Construction, Spectral Modeling, Parameter Inversion-Based Calibration, and Application of an Echelle Spectrometer.

We have developed a compact, asymmetric three-channel echelle spectrometer with remarkable high-spectral resolution capabilities. In order to achieve the desired spectral resolution, we initially establish a theoretical spectral model based on the two-dimensional coordinates of spot positions corresponding to each wavelength. Next, we present an innovative and refined method for precisely calibrating echelle spectrometers through parameter inversion. Our analysis delves into the complexities of the nonlinear two-dimensional echelle spectrogram. We employ a variety of optimization techniques, such as grid exploration, simulated annealing, genetic algorithms, and genetic simulated annealing (GSA) algorithms, to accurately invert spectrogram parameters. Our proposed GSA algorithm synergistically integrates the strengths of global and local searches, thereby enhancing calibration accuracy. Compared to the conventional grid exploration method, GSA reduces the error function by 22.8%, convergence time by 2.16 times, and calibration accuracy by 7.05 times. Experimental validation involves calibrating a low-pressure mercury lamp, resulting in an average spectral accuracy error of 0.0257 nm after performing crucial parameter inversion. Furthermore, the echelle spectrometer undergoes a laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy experiment, demonstrating exceptional spectral resolution and sub-10 ns time-resolved capability. Overall, our research offers a comprehensive and efficient solution for constructing, modeling, calibrating, and applying echelle spectrometers, significantly enhancing calibration accuracy and efficiency. This work contributes to the advancement of spectrometry and opens up new possibilities for high-resolution spectral analysis across various research and industry domains.

[The BSE2 scale : A new clinical tool for the diagnostic of ASD within NDDs]. / L'échelle ECA2 : un nouvel outil clinique pour le diagnostic du TSA au sein des TND.

OBJECTIVES: The behavioral summarized evaluation scales, the BSE and its revised version the BSE-R, were developed and validated in the 1980-1990s. The BSE-R is still used daily by clinical teams in France and foreign countries, and it is recommended by the French Health Authority (2018). Having taken into account knowledge improvement in neurodevelopment and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and the importance of observation by relatives in ecological context, the second version of the BSE was developed. This paper presents the construction and the validation study of the second version of the behavioral summarized evaluation scale, the BSE2 and the BSE2-P rated by parents. METHODS: Construct validity of the BSE2 scale has been studied in a population of 244 children and adolescents with ASD according to DSM-5 criteria, aged from 30 months to 18 years. Discriminant validity has been analyzed using a population of 86 patients of the same age, with neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) without comorbidity of ASD. RESULTS: BSE2 comprises 30 items and is a two-dimensional scale as was BSE-R. Both dimensions, labelled "Interaction" (11 items) and "Modulation" (11 items), accounted for 41.7 % of the total variance. They describe autism severity and are in accordance with the two DSM-5 dimensions. Internal consistency (0.927 and 0.850 respectively) and inter-rater reliability (0.932 and 0.897 respectively) are good or excellent for both dimensions. Sensibility and specificity (0.758 and 0.767 respectively) range BSE2 among the tools with good psychometric properties. The parent version, BSE2-P, dedicated to ecological context is easily rated by parents. CONCLUSIONS: BSE2 scale for children and adolescents is a clinical tool with good psychometric properties. Its two-dimensional structure is in accordance with DSM-5 criteria. This scale covers all spectrum of ASD clinical forms in both children and adolescents. It can be used to identify ASD in complex neurodevelopmental disorders with several comorbidities and can help to distinguish autism symptomatology from other neurodevelopmental diagnoses. Furthermore, this scale allows to expand the rating context, involving parents to define and adjust the individualized therapeutic project. Thus the BSE2 is a valuable clinical tool for practitioners for both diagnosis and follow-up.

French Sleepiness Scale for Adolescents-8 items: A discriminant and diagnostic validation.

The objective of the present study was to validate the Short Version of French Sleepiness Scale for Adolescents (FSSA) with eight items (FSSA8). METHODS: A total of 384 adolescents, aged between 12 and 18 years, completed the FSSA8. These included 269 nonclinical adolescents and 115 adolescents admitted for overnight polysomnography and Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) because of suspected hypersomnia (85 patients with narcolepsy and 30 with other sleep disorders). Item response theory (IRT) assumptions were tested and psychometric properties were analysed. Matching on sex ratio and age was conducted to estimate concurrent criterion, diagnostic validity and cut-offs. RESULTS: IRT assumptions were validated confirming the one-dimensionality of the FSSA8. The latent continuum sleepiness for which the scale and its items are reliable encompassed most of the clinical subjects. FSSA8 is weakly correlated with MSLT. Distribution of scores for the nonclinical group and the clinical group differed significantly; the FSSA8 had very good screening validity in sleep disorders. The cut-off was seven points. CONCLUSION: The FSSA8 appeared to be more reliable for patients than for nonclinical participants and to be a good tool for screening excessive daytime sleepiness in sleep disorders.

[The particularity of large-scale simulation: from learning by observation to professionalization]. / La particularité de la simulation à grande échelle : de l'apprentissage par l'observation vers la professionnalisation.

A full-scale exercise designed to test emergency plans, large-scale simulation in the face of nuclear, radiological, biological, chemical and explosive (NRBCe) risks also contributes to the health response and the organization of the health system. For future caregivers working in hospitals, it allows them to take into consideration the impact of an event outside the hospital on their hospital care. It enables them to pool their responses to a possible disaster, in particular by identifying the health response (Health Response Organization) and the security response (Civil Security Response Organization).

Genome-wide investigation and expression analysis of the AP2/ERF family for selection of agarwood-related genes in Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg.

Aquilaria sinensis is an important non-timber tree species for producing high-value agarwood, which is widely used as a traditional medicine and incense. Agarwood is the product of Aquilaria trees in response to injury and fungal infection. The APETALA2/ethylene responsive factor (AP2/ERF) transcription factors (TFs) play important roles in plant stress responses and metabolite biosynthesis. In this study, 119 AsAP2/ERF genes were identified from the A. sinensis genome and divided into ERF, AP2, RAV, and Soloist subfamilies. Their conserved motif, gene structure, chromosomal localization, and subcellular localization were characterized. A stress/defense-related ERF-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motif and an EDLL motif were identified. Moreover, 11 genes that were highly expressed in the agarwood layer in response to whole-tree agarwood induction technique (Agar-Wit) treatment were chosen, and their expression levels in response to methyl jasmonate (MeJA), salicylic acid (SA), or salt treatment were further analyzed using the quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR). Among the 11 genes, eight belonged to subgroup B-3. All 11 genes were significantly upregulated under salt treatment, while eight genes were significantly induced by both MeJA and SA. In addition, the gene clusters containing these upregulated genes on chromosomes were observed. The results obtained from this research not only provide useful information for understanding the functions of AP2/ERF genes in A. sinensis but also identify candidate genes and gene clusters to dissect their regulatory roles in agarwood formation for future research.

[French translation, cultural adaptation and assessment of preliminary psychometric properties of the Protective Behavioral Strategies for Marijuana Scale]. / Traduction française, adaptation culturelle et évaluation des propriétés psychométriques préliminaires de l'échelle des stratégies de protection comportementale liées à la consommation de cannabis.

OBJECTIVE: Young adults (18- to 24-year-olds) constitute the age group with the highest proportion of cannabis users. In the context of legalization, it is important to promote lower-risk cannabis use. The Protective Behavioral Strategies for Marijuana Scale (PBSM-17) identifies strategies used by consumers. However, this scale is not available in French and is not adapted to the Canadian context. This article presents the process that led to the translation, cultural adaptation and evaluation of the preliminary psychometric properties of PBSM-17. METHOD: The methodological study was carried out in six steps. The first four steps led to the translation towards French and adaptation of the scale. A validation among 12 young people contributed to establish the criterion equivalency (step 5). The evaluation of psychometric properties (step 6) was carried out among 211 bilingual university students (61 % women; mean age 22 years old). RESULTS: The French version presents satisfactory preliminary psychometric properties: internal consistency is acceptable (α = 0.88); criterion equivalency was established between the French and the original English version (t (210) = 1.04, p = 0.30; 95% CI [-0.20, 0.63]). The scores obtained on both versions by the same participant were found to be strongly correlated (r = 0.95, p <0.001). CONCLUSION: The results support the use of the French version of PBSM-17. The proposed protective strategies can be used as a measurement tool and represent behaviors that can be targeted in a lower-risk cannabis use context.

OBJECTIF: Les jeunes de 18 à 24 ans constituent la plus grande proportion de consommateurs de cannabis. Dans un contexte de légalisation de cette substance, il importe de promouvoir une consommation à moindre risque. L'échelle Protective Behavioral Strategies for Marijuana Scale (PBSM-17) permet d'identifier les stratégies de protection comportementale utilisées chez les consommateurs. Toutefois, cette échelle n'est pas disponible en français et n'est pas adaptée au contexte canadien. Cet article présente la démarche ayant mené à la traduction, l'adaptation culturelle et l'évaluation des propriétés psychométriques préliminaires du PBSM-17. MÉTHODE: L'étude méthodologique s'est déroulée en six étapes. Les quatre premières étapes ont mené à la traduction et l'adaptation de l'échelle. La validation auprès de 12 jeunes a permis d'établir l'équivalence conceptuelle. L'évaluation des propriétés psychométriques a été réalisée auprès de 211 étudiants universitaires bilingues (61 % femme; âge moyen 22 ans). RÉSULTATS: La version traduite et adaptée présente des propriétés psychométriques préliminaires satisfaisantes : la cohérence interne est acceptable (α = 0,88); l'équivalence de critères (validité de construit) est établie entre la version française et la version anglaise (t (210) = 1,04, p = 0,30 ; IC 95 % [-0,20, 0,63]). Les scores obtenus aux deux versions par le même participant s'avèrent fortement corrélées (r = 0,95, p < 0,001). CONCLUSION: Les résultats soutiennent l'utilisation de la version française du PBSM-17. Les stratégies de protection proposées peuvent être utilisées comme outil de mesure et représentent des comportements à adopter dans un contexte d'usage du cannabis à moindre risque.

Design of Compact Mid-Infrared Cooled Echelle Spectrometer Based on Toroidal Uniform-Line-Spaced (TULS) Grating.

A traditional flat-panel spectrometer does not allow high-resolution observation and miniaturization simultaneously. In this study, a compact, high-resolution cross-dispersion spectrometer was designed based on the theoretical basis of echelle grating for recording an infrared spectrum. To meet the high-resolution observation and miniaturization design requirements, a reflective immersion grating was used as the primary spectroscopic device. To compress the beam aperture of the imaging system, the order-separation device of the spectrometer adopted toroidal uniform line grating, which had both imaging and dispersion functions in the spectrometer. The aberration balance condition of the toroidal uniform line grating was analyzed based on the optical path difference function of the concave grating, and dispersion characteristics of the immersed grating and thermal design of the infrared lens were discussed based on the echelle grating. An immersion echelle spectrometer optical system consisting of a culmination system, an immersed echelle grating, and a converged system was used. The spectrometer was based on the asymmetrical Czerny-Turner and Littrow mount designs, and it was equipped with a 320 × 256 pixel detector array. The designed wavelength range was 3.7-4.8 µm, the F-number was 4, and the central wavelength resolution was approximately 30,000. An infrared cooling detector was used. The design results showed that, in the operating band range, the root implied that the square diameter of the spectrometer spot diagram was less than 30 µm, the energy was concentrated in a pixel size range, and the spectrometer system design met the requirements.

The Kessler Abbreviated Psychological Distress Scale (K6) in Canadian population surveys : Report on psychometric assessment practices and analysis of the performance of several reliability coefficients.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of Study 1 is to identify the psychometric assessment and reporting practices of authors who have analyzed data from the Kessler Abbreviated Psychological Distress Scale (K6), collected in Canadian population surveys. The goal of Study 2 is to compare the performance of six reliability coefficients estimated from K6 data. METHODS: In Study 1, 71 publications using the K6 were reviewed and synthesized using an analysis grid. In Study 2, analyses were performed to compare the performance of the alpha coefficient to five other reliability coefficients using data from the 2009-2010 and 2013-2014 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS). Specifically, we estimated all six coefficient values, as well as their confidence intervals, regarding all respondents and respondent subgroups. RESULTS: Out of the 71 publications identified in Study 1, only nine reported a reliability coefficient drawn from their own sample. Even though no condition essential to use of the alpha coefficient was mentioned, it was the only coefficient presented. In Study 2, the values of all the other coefficients were found to be higher than those of the alpha coefficient. Significant variations were found in some respondent subgroups. CONCLUSION: Existing recommendations for the use of reliability coefficients are poorly implemented. It behooves authors to provide more information in their manuscripts, thereby enabling assessment of the psychometric qualities of the K6. The presentation of reliability coefficients for relevant subgroups and confidence intervals must also become standard practice, so that results can be more precisely interpreted.

[Anticholinergic scales: Use in psychiatry and update of the anticholinergic impregnation scale]. / Les échelles anticholinergiques : usage en psychiatrie et mise à jour de l'échelle d'imprégnation anticholinergique.

Anticholinergic properties are well known to prescribers, notably in mental health, as a therapeutic strategy for i.e. extrapyramidal syndrome but also as a source of numerous adverse side effects. Herein, we propose a narrative literature review describing: (i) cholinergic pharmacology and anticholinergic properties; (ii) the importance of anticholinergic therapeutic properties in psychiatry; (iii) the existing anticholinergic drug scales and their usage limitations in Psychiatry and; last (iv) an update to the anticholinergic drug impregnation scale, designed for the French psychiatry practice. The anticholinergic side effects can appear both in the peripheral level (dry mouth, constipation, etc.) and in the central level (especially as cognitive deficits). Many of the so called « anticholinergic ¼ drugs are in fact entirely or mostly antimuscarinic and act essentially as parasympathetic system antagonists. Overall, anticholinergic/antimuscarinic side effects are usually attributed to psychotropic medications: to certain antipsychotics, notably classical neuroleptics such as phenothiazine and also to tricyclic antidepressants. In practice, the impact of anticholinergic toxicity treatments is often highlighted due to their excessively prolonged use in patients on antipsychotics. Interestingly, these antipsychotic treatments are better known for their anticholinergic side effects, especially cognitive ones, with an early onset specially in elder patients and/or in the case of polymedication. In order to evaluate anticholinergic side effects, metrics known as anticholinergic burden scales were created in the last few decades. Nowadays, 13 different scales are documented and accepted by the international academic community, but only three of them are commonly used: the Anticholinergic Drug Scale (ADS), the Anticholinergic Risk Scale (ARS) and the Anticholinergic Burden Scale (ACB). All of them are based on a similar principle, consisting of grading treatments individually, and they are normally scored from 0 - no presence of side effects - to 3 - anticholinergic effects considered to be strong or very strong. Using these scales enables the calculation of the so-called "anticholinergic burden", which corresponds to the cumulative effect of using multiple medications with anticholinergic properties simultaneously. The application of anticholinergic scales to patients with psychiatric disorders has revealed that schizophrenic patients seem to be especially sensitive to anticholinergic cognitive side effects, while elder and depressed patients were more likely to show symptoms of dementia when exposed to higher anticholinergic burden. Unfortunately, these tools appear to have a low parallel reliability, and so they might induce large differences when assessing side effects predictability. In addition, the capacity of these scales to predict central adverse effects is limited due to the fact they poorly or do not differentiate, the ability of treatments to cross the blood-brain barrier. Finally, one last limitation on the validity of these scales is prescription posology is not accounted for side effects considered to be dose dependent. Recently, the MARANTE (Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor ANTagonist Exposure) scale has incorporated an anticholinergic burden weighting by posology. Nevertheless, this new model can be criticized, due to the limited number of medications included and due to testing a limited number of potency ranges and dosages for each treatment. Herein, we propose an update to the Anticholinergic Impregnation Scale, developed specifically for the French Psychiatry practice. The scale validation was based on an evaluation of the prescriptions correcting anticholinergic peripheral side effects (constipation, xerostomia and xeropthalmia). This indirect evaluation allowed us to show patients with an anticholinergic impregnation score higher than 5 received significantly more treatments for constipation and xerostomia. This strategy bypasses the bias of a cognitive evaluation in patients with severe mental health disorders. Moreover, the relevance of a tool developed specifically for French psychiatry is justified by the fact that some highly prescribed treatments for mental illness in France (cyamemazine and tropatemine) are strong anticholinergics, and also by the fact they are rarely included in the existing anticholinergic scales. This update of the original scale, published in 2017, includes information whether prescribed drugs cross the blood-brain barrier and thus makes possible a more accurate assessment when evaluating anticholinergic central side effects. Finally, the anticholinergic impregnation scale will soon be integrated into a prescription help software, which is currently being developed to take into consideration dose dependent adverse effects.

[Ditrovie scale: Translation and validation in standard Arabic]. / Échelle Ditrovie : traduction et validation en langue arabe standard.

OBJECTIVES: Our work aimed to translate Ditrovie scale into standard Arabic and to verify its validity and reliability in the Tunisian population. MATERIALS: The translation-retro-translation method was the chosen translation method. The committee of experts analyzed these versions and elaborated a pre-final version The Arabic version obtained was conducted on a sample of 100 patients with idiopathic overactive bladder. The reliability of the scale was verified by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The feasibility and acceptability of the scale was good. The Cronbach's alpha was 0.86. The reproducibility of our scale as well as of each domain were very good (intraclass correlation coefficient>0.9) with a mean of the differences centered and homogeneous in the Bland and Altman graph. CONCLUSION: The standard Arabic version of the Ditrovie scale is a reliable instrument with satisfactory psychometric properties allowing evaluation of quality of life of patients with idiopathic overactive bladder. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: B.

[Contribution of the Brazelton scale to the clinic and to the knowledge of the bases of development]. / Apport de l'échelle de Brazelton à la clinique et à la connaissance des bases du développement.

In addition to the experimental work devoted to the capacities of newborns - among others on the question of sensory receptivity - it is interesting to show how much this receptivity intervenes during the clinical dialogue with young infants. But also how, from birth, professionals can identify individual profiles of babies, notably thanks to the Brazelton scale, and thus adapt their care practices.

On-cell nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to probe cell surface interactions.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy allows the determination of atomic-level information on intermolecular interactions, molecular structure, and molecular dynamics in the cellular environment. This may be broadly divided into studies focused on obtaining detailed molecular information in the intracellular context ("in-cell") or those focused on characterizing molecules or events at the cell surface ("on-cell"). In this review, we outline some key NMR techniques applied for on-cell NMR studies through both solution- and solid-state NMR and survey studies that have used these techniques to uncover key information. In particular, we focus on the application of on-cell NMR spectroscopy to characterize ligand interactions with cell surface membrane proteins such as G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases. These techniques allow for quantification of binding affinities, competitive binding assays, delineation of ligands involved in binding, ligand bound-state conformational determination, evaluation of receptor structuring and dynamics, and inference of distance constraints characteristic of the ligand-receptor bound state. Interestingly, it is possible to avoid the barriers of production and purification of membrane proteins while obtaining directly physiologically relevant information through on-cell NMR. We also provide a brief survey of the applicability of on-cell NMR approaches to other classes of cell surface molecules.

Validity of the Measure of Intensive Mothering Ideology (MIMI).

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to test the validity of the Measure of Intensive Mothering Ideology (MIMI), a French scale assessing beliefs about mothering and childcare. METHOD: The MIMI was submitted online to Mothers/mothers-to-be (n=249) and Childless women (n=231). To test structural validity, confirmatory factor analyses were conducted in both groups. Then, to test known-groups validity, means comparisons were conducted according to parity (mothers/mothers-to-be and childless women) and employment status (full-time, part-time and housewives). It was also hypothesized that MIMI scores would be negatively correlated with education. RESULTS: Model fit was satisfactory for Mothers/mothers-to-be (X2/df=2.52, AGFI=.957, NFI=.937 RMR=.087) and, to a lesser extent, for Childless women (X2/df=3.31, AGFI=.948, NFI=.907, RMR=.104). In both groups, most dimensions were moderately correlated (.22-.70). As hypothesized, Mothers/mothers-to-be and Housewives had higher score than Childless women and Employed women. MIMI scores were also negatively and moderately correlated with education. CONCLUSION: The MIMI shows good structural validity and known-groups validity. This scale offers interesting research avenues notably regarding perinatal parental adaptation.

[Hospital medication adherence scale development in cardiovascular disorders]. / Validation d'une échelle de mesure de l'adhésion médicamenteuse cardiovasculaire utilisable en contexte hospitalier.

OBJECTIVES: The consequences of non-adherence to prescribed cardiovascular drugs can be serious, with cardiovascular complications having been reported in both secondary and primary prevention. The objective of this study was to develop a new scale to assess medication adherence in patients with cardiovascular diseases during their hospitalization. METHODS: A cohort of 219 high risk cardiovascular patients was evaluated for this study. Data on reasons for non-adherence were collected using the newly developed Medication Adherence Scale in Cardiovascular disorders (Mascard) and compared with physician assessment during medical consultations and the control of their cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS: The Mascard consists of 5 items has good psychometric properties and validity and correlated with physician assessment and control of cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: This rapid and easy to use scale may be useful for health care practitioners in their assessment of medication adherence in inpatients with cardiovascular disorders.

Evaluation of assay and in-vitro dissolution profile of certain fixed-dose combination using green analytical method.

OBJECTIVES: The pharmaceutical industry and the National Regulatory Authorities (NRAs) are now focusing on the dissolution of multi-component drugs for quality control testing and predicting in vivo results to further consolidation of the biowaiver concept. The mixed formulation of Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CIP) and Metronidazole (MET) have been used as a model for simultaneous determination and obtaining in vitro dissolution profiles by using green analysis method namely (UV-CWT(Db4, a=490)). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The proposed method (UV-CWT(Db4, a=490)) includes UV detection combined with Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) with Daubechies family and the order of fourth at the scaling factor (a=490) has been used and validated for analyzing and obtaining the dissolution profiles of the fixed-dose combination (CIP-MET). RESULTS: The proposed method (UV-CWT(Db4, a=490)) has been validated effectively in accordance with ICH rules, regarding linearity, specificity, rigor, and preciseness of the working range (3.0-16.0µg/mL) for both (CIP) and (MET), respectively. As well as figures of merit were concluded. The dissolution profiles of CIP-MET tablets were acquired by the proposed (UV-CWT (Db4, a=490)) and HPLC reported methods were conveniently compared using the indicators f1 and f2 ("difference" and "similarity") the results ensured that there were no statistically differences between the methods. In addition, the green assessment tool, namely analytical eco-scale, evaluated and compared the greenness of the suggested method (UV-CWT(Db4, a=490)) and HPLC reported one. CONCLUSION: The suggested process (UV-CWT(Db4, a=490)) was considered as an excellent green, rapid, accurate, economical and minimum-steps method for simultaneously resolve and construct the dissolution curves of a fixed-dose combination drug (CIP-MET) in a short time and without the use of organic solvents, enabling significant labor and resource savings.

[Prescribing inappropriate medication in the elderly: review of the main therapeutic scales]. / Prescription médicamenteuse inappropriée chez le sujet âgé : revue des principales échelles thérapeutiques.

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[Frailty of the elderly and physical activity in general practice: A prospective study]. / Étude de la fragilité de la personne âgée et de l'activité physique en médecine générale : à propos d'une étude prospective.

INTRODUCTION: Frailty is a transient and reversible condition that can lead to significant morbidity and mortality and to the loss of autonomy. It is one of the key issues in public health and the prevention of addiction. Physical activity is often described as a protective factor against addiction and as a factor in limiting frailty. Our goal is to analyze the relationship between physical activity and frailty among the elderly METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study was carried out in three general practice clinics located in the French department of Eure. Patients aged 65 and over were included during a consultation with their GP. Dependent patients under the ADL scale were excluded. Level of physical activity was assessed by the Ricci and Gagnon questionnaire, which defines an active profile as a score≥18 points. Frailty was sought out by the Fried scale and the SEGA A grid. Multivariate analysis was performed to adjust frailty scores to age, gender, and level of physical activity. RESULTS: Out of the 70 patients included, 36 were active (51%) and 34 inactive (49%). They were predominantly female with 47 women (67%). Average age was 75.3years. Twelve patients were diagnosed as frail (17%) with the Fried scale and 24 (34%) with the SEGA A grid. Bivariate analysis revealed a greater frailty according to the Fried criteria in the inactive than in the active patients (mean for active patients 0.56 IC95 [0.31; 0.80], compared to 1.76 [1.21; 2.32] in the inactive patients, p<0.0001). The difference in mean was likewise significant regarding the SEGA A score (6.42 IC95 [5.34, 7.49] in the active population, as opposed to 8.65 IC95 [7.15, 10.15] among the inactive, p=0.017). In multivariate analysis, the Fried scale was primarily influenced by age and ADL, while the SEGA score was impacted by female gender and level of physical activity. CONCLUSION: Physical activity seems to have a positive effect on frailty. It would be interesting to propose systematic screening for frailty in general medicine and to institute preventive measures, including physical activity. Initiatives encouraging and promoting seniors' physical activity should be strengthened.

Acide hyaluronique intra articulaire dans la gonarthrose: une étude long-terme, ouverte, de Phase IV, avec analyse détaillée par stade de Kellgren-Lawrence.

INTRODUCTION: Les injections intra articulaires (IA) d'acide hyaluronique (HA) désignées sous le nom de viscosupplémentation (VS), sont fréquemment utilisées dans le traitement symptomatique de la gonarthrose (OA), une affection ostéo-articulaire chronique douloureuse et handicapante, qui touche une fraction importante de la population âgée. La sévérité de la gonarthrose est en général décrite par la classification en stades radiologiques de Kellgren-Lawrence (KL). La VS a été largement étudiée à travers de nombreux essais cliniques; cependant, les résultats sont rarement analysés en détail, en fonction du stade KL. MÉTHODE: Une étude ouverte importante, portant sur 1 177 patients souffrant de gonarthrose, fut réalisée de 2004 à 2007. Chaque patient a reçu un traitement de VS consistant en 3 injections d'ARTHRUM H 2% (LCA Pharmaceutical, Chartres, France). A l'inclusion, les patients ont été décrits par leur profil démographique, leur indice de masse corporelle (IMC), leur stade KL et leur état clinique selon les sous-scores douleur et fonction de l'indice Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC). Les visites de suivi étaient à M3, M6 et M9 (mois) après la VS. Cette large base de données a été entièrement retraitée en 2019, de manière à fournir une analyse séparée par stade KL, et fut complétée par l'évaluation des taux de patients répondeurs (%) au traitement, selon l'Outcome Measures in Rheumatoid Arthritis Clinical Trials & Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OMERACT-OARSI). L'analyse fut menée à la fois sur les populations en intention de traiter (ITT) et per protocole (PP) ayant terminé l'étude. RÉSULTATS: En analyse ITT du critère principal, les variations du sous-score WOMAC A (douleur) depuis l'inclusion jusqu'à la fin de l'étude, ont été respectivement de 19,8 ; 19,8 ; 17,8 et 14,2, sur une échelle de 0-100, pour les patients des stades KL I à KL IV. En analyse PP dans les mêmes conditions, ces variations ont été de 20,6 ; 19,9 ; 17,1 et 11,7. Tous ces résultats étaient significatifs par rapport aux valeurs à l'inclusion (p<0.001) et cliniquement pertinents à chaque stade KL. Des améliorations significatives ont été également observées pour le sous-score WOMAC C (fonction), et pour les autres critères secondaires. Le taux de répondeurs OMERACT-OARSI variait de 72 à 82% pour les patients KL I à III à M6 et M9. Pour les patients KL IV, le maximum atteint a été 47.7% à M6. Les autres paramètres tels que le sexe, l'IMC ou l'âge, ne furent pas identifiés comme des facteurs de pronostic pour la réponse à la VS. CONCLUSIONS: L'analyse détaillée par stade KL d'une large cohorte de patients suivis en ouvert, suggère le traitement de VS avec ARTHRUM H 2% est applicable à une grande variété de patients gonarthrosiques.

[Correlates of psychopathic personality traits in a sample of college students in Tunisia]. / Les corrélats des traits de personnalité psychopathiques dans un échantillon d'étudiants universitaires en Tunisie.

BACKGROUND: Although psychopathy and its predictive factors are well documented in clinical samples, studies in non-clinical populations are relatively rare. We proposed to assess psychopathy traits in a population of Tunisian university students and to analyze their predictive factors. METHOD: This was a cross-sectional study of 516 university students enrolled at three major Tunisian universities (Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of Tunis, National Engineering School of Tunis, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis). Participants responded to a survey sheet containing sociodemographic data and the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale. RESULTS: The students were female in 63.2 % of the cases, with a mean age of 22.7years. The socio-economic level was middle class in 62.4% of the cases. More than one-quarter of students (26.7%) consumed tobacco. The majority of students (81.4%) spent their free time on the Internet, while 11.8% participated in associative work. Psychopathy scores were relatively high (mean LSRPS scores=64.8) with no noticeable gender differences. Psychopathic traits were significantly associated with university (P=0.017), maternal occupational status (P=0.038), and tobacco use (P=0.029). In addition, the total psychopathy score was significantly lower among students sharing activities with their families (P=0.044) and among students participating in associational work (P=0.025). The multivariate multiple regression has retained as predictive factors of psychopathic traits the fact of being the eldest of his siblings and the associative work. CONCLUSION: Prevention strategies should be put in place to prevent psychopathy and its individual and social impacts in young adults in general, and in university students in particular, especially promoting associative activity in the university environment which is currently lacking in our context.

[The relational withdrawal of the hospitalised child: from a professional project to a research protocol]. / Le retrait relationnel de l'enfant hospitalisé : d'un projet professionnel à un protocole de recherche.

Professional reflection, initiated during childcare studies during a paediatric intensive care internship, can lead to the writing of a research protocol on the relational withdrawal of a hospitalized child. How could the use of the Baby Distress Alarm Scale, a tool for screening and assessing relational withdrawal behaviour, improve the detection of these behaviours in an inpatient child to prevent developmental disorders? Feedback from experience.