Landing and take-off capabilities of bioinspired aerial vehicles: a review.

Bioinspired flapping-wing micro aerial vehicles (FWMAVs) have emerged over the last two decades as a promising new type of robot. Their high thrust-to-weight ratio, versatility, safety, and maneuverability, especially at small scales, could make them more suitable than fixed-wing and multi-rotor vehicles for various applications, especially in cluttered, confined environments and in close proximity to humans, flora, and fauna. Unlike natural flyers, however, most FWMAVs currently have limited take-off and landing capabilities. Natural flyers are able to take off and land effortlessly from a wide variety of surfaces and in complex environments. Mimicking such capabilities on flapping-wing robots would considerably enhance their practical usage. This review presents an overview of take-off and landing techniques for FWMAVs, covering different approaches and mechanism designs, as well as dynamics and control aspects. The special case of perching is also included. As well as discussing solutions investigated for FWMAVs specifically, we also present solutions that have been developed for different types of robots but may be applicable to flapping-wing ones. Different approaches are compared and their suitability for different applications and types of robots is assessed. Moreover, research and technology gaps are identified, and promising future work directions are identified.

Review of insect-inspired wing micro air vehicle.

Micro air vehicles (MAVs) have wide application prospects in environmental monitoring, disaster rescue and other civil fields because of their flexibility and maneuverability. Compared with fixed wing and rotary wing aircraft, flapping wing micro air vehicles (FWMAVs) have higher energy utilization efficiency and lower cost and have attracted extensive attention from scientists. Insects have become excellent bionic objects for the study of FWMAVs due to their characteristics of low Reynolds number, low noise, hoverability, small size and light weight. By mimicking flying insects, it may be possible to create highly efficient biomimetic FWMAVs. In this paper, insect flight aerodynamics are reviewed, and the mechanism designs of insect-inspired FWMAVs and their aerodynamics are summarized, including the wing type effect, vibration characteristics and aerodynamic characteristics of the flapping wing.

Effect of incorporating wing veins on soft wings for flapping micro air vehicles.

Small insects with flapping wings, such as bees and flies, have flexible wings with veins, and their compliant motion enhances flight efficiency and robustness. This study investigated the effects of integrating wing veins into soft wings for micro-flapping aerial vehicles. Prototypes of soft wings, featuring various wing areas and vein patterns in both the wing-chord and wing-span directions, were fabricated and evaluated to determine the force generated through flapping. The results indicated that the force is not solely dependent upon the wing area and is influenced by the wing vein pattern. Wings incorporating wing-chord veins produced more force compared to those with wing-span veins. In contrast, when the wing area was the specific wing area, wings with crossed wing veins, comprising both wing-span veins and wing-chord veins, produced more force. Although wing-chord veins tended to exert more influence on the force generated than the wing-span veins, the findings suggested that a combination of wing-span and wing-chord veins may be requisite, depending upon the wing area.

Kinematic Investigations of a Novel Flapping Actuation Design with Mutually Perpendicular 3 Cylindrical Joint Approach for FW-Drones.

The transmission mechanism of artificial flapping-wing drones generally needs low weight and the fewest interconnecting components, making their development challenging. The four-bar Linkage mechanism for flapping actuation has generally been used till now with complex and heavy connecting designs, but our proposed novel perpendicularly organized 3-cylindrical joint mechanism is designed to be unique and lighter weight with smooth functioning performance. The proposed prototype transforms the rotary motion of the motor into a specific angle of flapping movement, where the dimensions and specifications of the design components are proportional to the obtained flapping angle. Power consumption and flapping actuation can be monitored by adjusting the motor's rotational speed to control the individual wing in this mechanism. The proposed mechanism consists of a crank with three slightly slidable cylindrical joints perpendicularly arranged to each other with a specified distance in a well-organized pattern to produce a flapping movement at the other end. In order to examine the kinematic attributes, a mathematical process approach is formulated, and kinematic simulations are performed using SIMSCAPE multibody MATLAB, PYTHON programming and COMPMECH GIM software. The proposed invention's real-time test bench prototype model is designed, tested and analyzed for flapping validation.

Biomimicry of the Hawk Moth, Manduca sexta (L.), Produces an Improved Flapping-Wing Mechanism.

Flapping-wing micro air vehicles (FWMAVs) that mimic the flight capabilities of insects have been sought for decades. Core to the vehicle's flight capabilities is the mechanism that drives the wings to produce thrust and lift. This article describes a newly designed flapping-wing mechanism (FWM) inspired by the North American hawk moth, Manduca sexta. Moreover, the hardware, software, and experimental testing methods developed to measure the efficiency of insect-scale flapping-wing systems (i.e., the lift produced per unit of input power) are detailed. The new FWM weighs 1.2 grams without an actuator and wings attached, and its maximum dimensions are 21 × 24 × 11 mm. This FWM requires 402 mW of power to operate, amounting to a 48% power reduction when compared to a previous version. In addition, it generates 1.3 gram-force of lift at a flapping frequency of 21.6 Hz. Results show progress, but they have not yet met the power efficiency of the naturally occurring Manduca sexta. Plans to improve the technique for measuring efficiency are discussed as well as strategies to more closely mimic the efficiency of the Manduca sexta-inspired FWM.