Hydration Mechanism and Its Effect on the Solubility of Aripiprazole.

PROPOSE: The propose is to investigate the reasons for the insolubility of Form III in water and to explore the mechanism of the hydration process of Form III. METHODS: The conformational and cohesive energies of Form III and Form H1 were calculated using Gaussian 16 and Crystal Explorer 17. Gaussian 16 and Multiwfn 3.8 was used to calculate the molecular surface electrostatic potential of Form III and Form H1 and to calculate the energies of the stronger intermolecular interactions in the crystal structure. The behaviors of Form III in water were simulated using Gromacs 2020.6. Finally, the hydration process from Form III to Form H1 was monitored in situ using Raman spectroscopy. RESULTS: The conformational energies of Form III and H1 are almost the same. The cohesion energy of Form H1 is much larger than that of Form III because both number of hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions are higher in the Form H1. During the simulation, the supercell of APZ form a supramolecular cluster. Several molecules manually dismantled from the cluster spontaneously combine to form new molecular clusters. Both increases in temperature and external energy input accelerate the hydration process. CONCLUSIONS: More hydrogen bonds and strong van der Waals interactions in Form H1 lead to a greater stability. The overall decrease in polarity and the strong binding effect on APZ molecule clusters due to intermolecular interactions lead to the water insolubility of Form III. The hydration process from Form III to Form H1 follows a novel, dandelion sowing-like hydration mechanism.

The interacting partner as the immediate environment: Personality, interpersonal dynamics, and bodily synchronization.

OBJECTIVE: In social interactions, humans tend to naturally synchronize their body movements. We investigated interpersonal synchronization in conversations and examined its relationship with personality differences and post-interaction appraisals. METHOD: In a 15-minute semi-structured conversation, 56 previously-unfamiliar dyads introduced themselves, followed by self-disclosing and argumentative conversations. Their bodily movements were video-recorded in a standardized room (112 young adults, aged 18-33, mean = 20.54, SD = 2.74; 58% Dutch, 31% German, 11% other). Interpersonal bodily synchronization was estimated as (a) synchronization strength using Windowed Lagged Cross-Correlations and (b) Dynamic Organization (Determinism/Entropy/Laminarity/Mean Line) using Cross-Recurrence Quantification Analysis. Bodily synchronization was associated with differences in Agreeableness and Extraversion (IPIP-NEO-120) and post-conversational appraisals (affect/closeness/enjoyment) in mixed-effect models. RESULTS: Agreeable participants exhibited higher complexity in bodily synchronization dynamics (higher Entropy) than disagreeable individuals, who also reported more negative affect afterward. Interpersonal synchronization was stronger among extroverts than among introverts and extroverts appraised conversations as more positive and enjoyable. Bodily synchronization strength and dynamic organization were related to the type of conversation (self-disclosing/argumentative). CONCLUSIONS: Interpersonal dynamics were intimately connected to differences in Agreeableness and Extraversion, varied across situations, and these parameters affected how pleasant, close, and enjoyable each conversation felt.

Structural and energetic analysis of metastable intermediate states in the E1P-E2P transition of Ca2+-ATPase.

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-ATPase transports two Ca2+ ions from the cytoplasm to the SR lumen against a large concentration gradient. X-ray crystallography has revealed the atomic structures of the protein before and after the dissociation of Ca2+, while biochemical studies have suggested the existence of intermediate states in the transition between E1P⋅ADP⋅2Ca2+ and E2P. Here, we explore the pathway and free energy profile of the transition using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations with the mean-force string method and umbrella sampling. The simulations suggest that a series of structural changes accompany the ordered dissociation of ADP, the A-domain rotation, and the rearrangement of the transmembrane (TM) helices. The luminal gate then opens to release Ca2+ ions toward the SR lumen. Intermediate structures on the pathway are stabilized by transient sidechain interactions between the A- and P-domains. Lipid molecules between TM helices play a key role in the stabilization. Free energy profiles of the transition assuming different protonation states suggest rapid exchanges between Ca2+ ions and protons when the Ca2+ ions are released toward the SR lumen.

A Method for the Tensile Strength Prediction of Tablets with Differing Powder Plasticities.

Tablets are the most commonly used dosage form in the pharmaceutical industry, and their properties such as disintegration, dissolution, and portability are influenced by their strength. However, in industry, the mixing fraction of powders to obtain a tablet compact with sufficient strength is determined based on empirical rules. Therefore, a method for predicting tablet strength based on the properties of a single material is required. The objective of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the relationship between the compression properties and tablet strength of powder mixtures. The compression properties of the powder mixtures with different plasticities were evaluated based on the force-displacement curves obtained from the powder compression tests. Heckel and compression energy analyses were performed to evaluate compression properties. During the compression energy analysis, the ratio of plastic deformation energy to elastic deformation energy (Ep/Ee) was assumed to be the plastic deformability of the powder. The quantitative relationship between the compression properties and tensile strength of the tablets was investigated. Based on the obtained relationship and the compression properties of a single material, a prediction equation was put forward for the compression properties of the powder mixture. Subsequently, a correlation equation for tablet strength was proposed by combining the values of K and Ep/Ee obtained from the Heckel and compression energy analyses, respectively. Finally, by substituting the compression properties of the single material and the mass fraction of the plastic material into the proposed equation, the tablet strength of the powder mixture with different plastic deformabilities was predicted.

Thermoelectric instabilities in a circular Couette flow.

The stability of a non-isothermal circular Couette flow is analyzed when subjected to a dielectrophoretic force field. Outward and inward heating configurations are considered when the inner cylinder is rotating and the outer cylinder is at rest. In addition, an alternating voltage is applied between the two cylinders to induce a radial electric buoyancy that acts on the dielectric fluid. The linear stability analysis provides the threshold for the first transition to instability, as well as the corresponding wavenumber and frequency of the modes. This article is part of the theme issue 'Taylor-Couette and related flows on the centennial of Taylor's seminal Philosophical Transactions paper (part 1)'.

Basic Analysis of the Cerebrospinal Fluid: An Important Framework for Laboratory Diagnostics of the Impairment of the Central Nervous System.

Laboratory analysis of basic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) parameters is considered as essential for any CSF evaluation. It can provide rapidly very valuable information about the status of the central nervous system (CNS). Our retrospective study evaluated parameters of basic CSF analysis in cases of either infectious or non-infectious CNS involvement. Neutrophils are effector cells of innate immunity. Predominance of neutrophils was found in 98.2% of patients with purulent inflammation in CNS. Lymphocytes are cellular substrate of adaptive immunity. We found their predominance in 94.8% of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), 66.7% of patients with tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), 92.2% of patients with neuroborreliosis, 83.3% of patients with inflammatory response with oxidative burst of macrophages in CNS and 75.0% of patients with malignant infiltration of meninges (MIM). The simultaneous assessment of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in CSF using the coefficient of energy balance (KEB) allows us to specify the type of inflammation in CNS. We found predominantly aerobic metabolism (KEB > 28.0) in 100.0% CSF of patients with normal CSF findings and in 92.8% CSF of patients with MS. Predominant faintly anaerobic metabolism (28.0 > KEB > 20.0) in CSF was found in 71.8% patients with TBE and in 64.7% patients with neuroborreliosis. Strong anaerobic metabolism (KEB < 10.0) was found in the CSF of 99.1% patients with purulent inflammation, 100.0% patients with inflammatory response with oxidative burst of macrophages and in 80.6% patients with MIM. Joint evaluation of basic CSF parameters provides sufficient information about the immune response in the CSF compartment for rapid and reliable diagnosis of CNS involvement.

Nonverbal Synchrony: An Indicator of Clinical Communication Quality in Racially-Concordant and Racially-Discordant Oncology Interactions.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to apply a novel software to measure and compare levels of nonverbal synchrony, as a potential indicator of communication quality, in video recordings of racially-concordant and racially-discordant oncology interactions. Predictions include that the levels of nonverbal synchrony will be greater during racially-concordant interactions than racially-discordant interactions, and that levels of nonverbal synchrony will be associated with traditional measures of communication quality in both racially-concordant and racially-discordant interactions. DESIGN: This is a secondary observational analysis of video-recorded oncology treatment discussions collected from 2 previous studies. SETTING: Two National Cancer Institute-designated Comprehensive Cancer Centers and another large urban cancer center. PARTICIPANTS: Participants from Study 1 include 161 White patients with cancer and 11 White medical oncologists. Participants from Study 2 include 66 Black/African-American patients with cancer and 17 non-Black medical oncologists. In both studies inclusion criteria for patients was a recent cancer diagnosis; in Study 2 inclusion criteria was identifying as Black/African American. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Nonverbal synchrony and communication quality. RESULTS: Greater levels of nonverbal synchrony were observed in racially-discordant interactions than in racially-concordant interactions. Levels of nonverbal synchrony were associated with indicators of communication quality, and these associations were more consistently found in racially-discordant interactions. CONCLUSION: This study advances clinical communication and disparities research by successfully applying a novel approach capturing the unconscious nature of communication, and revealing differences in communication in racially-discordant and racially-concordant oncology interactions. This study highlights the need for further exploration of nonverbal aspects relevant to patient-physician interactions.

Bio-electrical stimulation process on degradation of Phenanthrene from aqueous solution using a novel anode modified with carbon cloth: Operational performance, microbial activity and energy.

Phenanthrene as the hazardous PAHs-component are extensively detected in industrial wastewater. However, the impacts of bioelectrostimulation process on Phenanthrene degradation in aerobic reactors remained unclear. Here, a novel bioelectrostimulation process equipped with carbon cloth as electrodes was developed to investigate the removal efficiency of Phenanthrene and ATPase enzyme activity in the synthetic wastewater. The results obtained from the present study indicated that a complete Phenanthrene degradation (100%) can be achieved using microbial electrostimulation systems steel mesh coated with carbon cloth (MES-CC) as anode under optimal operational conditions (electrical current: 4 mA, HA concentration: 15 mg L-1) within 18 h. The conductive carbon cloth provides a biofilm carrier to easily transfer the electrons between electrodes and microbial communities. In addition, the highest ATPase enzyme activity (5176 U) was observed when the aerobic MES-CC reactors were operated with electrical current 4 mA. Furthermore, the COD removal efficiency in MES-CC increased from 49% to 96% when the C: N ratio decreased from 20 to 5. The highest value of Vmax in MES-CC for suspended and attached growth were determined to be 2.87 and 0.54 g COD g-1 biomass. Overall, the results demonstrated that MES equipped with carbon cloth and continuous electrical current mode has good potential for efficient Phenanthrene wastewater treatment.

Study on the mechanism of anaerobic fluidized bed microbial fuel cell for coal chemical wastewater treatment.

The coal chemical wastewater (CCW) was treated by anaerobic fluidized bed microbial fuel cell (AFB-MFC) with macroporous adsorptive resin (MAR) as fluidized particle. Isosteric heat calculation and molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) have been performed to study the interaction between organics of CCW and MAR. The isosteric heat of MAR to m-cresol was the largest at 65.4961 kJ/mol, followed by phenol. Similarly, the diffusion coefficient of m-cresol on MAR was the largest, which was 0.04350 Å2/ps, and the results were verified by the kinetic adsorption experiments. Microbial community analysis showed that the dominant bacteria in activated sludge of MFC fed with CCW were acinetobacter, aeromonas, pseudomonas and sulfurospirillum. The synergistic cooperation of bacteria contributed to improving CCW degradation and the power generation of MFC. Headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) was used to detect intermediate of organics in CCW. It was proved that the intermediate of m-cresol degradation was 4-methyl-2-pentanone and acetic acid, and the intermediate of phenol degradation included cyclohexanone, hydroxyhexanedither and hydroxyacetic acid. Combined with the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) analysis results of organic matter obtained by molecular simulation, the degradation pathway of organic matter in CCW was predicted. The energy of organics degradation pathway was analyzed by Materials Studio (MS) software, and the control step of organics degradation was determined.

Signal Activity Detection for Fiber Optic Distributed Acoustic Sensing with Adaptive-Calculated Threshold.

The key point on analyzing the data stream measured by fiber optic distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) is signal activity detection separating measured signals from environmental noise. The inability to calculate the threshold for signal activity detection accurately and efficiently without affecting the measured signals is a bottleneck problem for current methods. In this article, a novel signal activity detection method with the adaptive-calculated threshold is proposed to solve the problem. With the analysis of the time-varying random noise's statistical commonality and the short-term energy (STE) of real-time data stream, the top range of the total STE distribution of the noise is found accurately for real-time data stream's ascending STE, thus the adaptive dividing level of signals and noise is obtained as the threshold. Experiments are implemented with simulated database and urban field database with complex noise. The average detection accuracies of the two databases are 97.34% and 90.94% only consuming 0.0057 s for a data stream of 10 s, which demonstrates the proposed method is accurate and high efficiency for signal activity detection.

Deep Eutectic Solvents as Phase Change Materials in Solar Thermal Power Plants: Energy and Exergy Analyses.

Nowadays, producing energy from solar thermal power plants based on organic Rankine cycles coupled with phase change material has attracted the attention of researchers. Obviously, in such solar plants, the physical properties of the utilized phase change material (PCM) play important roles in the amounts of generated power and the efficiencies of the plant. Therefore, to choose the best PCM, various factors must be taken into account. In addition, considering the physical properties of the candidate PCM, the issue of environmental sustainability should also be considered when making the selection. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are novel green solvents, which, in addition to having various favorable characteristics, are environmentally sustainable. Accordingly, in this work, the feasibility of using seven different deep eutectic solvents as the PCMs of solar thermal power plants with organic Rankine cycles was investigated. By applying exergy and energy analyses, the performances of each were compared to paraffin, which is a conventional PCM. According to the achieved results, most of the investigated "DES cycles" produce more power than the conventional cycle using paraffin as its PCM. Furthermore, lower amounts of the PCM are required when paraffin is replaced by a DES at the same operational conditions.

Defining the Role of Isoeugenol from Ocimum tenuiflorum against Diabetes Mellitus-Linked Alzheimer's Disease through Network Pharmacology and Computational Methods.

The present study involves the integrated network pharmacology and phytoinformatics-based investigation of phytocompounds from Ocimum tenuiflorum against diabetes mellitus-linked Alzheimer's disease. It aims to investigate the mechanism of the Ocimum tenuiflorum phytocompounds in the amelioration of diabetes mellitus-linked Alzheimer's disease through network pharmacology, druglikeness and pharmacokinetics, molecular docking simulations, GO analysis, molecular dynamics simulations, and binding free energy analyses. A total of 14 predicted genes of the 26 orally bioactive compounds were identified. Among these 14 genes, GAPDH and AKT1 were the most significant. The network analysis revealed the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway to be a prominent pathway linked to GAPDH with 50.53% probability. Upon the molecular docking simulation with GAPDH, isoeugenol was found to possess the most significant binding affinity (-6.0 kcal/mol). The molecular dynamics simulation and binding free energy calculation results also predicted that isoeugenol forms a stable protein-ligand complex with GAPDH, where the phytocompound is predicted to chiefly use van der Waal's binding energy (-159.277 kj/mol). On the basis of these results, it can be concluded that isoeugenol from Ocimum tenuiflorum could be taken for further in vitro and in vivo analysis, targeting GAPDH inhibition for the amelioration of diabetes mellitus-linked Alzheimer's disease.

Atomistic detailed free-energy landscape of intrinsically disordered protein studied by multi-scale divide-and-conquer molecular dynamics simulation.

Calcineurin (CaN) is a eukaryotic serine/threonine protein phosphatase activated by both Ca2+ and calmodulin (CaM), including intrinsically disordered region (IDR). The region undergoes folding into an α-helix form in the presence Ca2+ -loaded CaM. To sample the ordered structure of the IDR by conventional all atom model (AAM) molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, the IDR and Ca2+ -loaded CaM must be simultaneously treated. However, it is time-consuming task because the coupled folding and binding should include repeated binding and dissociation. Then, in this study, we propose novel multi-scale divide-and-conquer MD (MSDC-MD), which combines AAM-MD and coarse-grained model MD (CGM-MD). To speed up the conformation sampling, MSDC-MD simulation first treats the IDR by CGM to sample conformations from wide conformation space; then, multiple AAM-MD in a limited area is initiated using the resultant CGM conformation, which is reconstructed by homology modeling method. To investigate performance, we sampled the ordered conformation of the IDR using MSDC-MD; the root-mean-square distance (RMSD) with respect to the experimental structure was 2.23 Å.

Life cycle assessment of municipal waste management options.

To date, landfilling remains the most common waste management practice in Greece in spite of enforced regulations aiming at increasing recycling, pre-selection of waste and energy and material recovery. In this study, selected alternative scenarios aiming at minimizing the unused material fraction to be disposed of in landfills are analyzed, using the life cycle assessment methodology. The methodology was applied in the case of municipal solid waste (MSW) management in Athens and Thessaloniki, with a special focus on energy and material balance, including potential global and local scale airborne emissions. Results are given in the form of indices efficiency, effectiveness, environmental and public health impacts. Material flow accounting, gross energy requirement, emergy intensity, emission and release intensity and morbidity or mortality indicators have been used to support the comparative assessment. However, not all options are equally benign to the local environment and to the health of the local population, since both the former and the latter are still affected by non-negligible local emissions. With regard to public health impacts, adverse effects on respiratory health, congenital malformations, low birth weight and cancer incidence were estimated. A significant and not intuitive result is the fact that life cycle analysis produces different conclusions than a simple environmental impact assessment based only on estimated or measured emissions. Taking into account the overall life cycle of both the waste streams and of the technological systems and facilities envisaged alters the relative attractiveness of the solutions considered.

Depression Severity Is Related to Less Gross Body Movement: A Motion Energy Analysis.

Psychomotor retardation is a well-known clinical phenomenon in depressed patients that can be measured in various ways. This study aimed to investigate objectively measured gross body movement (GBM) during a semi-structured clinical interview in patients with a depressive disorder and its relation with depression severity. A total of 41 patients with a diagnosis of depressive disorder were assessed both with a clinician-rated interview (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale) and a self-rating questionnaire (Beck Depression Inventory-II) for depression severity. Motion energy analysis (MEA) was applied on videos of additional semi-structured clinical interviews. We considered (partial) correlations between patients' GBM and depression scales. There was a significant, moderate negative correlation between both measures for depression severity (total scores) and GBM during the diagnostic interview. However, there was no significant correlation between the respective items assessing motor symptoms in the clinician-rated and the patient-rated depression severity scale and GBM. Findings imply that neither clinician ratings nor self-ratings of psychomotor symptoms in depressed patients are correlated with objectively measured GBM. MEA thus offers a unique insight into the embodied symptoms of depression that are not available via patients' self-ratings or clinician ratings.

Within and between associations of nonverbal synchrony in relation to Grawe's general mechanisms of change.

The examination of nonverbal synchrony has become a promising line of psychotherapy research. Although several studies have found between-dyad associations between nonverbal synchrony and multidimensional outcomes, the findings remain heterogeneous, and within-dyad effects remain to be investigated. The present study examines within and between effects of nonverbal synchrony on mastery, resource activation, problem actuation, and motivational clarification (Grawe's general mechanisms of change). Four-hundred and twenty-three videotaped sessions of 175 patients were analysed using motion energy analysis (MEA), providing values to quantify nonverbal synchrony in the patient-therapist dyad. Grawe's general mechanisms of change in psychotherapy were rated using the Inventory of Therapeutic Interventions and Skills (ITIS). On average, patient-therapist nonverbal synchrony was greater than chance. Hierarchical linear modelling revealed that nonverbal synchrony was significantly associated with higher mastery and less resource activation on the within-dyad level. Nonverbal synchrony was not associated with problem actuation or motivational clarification, and in general, no associations were found on the between-dyad level. The results demonstrate the importance of disentangling within and between effects of nonverbal synchrony and provide initial evidence that nonverbal synchrony is tied to the specific therapeutic strategies observed in psychotherapy sessions.

Video-based tracking approach for nonverbal synchrony: A comparison of Motion Energy Analysis and OpenPose.

The present study investigated the comparability of two video-based tracking techniques, namely, Motion Energy Analysis and OpenPose, in the context of nonverbal synchrony research. Participants aged 23-69 years held a 15-min unstructured conversation with a same-gender partner of the same generation. Each participant's movements were quantified with two algorithms, which were separately submitted to a wavelet transform to assess synchrony between the partners. Wavelet coherence and information in the relative phase were used to measure the intensities and patterns of synchrony, respectively. As a benchmark of the test results, gender effects and correlation with the Big Five personality traits were examined. Irrespective of the tracking technique used, the results consistently illustrated gender effects: female dyads showed more synchrony than male dyads. Among the Big Five personality traits, only Extraversion was significantly associated with synchrony in either tracking technique. The gender effect remained significant in both the tracking techniques even when controlling for personality traits, indicating that both individual (i.e., personality) and social (i.e., gender) factors contribute to synchrony. The use of video-tracking techniques in the research on synchrony for future studies was also discussed.

rMEA: An R package to assess nonverbal synchronization in motion energy analysis time-series.

Introduction. Motion Energy Analysis (MEA) is a procedure that allows to automatically assess the amount of persons' movement from video recordings. Recent studies used MEA to investigate nonverbal synchrony, i.e., the occurrence of simultaneous movement, suggesting the existence of an association with relationship quality. In patient-therapist dyads, synchrony predicted therapeutic alliance, empathy, as well as treatment outcome. Package description. The article presents rMEA, an open-source R package that allows to import, filter, and visualize dyadic time-series of nonverbal behaviour generated by other MEA software. The package includes a fast, state-of-the-art, moving window cross-correlation algorithm with lag analysis, which provides a user-friendly interface for the assessment of nonverbal synchrony. Through the analysis of a motivating example (40 psychotherapy intake interviews split between dropouts and good cases) the article provides an in-depth description of the package main functions and a tutorial for a typical analysis in this field, requiring only the most basic knowledge of the R language and environment. The rich visualization capabilities of the software provide powerful tools for the various steps involved in the diagnostics, analysis, interpretation and publication of these data. Conclusions. Overall, the paper aims to empower psychotherapy researchers and other interaction scientists to investigate nonverbal synchrony in their own dyads.

Exploring nonverbal synchrony in borderline personality disorder: A double-blind placebo-controlled study using oxytocin.

OBJECTIVES: Interpersonal dysfunction is a central feature of borderline personality disorder (BPD), and the neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) has been shown to impact patients' behaviour in numerous ways. Nonverbal signals such as the coordination of body movement (nonverbal synchrony) are associated with the success of interpersonal exchanges and could thus be influenced by features of BPD and by the administration of OT. DESIGN: We explored the effect of intranasal OT (inOT) on nonverbal synchrony in sixteen patients with BPD and fifteen healthy controls (CTL) randomly assigned to two double-blind clinical interviews under inOT and placebo (PL). METHODS: Nonverbal synchrony was assessed by automated video-analyses of subject's and interviewer's body movement. Lagged cross-correlations were used to objectively quantify coordination in dyads. RESULTS: Synchrony was higher than pseudosynchrony (= synchrony expected by chance), and there was a differential effect of inOT between groups: While healthy controls displayed increased synchrony under inOT, patients with BPD showed low levels of synchrony under inOT. Additionally, patient's synchrony was negatively associated with self-reported childhood trauma. CONCLUSIONS: Nonverbal synchrony in clinical interviews is influenced by inOT, and this effect depends on subject's diagnosis. In line with previous research implying positive associations between nonverbal synchrony and relationship quality, inOT led to an increase of synchrony in healthy controls, but not in patients with BPD. Low levels of synchrony under inOT in patients and its association with childhood trauma suggest that additional mechanisms such as rejection sensitivity might mediate BPD patients' nonverbal behaviour. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Intranasal oxytocin (inOT) attenuated nonverbal synchrony - a proxy for relationship quality - in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD), while it increased nonverbal synchrony in healthy controls (CTL). Available models (rejection sensitivity; social salience) suggest that inOT may alter the way patients with BPD assess social situations, and this alteration is expressed by changes in nonverbal coordination. Patients with BPD display low levels of synchrony which are even below expected pseudosynchrony based on chance. The association between self-reported childhood trauma and lower synchrony in BPD was most evident for patient's imitative behaviour: Under inOT, patients with high scores of childhood trauma refrained from imitating their interview partners. Study limitations include small sample sizes and limited data on the psychological impact of the clinical interviews.

Adolescents at risk of anxiety in interaction with their fathers: Studying non-verbal and physiological synchrony.

Adolescence is a vulnerable period in terms of the onset of anxiety disorders, and dyadic parent-adolescent interactions may play a key role in either increasing or reducing the risk of psychopathologies. This study examines the presence of physiological synchrony (specifically, linkage in interbeat interval series) and non-verbal synchrony in positive and negative interactions between adolescents (aged 13-16) and their fathers. Non-verbal synchrony was quantified through the coordination of the interactants' body movements, using an automated video-analysis algorithm (motion energy analysis). Participants were made up of 53 parent-adolescent dyads, the latter at either low (n = 28) or high (n = 25) risk of anxiety. Adolescents at low risk of anxiety displayed statistically significant levels of non-verbal synchrony with their fathers during positive interactions. Non-verbal synchrony was not found in the father-adolescent dyads featuring adolescents at high risk of anxiety. Physiological synchrony was not significantly present above chance level in either of the groups of adolescents. Overall, the results suggest that adolescents at high risk of anxiety may have difficulties in managing non-distressing interactions with their fathers. The results also suggest that physiological synchrony is not a straightforward phenomenon.