Dissecting the intricacies of human antibody responses to SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 infection.

The 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1) causes more severe disease than SARS-CoV-2, which is responsible for COVID-19. However, our understanding of antibody response to SARS-CoV-1 infection remains incomplete. Herein, we studied the antibody responses in 25 SARS-CoV-1 convalescent patients. Plasma neutralization was higher and lasted longer in SARS-CoV-1 patients than in severe SARS-CoV-2 patients. Among 77 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) isolated, 60 targeted the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and formed 7 groups (RBD-1 to RBD-7) based on their distinct binding and structural profiles. Notably, RBD-7 antibodies bound to a unique RBD region interfaced with the N-terminal domain of the neighboring protomer (NTD proximal) and were more prevalent in SARS-CoV-1 patients. Broadly neutralizing antibodies for SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, and bat and pangolin coronaviruses were also identified. These results provide further insights into the antibody response to SARS-CoV-1 and inform the design of more effective strategies against diverse human and animal coronaviruses.

The essence of phase transitions in condensed matter by an information theoretic approach.

Our information theoretic considerations suggest that the essence of phase transitions in condensed matter is the change in entropy as reflected in the change in the number of isomers between two phases. The explicit number of isomers as a function of size is computed using a graph theoretic approach that is compared to a direct count for smaller systems. This allows us to apply a common approach to both nanosystems and their macroscopic limit. The entropy increases very rapidly with size with the results that replacing the actual distribution over size by an average is not an accurate approximation. That the phase transition is a sharp function of the temperature is due to the high heat capacity of both the solid and liquid phases. The difference in entropy at the transition is related to the Trouton-Richards considerations. The finite width of the boundary between two phases of a finite system is related to the inherent uncertainty product that is derived from the maximum entropy formalism and that is a result of the fluctuations about equilibrium. As the system size increases, the boundary becomes sharper and one recovers the usual thermodynamic description.

Deriving the number of salience maps an observer has from the number and quality of concurrent centroid judgments.

[C. Koch, S. Ullman, Hum. Neurobiol.4, 219-227 (1985)] proposed a 2D topographical salience map that took feature-map outputs as its input and represented the importance "saliency" of the feature inputs at each location as a real number. The computation on the map, "winner-take-all," was used to predict action priority. We propose that the same or a similar map is used to compute centroid judgments, the center of a cloud of diverse items. [P. Sun, V. Chu, G. Sperling, Atten. Percept. Psychophys.83, 934-955 (2021)] demonstrated that following a 250-msec exposure of a 24-dot array of 3 intermixed colors, subjects could accurately report the centroid of each dot color, thereby indicating that these subjects had at least three salience maps. Here, we use a postcue, partial-report paradigm to determine how many more salience maps subjects might have. In 11 experiments, subjects viewed 0.3-s flashes of 28 to 32 item arrays composed of M, M = 3,...,8, different features followed by a cue to mouse-click the centroid of items of just the post-cued feature. Ideal detector response analyses show that subjects utilized at least 12 to 17 stimulus items. By determining whether a subject's performance in (M-1)-feature experiments could/could-not predict performance in M-feature experiments, we conclude that one subject has at least 7 and the other two have at least five salience maps. A computational model shows that the primary performance-limiting factors are channel capacity for representing so many concurrently presented groups of items and working-memory capacity for so many computed centroids.

Characterization of Pan social systems reveals in-group/out-group distinction and out-group tolerance in bonobos.

Human between-group interactions are highly variable, ranging from violent to tolerant and affiliative. Tolerance between groups is linked to our unique capacity for large-scale cooperation and cumulative culture, but its evolutionary origins are understudied. In chimpanzees, one of our closest living relatives, predominantly hostile between-group interactions impede cooperation and information flow across groups. In contrast, in our other closest living relative, the bonobo, tolerant between-group associations are observed. However, as these associations can be frequent and prolonged and involve social interactions that mirror those within groups, it is unclear whether these bonobos really do belong to separate groups. Alternatively, the bonobo grouping patterns may be homologous to observations from the large Ngogo chimpanzee community, where individuals form within-group neighborhoods despite sharing the same membership in the larger group. To characterize bonobo grouping patterns, we compare the social structure of the Kokolopori bonobos with the chimpanzee group of Ngogo. Using cluster analysis, we find temporally stable clusters only in bonobos. Despite the large spatial overlap and frequent interactions between the bonobo clusters, we identified significant association preference within but not between clusters and a unique space use of each cluster. Although bonobo associations are flexible (i.e., fission-fusion dynamics), cluster membership predicted the bonobo fission compositions and the spatial cohesion of individuals during encounters. These findings suggest the presence of a social system that combines clear in-group/out-group distinction and out-group tolerance in bonobos, offering a unique referential model for the evolution of tolerant between-group interactions in humans.

Evidence for a role of synchrony but not common fate in the perception of biological group movements.

Extensive research has shown that observers are able to efficiently extract summary information from groups of people. However, little is known about the cues that determine whether multiple people are represented as a social group or as independent individuals. Initial research on this topic has primarily focused on the role of static cues. Here, we instead investigate the role of dynamic cues. In two experiments with male and female human participants, we use EEG frequency tagging to investigate the influence of two fundamental Gestalt principles - synchrony and common fate - on the grouping of biological movements. In Experiment 1, we find that brain responses coupled to four point-light figures walking together are enhanced when they move in sync vs. out of sync, but only when they are presented upright. In contrast, we found no effect of movement direction (i.e., common fate). In Experiment 2, we rule out that synchrony takes precedence over common fate by replicating the null effect of movement direction while keeping synchrony constant. These results suggest that synchrony plays an important role in the processing of biological group movements. In contrast, the role of common fate is less clear and will require further research.

Estimating the serological underrecognition of patients with weak or partial RHD variants.

BACKGROUND: For patients with weak or discrepant RhD RBC phenotypes, RHD genotyping is employed to determine need for RhD-negative management. However, many RHD variants are type D-negative or D-positive. Serological recognition rates (RRs) of weak and partial RHD variants are poorly characterized. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Four US studies employing RHD genotyping for weak or discrepant RhD phenotypes provided data for race/ethnicity-specific serological recognition. Three studies used microplate, and 1 used gel and tube; 2 had anti-D data. We obtained White and Hispanic/Latino allele frequencies (AFs) of weak D types 1, 2, and 3 single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) from the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD, v4.0.0) and devised Hardy-Weinberg-based formulas to correct for gnomAD's overcount of hemizygous RHD SNVs as homozygous. We compiled common partial RHD AF from genotyped cohorts of US Black or sickle cell disease subjects. From variant AF, we calculated hemizygous-plus-homozygous genetic prevalences. Serological prevalence: genetic prevalence ratios yielded serological RRs. RESULTS: Overall RRs of weak D types 1-3 were 17% (95% confidence interval 12%-24%) in Whites and 12% (5%-27%) in Hispanics/Latinos. For eight partial RHD variants in Blacks, overall RR was 11% (8%-14%). However, DAR RR was 80% (38%-156%). Compared to microplate, gel-tube recognition was higher for type 2 and DAU5 and lower for type 4.0. Anti-D was present in 6% of recognized partial RHD cases, but only in 0.7% of estimated total genetic cases. DISCUSSION: Based on AF, >80% of patients with weak or partial RHD variants were unrecognized serologically. Although overall anti-D rates were low, better detection of partial RHD variants is desirable.

Grouping approaches based on structure alone are insufficient to conclude about toxicological properties-the example of monoamine-based chelates.

Aminocarboxylic acid (monoamine-based) chelating agents such as GLDA, MGDA, NTA, and EDG are widely used in a variety of products and processes. In the European Union, based on the Green Deal and the Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability (CSS), there is an increasing tendency to speed up chemical hazard evaluation and to regulate chemicals by grouping substances based on molecular structure similarity. Recently, it was proposed to group polycarboxylic acid monoamines, hydroxy derivatives and their salts with monovalent cations, and to consider all group members as potential carcinogens based on the official CLP classification of one group member, viz. NTA, which is classified as suspected carcinogen Cat. 2. In this review, we show that a grouping approach for harmonized classification and labeling based on molecular structure alone, disregarding existing animal test data as well as current scientific and regulatory knowledge, would result in incorrect classification. Using such a simplistic, although considered pragmatic approach, classification of all group members upfront would not improve protection of human health. Instead, it could not only lead to unnecessary additional vertebrate animal testing but also to onerous and disproportionate restrictions being placed on the use of these valuable substances; some of these even being considered as green chemicals.

Structured learning in time-dependent Cox models.

Cox models with time-dependent coefficients and covariates are widely used in survival analysis. In high-dimensional settings, sparse regularization techniques are employed for variable selection, but existing methods for time-dependent Cox models lack flexibility in enforcing specific sparsity patterns (ie, covariate structures). We propose a flexible framework for variable selection in time-dependent Cox models, accommodating complex selection rules. Our method can adapt to arbitrary grouping structures, including interaction selection, temporal, spatial, tree, and directed acyclic graph structures. It achieves accurate estimation with low false alarm rates. We develop the sox package, implementing a network flow algorithm for efficiently solving models with complex covariate structures. sox offers a user-friendly interface for specifying grouping structures and delivers fast computation. Through examples, including a case study on identifying predictors of time to all-cause death in atrial fibrillation patients, we demonstrate the practical application of our method with specific selection rules.

Lung cancer - major changes in the American Joint Committee on Cancer eighth edition cancer staging manual.

Answer questions and earn CME/CNE The revision for the eighth edition of the tumor, node, and metastasis (TNM) classification of lung cancer was based on analyses of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer database, which included 77,156 evaluable patients diagnosed with lung cancer from 1999 to 2010. Among tumor (T) descriptors, the following new tumor-size groups were created: T1a, ≤1 cm; T1b, >1 to 2 cm; T1c, >2 to 3 cm; T2a, >3 to 4 cm; T2b, >4 to 5 cm; T3, >5 to 7 cm; and T4, >7 cm. Tis and T1mi were introduced for adenocarcinoma in situ and minimally invasive adenocarcinoma, respectively. Endobronchial tumors located <2 cm from the carina have better prognosis than those with any other T3 descriptor and were classified as T2. Total atelectasis/pneumonitis was classified as a T2 descriptor, because it has a T2 prognosis. Diaphragmatic invasion is now T4. Visceral pleural invasion remains unchanged, and mediastinal pleura invasion, which is seldom used, disappears as a T descriptor. The lymph node (N) component descriptors are unchanged, but the number of involved nodal stations has prognostic impact. For the metastasis (M) component, M1a (intrathoracic metastases) remains unchanged, but extrathoracic metastases are divided into a single extrathoracic metastasis (new M1b) and multiple extrathoracic metastases in a single organ or multiple organs (M1c). Stage IA is now divided into IA1, IA2, and IA3 to accommodate T1a, T1b, and T1cN0M0 tumors, respectively; all N1 disease is stage IIB except for T3-T4N1M0 tumors, which are stage IIIA; a new stage IIIC is created for T3-T4N3M0 tumors; and stage IV is divided into IVA (M1a and M1b) and IVB (M1c). This revision enhances our capacity for prognostication and will have an important impact in the management of patients with lung cancer and in future research. CA Cancer J Clin 2017;67:138-155. © 2017 American Cancer Society.

ERPs and alpha oscillations track the encoding and maintenance of object-based representations in visual working memory.

When memorizing an integrated object such as a Kanizsa figure, the completion of parts into a coherent whole is attained by grouping processes which render a whole-object representation in visual working memory (VWM). The present study measured event-related potentials (ERPs) and oscillatory amplitudes to track these processes of encoding and representing multiple features of an object in VWM. To this end, a change detection task was performed, which required observers to memorize both the orientations and colors of six "pacman" items while inducing configurations of the pacmen that systematically varied in terms of their grouping strength. The results revealed an effect of object configuration in VWM despite physically constant visual input: change detection for both orientation and color features was more accurate with increased grouping strength. At the electrophysiological level, the lateralized ERPs and alpha activity mirrored this behavioral pattern. Perception of the orientation features gave rise to the encoding of a grouped object as reflected by the amplitudes of the Ppc. The grouped object structure, in turn, modulated attention to both orientation and color features as indicated by the enhanced N1pc and N2pc. Finally, during item retention, the representation of individual objects and the concurrent allocation of attention to these memorized objects were modulated by grouping, as reflected by variations in the CDA amplitude and a concurrent lateralized alpha suppression, respectively. These results indicate that memorizing multiple features of grouped, to-be-integrated objects involves multiple, sequential stages of processing, providing support for a hierarchical model of object representations in VWM.

Neural decoding dissociates perceptual grouping between proximity and similarity in visual perception.

Unlike single grouping principle, cognitive neural mechanism underlying the dissociation across two or more grouping principles is still unclear. In this study, a dimotif lattice paradigm that can adjust the strength of one grouping principle was used to inspect how, when, and where the processing of two grouping principles (proximity and similarity) were carried out in human brain. Our psychophysical findings demonstrated that similarity grouping effect was enhanced with reduced proximity effect when the grouping cues of proximity and similarity were presented simultaneously. Meanwhile, EEG decoding was performed to reveal the specific cognitive patterns involved in each principle by using time-resolved MVPA. More importantly, the onsets of dissociation between 2 grouping principles coincided within 3 time windows: the early-stage proximity-defined local visual element arrangement in middle occipital cortex, the middle-stage processing for feature selection modulating low-level visual cortex such as inferior occipital cortex and fusiform cortex, and the high-level cognitive integration to make decisions for specific grouping preference in the parietal areas. In addition, it was discovered that the brain responses were highly correlated with behavioral grouping. Therefore, our study provides direct evidence for a link between the human perceptual space of grouping decision-making and neural space of brain activation patterns.

Multi-omics bioactivity profile-based chemical grouping and read-across: a case study with Daphnia magna and azo dyes.

Grouping/read-across is widely used for predicting the toxicity of data-poor target substance(s) using data-rich source substance(s). While the chemical industry and the regulators recognise its benefits, registration dossiers are often rejected due to weak analogue/category justifications based largely on the structural similarity of source and target substances. Here we demonstrate how multi-omics measurements can improve confidence in grouping via a statistical assessment of the similarity of molecular effects. Six azo dyes provided a pool of potential source substances to predict long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates (Daphnia magna) for the dye Disperse Yellow 3 (DY3) as the target substance. First, we assessed the structural similarities of the dyes, generating a grouping hypothesis with DY3 and two Sudan dyes within one group. Daphnia magna were exposed acutely to equi-effective doses of all seven dyes (each at 3 doses and 3 time points), transcriptomics and metabolomics data were generated from 760 samples. Multi-omics bioactivity profile-based grouping uniquely revealed that Sudan 1 (S1) is the most suitable analogue for read-across to DY3. Mapping ToxPrint structural fingerprints of the dyes onto the bioactivity profile-based grouping indicated an aromatic alcohol moiety could be responsible for this bioactivity similarity. The long-term reproductive toxicity to aquatic invertebrates of DY3 was predicted from S1 (21-day NOEC, 40 µg/L). This prediction was confirmed experimentally by measuring the toxicity of DY3 in D. magna. While limitations of this 'omics approach are identified, the study illustrates an effective statistical approach for building chemical groups.

Utility of in vivo metabolomics to support read-across for UVCB substances under REACH.

Structure-based grouping of chemicals for targeted testing and read-across is an efficient way to reduce resources and animal usage. For substances of unknown or variable composition, complex reaction products, or biological materials (UVCBs), structure-based grouping is virtually impossible. Biology-based approaches such as metabolomics could provide a solution. Here, 15 steam-cracked distillates, registered in the EU through the Lower Olefins Aromatics Reach Consortium (LOA), as well as six of the major substance constituents, were tested in a 14-day rat oral gavage study, in line with the fundamental elements of the OECD 407 guideline, in combination with plasma metabolomics. Beyond signs of clinical toxicity, reduced body weight (gain), and food consumption, pathological investigations demonstrated the liver, thyroid, kidneys (males only), and hematological system to be the target organs. These targets were confirmed by metabolome pattern recognition, with no additional targets being identified. While classical toxicological parameters did not allow for a clear distinction between the substances, univariate and multivariate statistical analysis of the respective metabolomes allowed for the identification of several subclusters of biologically most similar substances. These groups were partly associated with the dominant (> 50%) constituents of these UVCBs, i.e., indene and dicyclopentadiene. Despite minor differences in clustering results based on the two statistical analyses, a proposal can be made for the grouping of these UVCBs. Both analyses correctly clustered the chemically most similar compounds, increasing the confidence that this biological approach may provide a solution for the grouping of UVCBs.

Grouping of short alkyl-chain branched carboxylic acids for developmental toxicity.

Read-across (RAx) and grouping of chemicals into categories are well-known concepts in toxicology. Recently, ECHA proposed a grouping approach for branched-chain carboxylic acids (BCAs) including more than 60 branched-chain saturated carboxylic acids for hazard identification. Grouping was based only on structural considerations. Due to developmental effects of two members, ECHA postulated that "all short carbon chain acids … are likely reproductive and developmental toxicants". This work analyzes available data for BCAs. The number of compounds in the group can be significantly reduced by eliminating metal and organic salts of BCAs, compounds of unknown or variable composition, and complex reaction products or biological materials (UVCB compounds). For the resulting reduced number of compounds, grouping is supported by similar physicochemical data and expected similar biotransformation. However, analysis of adverse effects for compounds in the group and mechanistic information show that BCAs, as a class, do not cause developmental effects in rats. Rather, developmental toxicity is limited to selected BCAs with specific structures that share a common mode of action (histone deacetylase inhibition). Thus, the proposed grouping is unreasonably wide and the more detailed analyses show that structural similarity alone is not sufficient for grouping branched-chain carboxylic acids for developmental toxicity.

The emergence of all-or-none retrieval of chunks in verbal serial recall.

People often subdivide a list into smaller pieces, called chunks. Some theories of serial recall assume memories are stored hierarchically, with all-or-none retrieval of chunks, but most mathematical models avoid hierarchical assumptions. Johnson (Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 8(6), 725-731, 1969) found steep drops in errors following correct recalls (transitional-error probabilities) within putative chunks during multi-trial letter-list learning, and viewed this as evidence for all-or-none retrieval. Here we test whether all-or-none retrieval occurs in lists studied only once. In serial recall of six-word lists (Experiment 1), transitional-error probabilities were inconsistent with all-or-none retrieval, both when participants were instructed to subdivide and when temporal grouping induced subdivision. Curiously, the same analysis of previous temporally grouped nine-letter lists produced compelling evidence for all-or-none retrieval, which may result from recoding rather than the formation of chunks. In Experiment 2, participants were pre-trained on three-word chunks. For nine-word lists constructed from those trained chunks, transitional-error probabilities exhibited more pronounced evidence of all-or-none retrieval. Nearly all effects reversed with post-cued backward recall, suggesting mechanisms that play out over the course of recall rather than encoding of the list. In sum, subdivided lists do not result in hierarchical memories after a single study trial, although they may emerge in lists formed from chunks that are previously learned as such. This suggests a continuous transition from non-hierarchical subdivision of lists to all-or-none retrieval over the course of chunk formation.

Synesthetic Correspondence: An Overview.

Intramodal and cross-modal perceptual grouping based on the spatial proximity and temporal closeness between multiple sensory stimuli, as an operational principle has built a coherent and meaningful representation of the multisensory event/object. To implement and investigate the cross-modal perceptual grouping, researchers have employed excellent paradigms of spatial/temporal ventriloquism and cross-modal dynamic capture and have revealed the conditional constraints as well as the functional facilitations among various correspondence of sensory properties, with featured behavioral evidence, computational framework as well as brain oscillation patterns. Typically, synesthetic correspondence as a special type of cross-modal correspondence can shape the efficiency and effect-size of cross-modal interaction. For example, factors such as pitch/loudness in the auditory dimension with size/brightness in the visual dimension could modulate the strength of the cross-modal temporal capture. The empirical behavioral findings, as well as psychophysical and neurophysiological evidence to address the cross-modal perceptual grouping and synesthetic correspondence, were summarized in this review. Finally, the potential applications (such as artificial synesthesia device) and how synesthetic correspondence interface with semantics (sensory linguistics), as well as the promising research questions in this field have been discussed.

GOI-YOLOv8 Grouping Offset and Isolated GiraffeDet Low-Light Target Detection.

In the realm of computer vision, object detection holds significant importance and has demonstrated commendable performance across various scenarios. However, it typically requires favorable visibility conditions within the scene. Therefore, it is imperative to explore methodologies for conducting object detection under low-visibility circumstances. With its balanced combination of speed and accuracy, the state-of-the-art YOLOv8 framework has been recognized as one of the top algorithms for object detection, demonstrating outstanding performance results across a range of standard datasets. Nonetheless, current YOLO-series detection algorithms still face a significant challenge in detecting objects under low-light conditions. This is primarily due to the significant degradation in performance when detectors trained on illuminated data are applied to low-light datasets with limited visibility. To tackle this problem, we suggest a new model named Grouping Offset and Isolated GiraffeDet Target Detection-YOLO based on the YOLOv8 architecture. The proposed model demonstrates exceptional performance under low-light conditions. We employ the repGFPN feature pyramid network in the design of the feature fusion layer neck to enhance hierarchical fusion and deepen the integration of low-light information. Furthermore, we refine the repGFPN feature fusion layer by introducing a sampling map offset to address its limitations in terms of weight and efficiency, thereby better adapting it to real-time applications in low-light environments and emphasizing the potential features of such scenes. Additionally, we utilize group convolution to isolate interference information from detected object edges, resulting in improved detection performance and model efficiency. Experimental results demonstrate that our GOI-YOLO reduces the parameter count by 11% compared to YOLOv8 while decreasing computational requirements by 28%. This optimization significantly enhances real-time performance while achieving a competitive increase of 2.1% in Map50 and 0.6% in Map95 on the ExDark dataset.

Allergens grouping names on packaging: Are the substances similar enough to ensure safety? The worst case scenarios question this.

OBJECTIVE: European Commission Regulation (EU) n°2023/1545 introduced the concept of grouping names in the cosmetics sector in July 2023. These groups bring together allergenic substances with the same level of skin sensitization. Their purpose is to lighten the list of ingredients on cosmetic packaging, by grouping together substances deemed to be similar under the same name. As this classification is based on a single toxic effect - skin sensitization - the present study aims to analyse the relevance of these groupings with regard to other toxic effects of substances in the same group. METHODS: This study was carried out by consulting an available database, various reports from 5 committees, 2 books and 5 articles in order to complete the toxicological profile of each substance. Then, in order to highlight any discrepancies within the classification, the worst cases were identified. For this purpose, the data for each substance in a group were compared, and in the event of greater criticality for a toxic effect, this was qualified as a worst case. In addition, similar toxic effects between several substances within the same group were also recorded. The aim of this additional research was to validate the definition of the grouping name and the similarities between substances in the same group. RESULTS: From the 17 grouping names, 5 presented worst cases. Two groups had 2 worst cases and the others only one. In total, from the 7 worst cases detected, 3 were due to the toxic effect "skin irritation". In most cases, the substances in the groupings shared the presence or absence of risk. Only the degree of risk criticality varied. CONCLUSION: Classification by grouping names appears justified regarding the similarities between substances, particularly in terms of skin sensitization. However, the presence of worst cases qualifies it and highlights the importance of being vigilant when assessing the risk of cosmetic products including these grouping names in their list of ingredients.

OBJECTIF: Le règlement (UE) n°2023/1545 de la Commission européenne a introduit la notion de « grouping names ¼ dans le domaine des cosmétiques en juillet 2023. Ces groupes rassemblent des substances allergènes ayant le même niveau de sensibilisation cutanée. Ils ont pour objectif d'alléger la liste des ingrédients figurant sur les emballages des produits cosmétiques, en regroupant sous un même nom des substances jugées similaires. Cette classification étant fondée sur un seul effet toxique ­ la sensibilisation cutanée ­ la présente étude vise à analyser la pertinence de ces regroupements au regard des autres effets toxiques des substances d'un même groupe. MÉTHODES: Cette étude a été réalisée en consultant une base de données disponible, différents rapports de 5 comités, 2 livres et 5 articles afin de compléter le profil toxicologique de chaque substance. Ensuite, afin de mettre en évidence les divergences au sein de la classification, les cas de criticité plus importante ont été identifiés. Pour ce faire, les données de chaque substance d'un groupe ont été comparées, et en cas de criticité supérieure d'un effet toxique, celui­ci a été qualifié de « worst case ¼. En outre, les effets toxiques similaires entre plusieurs substances d'un même groupe ont également été enregistrés. L'objectif de cette recherche complémentaire était de valider la définition du « grouping name ¼ et les similitudes entre les substances d'un même groupe. RÉSULTATS: Sur les 17 « grouping names ¼, 5 présentaient des « worst cases ¼. Deux groupes présentaient deux « worst cases ¼ et les autres un seul. Au total, sur les 7 « worst cases ¼ détectés, 3 étaient dus à l'effet toxique "irritation cutanée". Dans la plupart des cas, les substances des groupes partagent la présence ou l'absence de risque. Seul le degré de criticité du risque variait. CONCLUSION: La classification par « grouping names ¼ semble justifiée au regard des similitudes entre les substances, notamment en termes de sensibilisation cutanée. Cependant, la présence de « worst cases ¼ la nuance et souligne l'importance d'être vigilant lors de l'évaluation du risque des produits cosmétiques incluant ces « grouping names ¼ dans leur liste d'ingrédients.

Genetic analysis of popping quality traits and development of superior quality popcorn hybrids for a sustainable popcorn breeding program in India.

BACKGROUND: Popcorn is the most popular specialty maize and it makes a significant contribution to the Indian and global economies. Despite perfect exploration of heterosis in field corn, progress in popcorn breeding remains constrained due to its narrow genetic base, leading to a significant dependence on imports. In this study, 15 landrace- and population-derived inbreds from temperate and tropical germplasm were crossed with five testers, which are the parents of superior popcorn hybrids, in a line × tester mating design. RESULTS: Significant variation was observed in popping quality and agronomic traits among crosses evaluated across three locations representing diverse maize-based agro-climatic zones in India. Additive genetic variance governed the traits related to popping quality, whereas dominance variance was responsible for the agronomic traits. In addition to significant heterosis specific to certain traits, we identified promising crosses that exhibited superior performance in both popping quality and grain yield (GY). The genotype + genotype × environment (GGE) biplot methodology identified PMI-PC-104 and PMI-PC-101 as the best discriminating testers for popping quality traits and Dpcl-15-90 for GY. Lines PMI-PC-205, PMI-PC-207, and PMI-PC-209 were the best general combiners for popping quality traits and GY. The heterotic groups identified based on GGE-biplots and the magnitude, direction and stability of combining ability effects would serve in the development of competitive popcorn hybrids for a sustainable popcorn market. CONCLUSION: Using the additive nature of popping quality traits and the dominant nature of GY, recurrent intrapopulation selection can be employed to derive desirable popping quality inbreds with high GY for genetic enhancement. Desirable popping quality alleles from novel germplasm can thus be combined with high-yielding domestic elite inbreds to establish a sustainable popcorn breeding program. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Impact of orthodontic-induced facial morphology changes on aesthetic evaluation: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: The profound influence of orthodontic treatments on facial aesthetics has been a topic of increasing interest. This study delves into the intricate interplay between orthodontic treatments, facial feature alterations, and aesthetic perceptions. METHODS: A total of 73 patients who had undergone orthodontic treatment were included in this study. Facial photographs were taken before and after treatment. Ten orthodontists provided facial aesthetic ratings (FAR) for each patient's frontal, profile, and overall views. 48 facial landmarks were manually placed by the orthodontists and normalized using Generalized Procrustes analysis (GPA). Two types of phenotypes were derived from facial landmarks. Global facial phenotypes were then extracted using principal component analysis (PCA). Additionally, 37 clinical features related to aesthetics and orthodontics were extracted. The association between facial features and changes in FAR after orthodontic treatment was determined using these two types of phenotypes. RESULTS: The FAR exhibited a high correlation among orthodontic experts, particularly in the profile view. The FAR increased after orthodontic treatment, especially in profile views. Extraction of premolars and orthognathic surgery were found to result in higher FAR change. For global facial phenotypes, the most noticeable changes in the frontal and profile views associated with FAR occurred in the lip area, characterized by inward retraction of the lips and slight chin protrusion in the profile view, as well as a decrease in lip height in the frontal view. The changes observed in the profile view were statistically more significant than those in the frontal view. These facial changes were consistent with the changes from orthodontic treatment. For clinical features, two profile features, namely pg.sm.hori and pg.n.ls, were found to be associated with FAR following orthodontic treatment. The highest FAR scores were achieved when pg.sm.hori was at 80° and pg.n.ls was at 8°. On the other hand, frontal clinical features had a subtle effect on FAR during orthodontic treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that orthodontic treatment improves facial aesthetics, particularly at lip aera in the profile view. Profile clinical features, such as pg.sm.hori and pg.n.ls, are essential in orthodontic treatment which could increase facial aesthetics.