento en las empresas de la región. La inversión perdió dinámica e incidió en que las ganancias reales industriales no crecieran y que paralelamente se produjera una caída en el stock de capital. Desde la encuesta realizada se encontraron interesantes respuestas sobre la toma de decisiones de inversión, puesto que desde la teoría se presupone que las ganancias se utilizan para financiar la inversión y que éstas son tenidas en cuenta en el proceso de toma de decisiones para las nuevas inversiones. Pero en este caso, desde los resultados empíricos hay una relación más cercana con la teoría keynesiana de la inversión que con la kaleckiana.
This article is the product of the research "Earning, investment and industrial production rate in Caldas and the metropolitan area of Manizales - Villamaría, 1985-2001". It analyzes investment and investment decision making in the manufacturing industry in the department of Caldas and its metropolitan area (Manizales and Villamaría), using sources such as Encuesta Anual Manufacturera (EAM) (Annual Manufacturing Survey) and Encuesta de Opinión Empresarial (EOE) (Enterprise Opinion Survey), and a survey carried out with experts and companies in 2007. The first part comprises a fairly synthetic presentation of investment behavior in Manizales and Caldas during the period studied, compared to what happened with investment in Colombia. In a second instance, the development of the variable from the Enterprise Opinion Survey is examined; and thirdly, the investment decision-making process in accordance to what was reported in the interviews with experts and the surveys carried out with employers in the region, built from the basis of different theoretical and empirical sources; with the latter constituting itself as the central objective of this work. Emphasis is placed on the findings that industrial investment in Manizales and Caldas was not, during the period studied, a determining variable in the industrial development process by not having the expected impact on the productive sectors of greater importance, its volatility and non-recurrence impacted the generation of employment. The non growth of real industrial earnings slowed an improved performance in the coffee axis. At the end of the 1985-2001 period, the metropolitan area of Manizales had had a dramatic drop in the total industrial investment, which had become negative since 1995, all of which was not consistent with the gross product and added value behavior. Likewise, the volatility of investment decisions, the growth of the given production, the installed capacity not pushing investment, and, to a lesser degree, the reduction in labor costs, determined the road of the profits and its stagnation in the businesses in the region. Investment lost momentum and affected the growth of industrial real profits, as well as the fall in the capital stock. The survey carried out showed interesting responses, such as the profits being used to finance investment and that they were taken into account in the investment decision making process, creating a closer relationship with the Keynesian theory of investment than with the Kaleckian theory.