Scaling of joint mass and metabolism fluctuations in in silico cell-laden spheroids.

Variations and fluctuations are characteristic features of biological systems and are also manifested in cell cultures. Here, we describe a computational pipeline for identifying the range of three-dimensional (3D) cell-aggregate sizes in which nonisometric scaling emerges in the presence of joint mass and metabolic rate fluctuations. The 3D cell-laden spheroids with size and single-cell metabolic rates described by probability density functions were randomly generated in silico. The distributions of the resulting metabolic rates of the spheroids were computed by modeling oxygen diffusion and reaction. Then, a method for estimating scaling exponents of correlated variables through statistically significant data collapse of joint probability distributions was developed. The method was used to identify a physiologically relevant range of spheroid sizes, where both nonisometric scaling and a minimum oxygen concentration (0.04 mol⋅m-3) is maintained. The in silico pipeline described enables the prediction of the number of experiments needed for an acceptable collapse and, thus, a consistent estimate of scaling parameters. Using the pipeline, we also show that scaling exponents may be significantly different in the presence of joint mass and metabolic-rate variations typically found in cells. Our study highlights the importance of incorporating fluctuations and variability in size and metabolic rates when estimating scaling exponents. It also suggests the need for taking into account their covariations for better understanding and interpreting experimental observations both in vitro and in vivo and brings insights for the design of more predictive and physiologically relevant in vitro models.

Form-function relationships underlie rapid dietary changes in a lizard.

Macroevolutionary changes such as variation in habitat use or diet are often associated with convergent, adaptive changes in morphology. However, it is still unclear how small-scale morphological variation at the population level can drive shifts in ecology such as observed at a macroevolutionary scale. Here, we address this question by investigating how variation in cranial form and feeding mechanics relate to rapid changes in diet in an insular lizard (Podarcis siculus) after experimental introduction into a new environment. We first quantified differences in the skull shape and jaw muscle architecture between the source and introduced population using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics and dissections. Next, we tested the impact of the observed variation in morphology on the mechanical performance of the masticatory system using computer-based biomechanical simulation techniques. Our results show that small differences in shape, combined with variation in muscle architecture, can result in significant differences in performance allowing access to novel trophic resources. The confrontation of these data with the already described macroevolutionary relationships between cranial form and function in these insular lizards provides insights into how selection can, over relatively short time scales, drive major changes in ecology through its impact on mechanical performance.

The mechanics of acoustic signal evolution in field crickets.

Field crickets (Family Gryllidae, Subfamily Gryllinae) typically produce tonal calls with carrier frequencies in the range 3-8 kHz. In this study, we explored the use of a finite element model (FEM) of the stridulatory apparatus of a field cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus, based on experimental measurements of resonator geometry and mechanical properties, to predict the measured call carrier frequencies of eight other field cricket species, ranging between 3 and 7 kHz. The model allowed accurate predictions of carrier frequencies for all eight species to within a few hundred hertz from morphological measurements of their resonators. We then used the model to explore the plausible evolutionary design space for field cricket call carrier frequency along the axes of resonator size and thickness, and mapped the locations of the nine experimentally measured species in this design space. Although the nine species spanned the evolutionarily conserved spectrum of carrier frequency and body size in field crickets, they were clustered in a small region of the available design space. We then explored the reasons for this apparent evolutionary constraint on field cricket carrier frequencies at both the lower and higher limit. We found that body size and sound radiation efficiency were the main constraints at the lower limits, whereas the energetics of stridulation using the clockwork mechanism may pose a constraint at higher frequencies.

Substitution for In Vitro and In Vivo Tests: Computational Models from Cell Attachment to Tissue Regeneration.

To get an optimal product of orthopaedic implant or regenerative medicine needs to follow trial-and-error analyses to investigate suitable product's material, structure, mechanical properites etc. The whole process from in vivo tests to clinical trials is expensive and time-consuming. Computational model is seen as a useful analysis tool to make the product development. A series of models for simulating tissue engineering process from cell attachment to tissue regeneration are reviewed. The challenging is that models for simulating tissue engineering processes are developed separately. From cell to tissue regeneration, it would go through blood injection after moving out the defect; to cell disperse and attach on the scaffold; to proliferation, migration and differentiation; and to the final part-becoming mature tissues. This paper reviewed models that related to tissue engineering process, aiming to provide an opportunity for researchers to develop a mature model for whole tissue engineering process. This article focuses on the model analysis methods of cell adhesion, nutrient transport and cell proliferation, differentiation and migration in tissue engineering. In cell adhesion model, one of the most accurate method is to use discrete phase model to govern cell movement and use Stanton-Rutland model for simulating cell attachment. As for nutrient transport model, numerical model coupling with volume of fluid model and species transport model together is suitable for predicting nutrient transport process. For cell proliferation, differentiation and migration, finite element method with random-walk algorithm is one the most advanced way to simulate these processes. Most of the model analysis methods require further experiments to verify the accuracy and effectiveness. Due to the lack of technology to detect the rate of nutrient diffusion, there are especially few researches on model analysis methods in the area of blood coagulation. Therefore, there is still a lot of work to be done in the research of the whole process model method of tissue engineering. In the future, the numerical model would be seen as an optimal way to investigate tissue engineering products bioperformance and also enable to optimize the parameters and material types of the tissue engineering products.

Advanced Modeling Methods-Applications to Bone Fracture Mechanics.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The goal of this review is to summarize recent advances in modeling of bone fracture using fracture mechanics-based approaches at multiple length scales spanning nano- to macroscale. RECENT FINDINGS: Despite the additional information that fracture mechanics-based models provide over strength-based ones, the application of this approach to assessing bone fracture is still somewhat limited. Macroscale fracture models of bone have demonstrated the potential of this approach in uncovering the contributions of geometry, material property variation, as well as loading mode and rate on whole bone fracture response. Cortical and cancellous microscale models of bone have advanced the understanding of individual contributions of microstructure, microarchitecture, local material properties, and material distribution on microscale fracture resistance of bone. Nano/submicroscale models have provided additional insight into the effect of specific changes in mineral, collagen, and non-collagenous proteins as well as their interaction on energy dissipation and fracture resistance at small length scales. Advanced modeling approaches based on fracture mechanics provide unique information about the underlying multiscale fracture mechanisms in bone and how these mechanisms are influenced by the structural and material constituents of bone at different length scales. Fracture mechanics-based modeling provides a powerful approach that complements experimental evaluations and advances the understanding of critical determinants of fracture risk.

Open-Source Routines for Building Personalized Left Ventricular Models From Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data.

Creating patient-specific models of the heart is a promising approach for predicting outcomes in response to congenital malformations, injury, or disease, as well as an important tool for developing and customizing therapies. However, integrating multimodal imaging data to construct patient-specific models is a nontrivial task. Here, we propose an approach that employs a prolate spheroidal coordinate system to interpolate information from multiple imaging datasets and map those data onto a single geometric model of the left ventricle (LV). We demonstrate the mapping of the location and transmural extent of postinfarction scar segmented from late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as mechanical activation calculated from displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE) MRI. As a supplement to this paper, we provide MATLAB and Python versions of the routines employed here for download from SimTK.

Neural Tissue Degeneration in Rosenthal's Canal and Its Impact on Electrical Stimulation of the Auditory Nerve by Cochlear Implants: An Image-Based Modeling Study.

Sensorineural deafness is caused by the loss of peripheral neural input to the auditory nerve, which may result from peripheral neural degeneration and/or a loss of inner hair cells. Provided spiral ganglion cells and their central processes are patent, cochlear implants can be used to electrically stimulate the auditory nerve to facilitate hearing in the deaf or severely hard-of-hearing. Neural degeneration is a crucial impediment to the functional success of a cochlear implant. The present, first-of-its-kind two-dimensional finite-element model investigates how the depletion of neural tissues might alter the electrically induced transmembrane potential of spiral ganglion neurons. The study suggests that even as little as 10% of neural tissue degeneration could lead to a disproportionate change in the stimulation profile of the auditory nerve. This result implies that apart from encapsulation layer formation around the cochlear implant electrode, tissue degeneration could also be an essential reason for the apparent inconsistencies in the functionality of cochlear implants.

Modeling of inflicted head injury by shaking trauma in children: what can we learn? : Part II: A systematic review of mathematical and physical models.

Various types of complex biomechanical models have been published in the literature to better understand processes related to inflicted head injury by shaking trauma (IHI-ST) in infants. In this systematic review, a comprehensive overview of these models is provided. A systematic review was performed in MEDLINE and Scopus for articles using physical (e.g. dolls) and mathematical (e.g. computer simulations) biomechanical models for IHI-ST. After deduplication, the studies were independently screened by two researchers using PRISMA methodology and data extracted from the papers is represented in a "7-steps description", addressing the different processes occurring during IHI-ST. Eleven papers on physical models and 23 papers on mathematical models were included after the selection process. In both categories, some models focus on describing gross head kinematics during IHI-ST events, while others address the behavior of internal head- and eye structures in various levels of detail. In virtually all physical and mathematical models analyzed, injury thresholds are derived from scaled non-infant data. Studies focusing on head kinematics often use injury thresholds derived from impact studies. It remains unclear to what extent these thresholds reflect the failure thresholds of infant biological material. Future research should therefore focus on investigating failure thresholds of infant biological material as well as on possible alternative injury mechanism and alternative injury criteria for IHI-ST.

Are CT-Based Finite Element Model Predictions of Femoral Bone Strength Clinically Useful?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This study reviews the available literature to compare the accuracy of areal bone mineral density derived from dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA-aBMD) and of subject-specific finite element models derived from quantitative computed tomography (QCT-SSFE) in predicting bone strength measured experimentally on cadaver bones, as well as their clinical accuracy both in terms of discrimination and prediction. Based on this information, some basic cost-effectiveness calculations are performed to explore the use of QCT-SSFE instead of DXA-aBMD in (a) clinical studies with femoral strength as endpoint, (b) predictor of the risk of hip fracture in low bone mass patients. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent improvements involving the use of smooth-boundary meshes, better anatomical referencing for proximal-only scans, multiple side-fall directions, and refined boundary conditions increase the predictive accuracy of QCT-SSFE. If these improvements are adopted, QCT-SSFE is always preferable over DXA-aBMD in clinical studies with femoral strength as the endpoint, while it is not yet cost-effective as a hip fracture risk predictor, although pathways that combine both QCT-SSFE and DXA-aBMD are promising.

Evaluation of Stress Distribution Among Two Different Pre-angled Abutments of Implants in Two Different Densities of Bone at Different Levels Along the Implant-/n Vitro Study.

AIM: The present study evaluated the stress distribution among two different pre-angled abutments of implants in two different densities of bone at different levels along the implant. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The stress allocation was assessed and compared between the control group, i.e., 0° and two different pre-angled abutments, i.e., 10° and 20° in two different bone densities as D2 and D3, using the finite element analysis. The geometric configuration of the mandible was generated using Ansys version 14.5graphic pre-processing software. Young's modulus (E) of elasticity and Poisson's ratio (µ) of the material were integrated into the representation. Average vertical load of 150 N was applied on the central fossa and buccal cusp of the mandibular first molar. Highest values of von Mises stresses were observed in different bone densities and angulated abutments at different levels. RESULTS: With increase in the abutment angulation between D2 and D3 densities along implant abutment junction the percentage of stress concentration was maximum with the values being 0.05 %, 108.67% and 128% in 0°,10°, and 20° angulations respectively, whereas, along the implant, the percentage of stress was increased with 0.6 %, 98.55% and 115.6% in 0°,10°, and 20° angulation. CONCLUSION: Stress concentration was observed maximum at the implant abutment junction irrespective of the angulations and the densities used and the value of stress concentration accumulated within the cortical bone increases with increase in bone density and angulation of the implant. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: These finding would aid in recognizing the importance of quality of cortical bone which and helps in avoiding the overloading of the implant abutment interface for the long-term prognosis of the implant.

A computational study of right ventricular mechanics in a rat model of pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) presents a significant challenge to right ventricular (RV) function due to progressive pressure overload, necessitating adaptive remodeling in the form of increased wall thickness, enhanced myocardial contractility and stiffness to maintain cardiac performance. However, the impact of these remodeling mechanisms on RV mechanics in not clearly understood. In addition, there is a lack of quantitative understanding of how each mechanism individually influences RV mechanics. Utilizing experimental data from a rat model of PAH at three distinct time points, we developed biventricular finite element models to investigate how RV stress and strain evolved with PAH progression. The finite element models were fitted to hemodynamic and morphological data to represent different disease stages and used to analyze the impact of RV remodeling as well as the altered RV pressure. Furthermore, we performed a number of theoretical simulation studies with different combinations of morphological and physiological remodeling, to assess and quantify their individual impact on overall RV load and function. Our findings revealed a substantial 4-fold increase in RV stiffness and a transient 2-fold rise in contractility, which returned to baseline by week 12. These changes in RV material properties in addition to the 2-fold increase in wall thickness significantly mitigated the increase in wall stress and strain caused by the progressive increase in RV afterload. Despite the PAH-induced cases showing increased wall stress and strain at end-diastole and end-systole compared to the control, our simulations suggest that without the observed remodeling mechanisms, the increase in stress and strain would have been much more pronounced. Our model analysis also indicated that while changes in the RV's material properties-particularly increased RV stiffness - have a notable effect on its mechanics, the primary compensatory factor limiting the stress and strain increase in the early stages of PAH was the significant increase in wall thickness. These findings underscore the importance of RV remodeling in managing the mechanical burden on the right ventricle due to pressure overload.

Metal 3D-Printed Bioinspired Lattice Elevator Braking Pads for Enhanced Dynamic Friction Performance.

The elevator industry is constantly expanding creating an increased demand for the integration of high technological tools to increase elevator efficiency and safety. Towards this direction, Additive Manufacturing (AM), and especially metal AM, is one of the technologies that could offer numerous competitive advantages in the production of industrial parts, such as integration of complex geometry, high manufacturability of high-strength metal alloys, etc. In this context, the present study has 3D designed, 3D printing manufactured, and evaluated novel bioinspired structures for elevator safety gear friction pads with the aim of enhancing their dynamic friction performance and eliminating the undesired behavior properties observed in conventional pads. Four different friction pads with embedded bioinspired surface lattice structures were formed on the template of the friction surface of the conventional pads and 3D printed by the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) process utilizing tool steel H13 powder as feedstock material. Each safety gear friction pad underwent tribological tests to evaluate its dynamic coefficient of friction (CoF). The results indicated that pads with a high contact surface area, such as those with car-tire-like and extended honeycomb structures, exhibit high CoF of 0.549 and 0.459, respectively. Based on the acquired CoFs, Finite Element Models (FEM) were developed to access the performance of braking pads under realistic operation conditions, highlighting the lower stress concentration for the aforementioned designs. The 3D-printed safety gear friction pads were assembled in an existing emergency progressive safety gear system of KLEEMANN Group, providing sufficient functionality.

Evaluation of stress distribution in bone of different densities using different implant designs: a three-dimensional finite element analysis.

A key factor for the success or failure of a dental implant is the manner in which stresses are transferred to the surrounding bone. This depends on the type of loading, bone-implant interface, the shape and characteristics of the implant surface and the quality and quantity of the surrounding bone. This study was done to evaluate the pattern of stress distribution with two different implant designs in four different densities of bone using 3D finite element analysis. Graphic pre-processing software Ansys version 10 was used for creating the geometric configuration of a section of the mandible with a missing first molar. Eight 3D models of this section restored with implant-supported all ceramic crowns were created. Four of these models were created to simulate a single threaded implant placed in four different densities of bone (D1, D2, D3 and D4). The other four models were created to simulate a single cylindrical implant placed in four different densities of bone (D1, D2, D3, and D4). The Poisson's ratio (µ) and Young's modulus (E) of elasticity of the material were incorporated into the model. An average vertical load of 400 N was applied on the occlusal surface of the first molar between the buccal cusp, central fossa and the marginal ridge. Maximum Von Mises stresses in all the eight models were observed at the crestal region or neck of the implant. The stresses observed were more for the threaded implants in all the four densities of bone when compared to that of the cylindrical implants. The study concluded that the cylindrical implant design was more favorable in softer bone than the threaded implant design.

Biophysical modeling of the electric field magnitude and distribution induced by electrical stimulation with intracerebral electrodes.

Intracranial electrodes are used clinically for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, notably in drug-refractory epilepsy (DRE) among others. Visualization and quantification of the energy delivered through such electrodes is key to understanding how the resulting electric fields modulate neuronal excitability, i.e. the ratio between excitation and inhibition. Quantifying the electric field induced by electrical stimulation in a patient-specific manner is challenging, because these electric fields depend on a number of factors: electrode trajectory with respect to folded brain anatomy, biophysical (electrical conductivity / permittivity) properties of brain tissue and stimulation parameters such as electrode contacts position and intensity. Here, we aimed to evaluate various biophysical models for characterizing the electric fields induced by electrical stimulation in DRE patients undergoing stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) recordings in the context of pre-surgical evaluation. This stimulation was performed with multiple-contact intracranial electrodes used in routine clinical practice. We introduced realistic 3D models of electrode geometry and trajectory in the neocortex. For the electrodes, we compared point (0D) and line (1D) sources approximations. For brain tissue, we considered three configurations of increasing complexity: a 6-layer spherical model, a toy model with a sulcus representation, replicating results from previous approaches; and went beyond the state-of-the-art by using a realistic head model geometry. Electrode geometry influenced the electric field distribution at close distances (∼3 mm) from the electrode axis. For larger distances, the volume conductor geometry and electrical conductivity dominated electric field distribution. These results are the first step towards accurate and computationally tractable patient-specific models of electric fields induced by neuromodulation and neurostimulation procedures.

Comparison of sacroiliac screw techniques for unstable sacroiliac joint disruptions: a finite element model analysis.

Vertically unstable pelvic injuries associated with sacroiliac disruption are challenging. Although percutaneous iliosacral fixation using two screws at S1 vertebral body has been shown beneficial, the use of two transiliac screws at S1 has been proposed to increase the fixation strength of the construct. In the herein study, the finite element method (FEM) was performed to analyse the biomechanical behaviour of five different constructions using iliosacral screws only, transiliac screws only, and combining an iliosacral and a transiliac screw. A vertically unstable AO 61C1.2 type pelvic injury was produced for the evaluation of the posterior pelvic displacement and implant stress, and the anterior implant stress using FEM. The symphysis pubis was fixed with a 3.5-mm reconstruction plate in all cases. The model was axially loaded with 800N applied in the centre of S1 body, perpendicular to the ground (Y-axis), simulating the bipodal stance moment. There was a statistically significant reduction in both posterior displacement and implant stresses in the groups fixed with at least one transiliac screw compared to the groups fixed with iliosacral screws. In our FEM study, the construct using two transiliac screws in S1 is biomechanically superior for stabilizing the sacroiliac joint in vertically unstable pelvic ring injuries compared to the other configurations. Lateral displacement, posterior displacement, and von Mises stress were reduced with this construct. A good option can be the use of one iliosacral screw and one transiliac screw in S1.

Contribution of Shape Features to Intradiscal Pressure and Facets Contact Pressure in L4/L5 FSUs: An In-Silico Study.

Finite element models (FEMs) of the spine commonly use a limited number of simplified geometries. Nevertheless, the geometric features of the spine are important in determining its FEM outcomes. The link between a spinal segment's shape and its biomechanical response has been studied, but the co-variances of the shape features have been omitted. We used a principal component (PCA)-based statistical shape modelling (SSM) approach to investigate the contribution of shape features to the intradiscal pressure (IDP) and the facets contact pressure (FCP) in a cohort of synthetic L4/L5 functional spinal units under axial compression. We quantified the uncertainty in the FEM results, and the contribution of individual shape modes to these results. This parameterisation approach is able to capture the variability in the correlated anatomical features in a real population and sample plausible synthetic geometries. The first shape mode ([Formula: see text]) explained 22.6% of the shape variation in the subject-specific cohort used to train the SSM, and had the largest correlation with, and contribution to IDP (17%) and FCP (11%). The largest geometric variation in ([Formula: see text]) was in the annulus-nucleus ratio.

Finite element analysis of tooth movement under different retraction force and intrusive force in double-archwire lingual orthodontics system.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the tooth movement tendency during space closure in maxillary anterior teeth by various combinations of retraction force and intrusive force in a double-archwire lingual orthodontic system. Mini-implant-double slot lingual orthodontics system models of the bilateral maxillary first premolar extraction cases were constructed. Three-dimensional finite element models of the maxilla were constructed with definite position mini-implants (8 mm) and power arms (6 mm). Different retraction forces(50gf、100gf、150gf)were applied with the help of a nickel-titanium closed coil spring on the plate side. Intrusive forces(0gf、50gf、100gf)were applied with the help of the mini-implant between the two central incisors, and the initial displacements of the maxillary anterior teeth were analyzed. Variable amounts of displacements like controlled tipping, uncontrolled tipping, lingual crown tipping, labial root tipping, extrusion and distal crown tipping were observed in all the models, and these tendencies increased as the magnitude of retraction force increased, and these tendencies decreased as the magnitude of intrusive force increased. When the intrusive force was greater than or equal to the retraction force, the maxillary central incisors showed the trend of lingual crown tipping and labial root tipping, resulting in uncontrolled tipping movement. In terms of horizontal changes, the increasing width of bilateral anterior teeth was observed, with canines showing the least increasing trend. Various combinations of retraction force and intrusive force in a double-archwire lingual orthodontic system provide a new choice for torque control of the anterior teeth. Although anterior mini-implants and elastics can achieve incisor intrusion and lingual root torque, they cannot achieve the expected torque without additional torque control methods.

Polyurethane Culture Substrates Enable Long-Term Neuron Monoculture in a Human in vitro Model of Neurotrauma.

Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cells can reproduce human-specific pathophysiology, patient-specific vulnerability, and gene-environment interactions in neurological disease. Human in vitro models of neurotrauma therefore have great potential to advance the field. However, this potential cannot be realized until important biomaterials challenges are addressed. Status quo stretch injury models of neurotrauma culture cells on sheets of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) that are incompatible with long-term monoculture of hiPSC-derived neurons. Here, we overcame this challenge in an established human in vitro neurotrauma model by replacing PDMS with a highly biocompatible form of polyurethane (PU). This substitution allowed long-term monoculture of hiPSC-derived neurons. It also changed the biomechanics of stretch injury. We quantified these changes experimentally using high-speed videography and digital image correlation. We used finite element modeling to quantify the influence of the culture substrate's thickness, stiffness, and coefficient of friction on membrane stretch and concluded that the coefficient of friction explained most of the observed biomechanical changes. Despite these changes, we demonstrated that the modified model produced a robust, dose-dependent trauma phenotype in hiPSC-derived neuron monocultures. In summary, the introduction of this PU film makes it possible to maintain hiPSC-derived neurons in monoculture for long periods in a human in vitro neurotrauma model. In doing so, it opens new horizons in the field of neurotrauma by enabling the unique experimental paradigms (e.g., isogenic models) associated with hiPSC-derived neurons.

The Potential of Deep Learning to Advance Clinical Applications of Computational Biomechanics.

When combined with patient information provided by advanced imaging techniques, computational biomechanics can provide detailed patient-specific information about stresses and strains acting on tissues that can be useful in diagnosing and assessing treatments for diseases and injuries. This approach is most advanced in cardiovascular applications but can be applied to other tissues. The challenges for advancing computational biomechanics for real-time patient diagnostics and treatment include errors and missing information in the patient data, the large computational requirements for the numerical solutions to multiscale biomechanical equations, and the uncertainty over boundary conditions and constitutive relations. This review summarizes current efforts to use deep learning to address these challenges and integrate large data sets and computational methods to enable real-time clinical information. Examples are drawn from cardiovascular fluid mechanics, soft-tissue mechanics, and bone biomechanics. The application of deep-learning convolutional neural networks can reduce the time taken to complete image segmentation, and meshing and solution of finite element models, as well as improving the accuracy of inlet and outlet conditions. Such advances are likely to facilitate the adoption of these models to aid in the assessment of the severity of cardiovascular disease and the development of new surgical treatments.

Biomechanics of Traumatic Head and Neck Injuries on Women: A State-of-the-Art Review and Future Directions.

The biomechanics of traumatic injuries of the human body as a consequence of road crashes, falling, contact sports, and military environments have been studied for decades. In particular, traumatic brain injury (TBI), the so-called "silent epidemic", is the traumatic insult responsible for the greatest percentage of death and disability, justifying the relevance of this research topic. Despite its great importance, only recently have research groups started to seriously consider the sex differences regarding the morphology and physiology of women, which differs from men and may result in a specific outcome for a given traumatic event. This work aims to provide a summary of the contributions given in this field so far, from clinical reports to numerical models, covering not only the direct injuries from inertial loading scenarios but also the role sex plays in the conditions that precede an accident, and post-traumatic events, with an emphasis on neuroendocrine dysfunctions and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. A review on finite element head models and finite element neck models for the study of specific traumatic events is also performed, discussing whether sex was a factor in validating them. Based on the information collected, improvement perspectives and future directions are discussed.