[Social networks use and risk factors for the development of eating disorders: A systematic review]. / Uso de redes sociales y factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de trastornos relacionados con la alimentación en España: una revisión sistemática.

OBJECTIVE: Review the available scientific literature on the relationship between the use of social networks and risk factors for the development of eating disorders, such as low self-esteem, body dissatisfaction and/or idealization of thinness, in the Spanish population. DESIGN: A systematic review of scientific literature published between 2010 and 2022 was carried out. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. SELECTION OF STUDIES: Only original articles were included, published in Spanish or English, that measured at least one variable of use of social networks and at least one risk factor for eating disorders in the Spanish population. DATA EXTRACTION: The PRISMA 2009 statement was used as a guide. The quality of selected articles was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist. RESULTS: Twelve cross-sectional studies that met the inclusion criteria were identified. Evidence suggests that the use and frequency of use of social networks is significantly associated with body dissatisfaction (p≤0,01), drive for thinness (p≤0,001), and low self-esteem (p≤0,05) in adolescents and young adults in the Spanish population. CONCLUSIONS: Users of social networks, mainly those based on images, are exposed to factors that could increase their risk of developing an eating disorder.

Self-image, self-esteem and depression in children and adolescents with and without obesity.

INTRODUCTION: In Mexico, the prevalence of childhood obesity is 35%, and it continues to increase. OBJECTIVE: To determine the correlation between self-image, self-esteem and depression in children aged 8 to 14 years with and without obesity. METHODS: Cross-sectional, comparative study of 295 children: 116 with overweight/obesity (group 1) and 179 with normal weight (group 2). Body mass index, scholarship, school achievement, school problems, socioeconomic status, self-image (current, desired), satisfaction, self-esteem and presence of depression were recorded. Descriptive statistics, Spearman's rho and Mann-Whitney's U-test were used; a p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: In group 1, 53.4% perceived themselves as with normal weight, and in 77.6%, the desired self-image was normal weight; 67.2% wanted to be slimmer; in 53.4%, self-esteem was high, and 75.9% had no depression. In group 2, current self-image was normal weight in 79.3%, and the desired self-image was normal weight in 85.5%; 35.2% wanted to be slimmer; self-esteem was high in 49.7% and 77.1% had no depression. Significant correlations were observed for self-esteem-depression (r = 0.228) and self-esteem-socioeconomic status (r = 0.130). CONCLUSIONS: Current self-image and body satisfaction are different with and without obesity. The relationship between self-esteem and depressive symptoms begins at school age.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La obesidad infantil es un problema de salud pública mundial. En México, la prevalencia es de 35 % y continúa ascendiendo. OBJETIVO: Determinar la correlación entre autoimagen, autoestima y depresión en niños de ocho a 14 años con y sin obesidad. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal comparativo de 295 niños: 116 niños con sobrepeso u obesidad (grupo 1) y 179 sin obesidad (grupo 2). Se registró índice de masa corporal, escolaridad, aprovechamiento escolar, conflictos escolares, nivel socioeconómico, autoimagen (actual, deseada), satisfacción, autoestima y presencia de depresión. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva, rho de Spearman y U de Mann-Whitney; p ≤ 0.05 se consideró significativa. RESULTADOS: En el grupo 1, 53.4 % de los niños se autopercibió con normopeso y en 77.6 % la autoimagen deseada era normopeso; 67.2 % deseaba ser más delgado; en 53.4 % la autoestima era elevada; 75.9 % se observó sin depresión. En el grupo 2, en 79.3 % la autoimagen actual era normopeso y la autoimagen deseada en 85.5 % fue normopeso; 35.2 % deseaba ser más delgado; la autoestima era elevada en 49.7 % y 77.1 % no presentaba depresión. Se identificaron correlaciones significativas en autoestima-depresión (r = 0.228) y autoestima-nivel socioeconómico (r = 0.130). CONCLUSIONES: La autoimagen actual y la satisfacción corporal son diferentes en niños y adolescentes con y sin obesidad. La relación de la autoestima y síntomas depresivos inicia desde la edad escolar.

Ethnic and racial diversity in eating disorder prevention trials.

Recruiting diverse samples for prevention trials is challenging, but essential. This paper provides baseline data for four racial/ethnic groups from a randomized controlled trial of a mobile-based prevention intervention and systematically reviews recruitment trends in diversity across technology-based prevention studies. Female emerging adults completed measures of appearance esteem, body image flexibility, appearance comparison, and self-compassion. White participants reported lower body esteem and body image flexibility, and higher appearance comparison compared to Black and Asian participants. Latina participants evidenced higher appearance comparison compared to Black participants. The literature review revealed that while rates of diversity in previous trials vary, the majority of the participants were White. Efforts are needed to increase diversity in prevention trials.

[Weight control behaviors in dieting adolescent girls and their relation to body dissatisfaction and obsession with thinness]. / Conductas de control de peso en mujeres adolescentes dietantes y su relación con insatisfacción corporal y obsesión por la delgadez.

INTRODUCTION: Obsession with thinness and body dissatisfaction can lead adolescents to follow unsupervised diets, which could result in risky weight control behaviors such as fasting, vomiting, use of diuretics and laxatives. The aim of the current study is to examine weight control behaviors in dieting adolescents and relate them to body dissatisfaction (BD) and obsession with thinness (OT). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 439 adolescents from Valparaiso public schools to investigate risky weight control behaviors due to BD and OT scales from the Eating Disorders Inventory-2 (EDI-2), comparing restrained eaters and non-restrained eaters. RESULTS: A total of 43% adolescents had followed a weight loss diet without medical supervision. The dieters had higher BD and OT values. Moderate to severe food restriction, based on expert judgment, was observed in 29.6%, and differences in the presence and severity of purging behaviors were found between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: One third of the adolescents studied followed diets without professional supervision and had higher BD and OT values, as well as risky weight control behaviors. Overweight and obese adolescents followed more restrictive diets and developed riskier weight control behaviors.

Determination of body image and self-efficacy levels in patients after cornea transplantation.

PURPOSE: The study aimed to determine body image and levels after surgery in cornea transplant patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The population of this cross-sectional study was composed of 383 patients presented to the Eye Bank unit of a University Hospital after corneal transplantation. Sample size of 193 patients was calculated with 0.5 power, a margin of error of 5%, representing 95% of the universe. The data were collected through face-to-face interviews with the patients by the researcher and the study was completed with 178 patients in September-November 2022. The data were collected using a Patient Information Form, the Body Image Scale, and the General Self-Efficacy Scale. Parametric tests, Pearson Correlation, Student's t-test, and One-Way Analysis of Variance tests were performed were used in the data analysis. RESULTS: It was determined that the mean Body Image Scale score of the transplant patients participating in the study was 159.41 ±â€¯36.99 and the mean Self-Efficacy Scale score was 30.37 ±â€¯8.31. When the comparison of the mean scores was examined, the difference between the mean scores of gender, marital status, occupation, and body image scale was statistically significant (p < .05), while the difference between the self-efficacy mean scores was not statistically significant (p > .05). There was a positive, moderately strong significant relationship between body image and the self-efficacy of the patients (p < .01) (r = .57). CONCLUSION: It was found that the patient's body image and self-efficacy levels were high, and self-efficacy increased as the body image increased.

[Evaluation of the physical and psychosocial consequences of the diastasis of the rectus abdominis and its interference in health: A mixed study]. / Evaluación de las consecuencias físicas y psicosociales de la diástasis de rectos abdominales y su interferencia en la salud: un estudio mixto.

INTRODUCTION: Diastasis rectus abdominis (DRA) is defined as the separation of the rectus abdominis along the linea alba. This condition can occur in both sexes, being frequent in women during pregnancy and pospartum. There is little evidence on the consequences of DRA on the quality of life of women. OBJECTIVE: The analysis of the perception of the symptoms of and its repercussion on a physical, psychological and social level in women affected by this condition. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Observational study through a semi-structured online survey, composed of 30 closed questions and 2 open ones. The inclusion criteria were adult Spanish-speaking women who had given birth and who presented abdominal diástasis. The data were analyzed quantitatively and the qualitative information was obtained through a content analysis of the open questions. RESULTS: 319 women with DRA were included. The results showed a negative effect of DRA on quality of life, functional capacities, and urogynecological and digestive health. Likewise, a negative impact was evidenced at an emotional level, on body image and poor self-perceived health. CONCLUSION: DRA has a negative impact on women's health. Women with DRA present an impairment of the quality of life and functional capacities, an alteration in body image, feelings of abandonment by health institutions, shame, sadness, powerlessness, lack of self-esteem, resignation and social pressure.

[Prevention of eating disorders in primary education]. / Prevención de los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria en educación primaria.

Introduction: Eating disorders are infrequent in school age, being predominant in the female sex. The main predictive factors at this age are similar to those of other age groups, the influence of body changes being particularly important, especially in girls. Despite preventive programs in this age group are scarce, those focused mainly on the acceptance of body image, internalization of the ideal of appearance and media literacy have shown some effectiveness. However, new research is needed to confirm the approaches with the best results.

Introducción: Los trastornos de la alimentación son poco frecuentes en las edades de la etapa escolar, siendo predominantes en el sexo femenino. Los principales factores predictivos en esta edad son similares a los de otros grupos de edad, siendo particularmente importante la influencia de los cambios corporales, sobre todo en las niñas. Aunque los programas preventivos en este grupo de edad son escasos, los centrados principalmente en la aceptación de la imagen corporal, la internalización del ideal de apariencia y la alfabetización mediática han observado cierta eficacia. No obstante, son necesarias nuevas investigaciones que confirmen los enfoques con mejores resultados.

[Self-esteem, self-image, and school bullying in eating disorders]. / Autoestima, imagen personal y acoso escolar en los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria.

Introduction: Body dissatisfaction (BD) is considered one of the most important risk factors for the development of an eating disorder (ED), and low self-esteem a confirmed psychological trait of vulnerability. People with ED or related characteristics suffer more often (two to three times more) from bullying or teasing related to appearance. Special mention should be made of participants in intimidation and harassment behaviors, both as victims or perpetrators, who are at greater risk of developing food symptoms. The results are homogeneous when the control group is made up of the general population and more contradictory with psychiatric control groups. It is also necessary to study cyberbullying because of its relevance. Teasing interventions do not appear to be a priority in ED prevention programs, although EAT-IV results support the importance of targeting weight-related ridicule in education and health initiatives, and of including the family environment as a target in anti-bullying interventions, especially in girls. It will be necessary to consider different models of preventive intervention depending on their gender. In both sexes, personal and socio-family education interventions would be appropriate to expand a more flexible body aesthetic model. Interventions based on health promotion and education to improve self-esteem, where positive body image is promoted with face-to-face interventions, have been successful in reducing BD and ED. Body Project, ZARIMA, DITCA and AMEMC are effective programs.

Introducción: La insatisfacción corporal (IC) se considera uno de los factores de riesgo más importantes para el desarrollo de un trastorno de conducta alimentaria (TCA). Y la baja autoestima como un rasgo psicológico de vulnerabilidad confirmado. Las personas que tienen TCA o características afines sufren con más frecuencia (dos a tres veces más) acoso escolar o burlas relacionadas con la apariencia. Mención especial merecen los participantes en conductas de intimidación y acoso, tanto cómo víctimas o verdugos, que tienen más riesgo de desarrollar sintomatología alimentaria. Los resultados son homogéneos cuando el grupo de control lo constituye la población general y más contradictorios con grupos de control psiquiátricos. Se hace necesario también estudiar el ciberacoso o cyberbullying, por su actualidad. Las intervenciones en las burlas no parecen ser una prioridad en los programas de prevención de los TCA, aunque los resultados del EAT-IV apoyan la importancia de abordar las burlas relacionadas con el peso en las iniciativas de educación y salud e incluir el ambiente familiar como diana en las intervenciones anti-bullying, especialmente en las chicas. Habrá que plantearse diferentes modelos de intervención preventiva en función del género. En los dos sexos serían apropiadas las intervenciones personales y de educación sociofamiliar para expandir un modelo estético corporal más flexible. Las intervenciones basadas en la promoción y educación de la salud para mejorar la autoestima, donde se promociona la imagen corporal positiva con intervenciones presenciales, han tenido éxito en reducir IC y patología alimentaria. Body Project, ZARIMA, DITCA y AMEMC son programas efectivos.

Satisfaction with testicular prosthesis: a Portuguese questionnaire-based study in testicular cancer survivors.

Radical orchiectomy in testicular cancer patients can have a negative impact on body image and self-esteem. Reconstructive surgery with testicular prosthesis might mitigate this burden. We conducted a questionnaire-based study aiming to evaluate our patients' satisfaction with testicular prosthesis. Overall satisfaction was rated as excellent or good in 97.7%. The main complaints were related to the prosthesis' inappropriate texture (45.5%), size (18.1%) or position (15.9%). Among men interviewed, 59% considered that having a normal looking scrotum was either extremely important or important for their self-esteem. The majority (88.2%) stated they would make the same decision again, and nearly all patients would recommend it to other men with testicular cancer. We believe testicular implants should always be offered, leaving the final decision to the patient.

[Healthy habits in childhood and adolescence in rural areas. A descriptive and comparative study]. / Hábitos saludables en la niñez y la adolescencia en los entornos rurales. Un estudio descriptivo y comparativo.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: the promotion of healthy lifestyles for health care is a priority in the European Union, and the acquisition of these habits begins during childhood. Objectives: to know the eating, sleep, physical activity and sedentary leisure habits, body image, and body mass index percentile among children and adolescents in Castile-La Mancha, Spain. To explore potential differences between children and adolescents in the measured variables. Method: this was a descriptive, cross-sectional study with 293 subjects. Instruments: scale and stadimeter for anthropometric measurements, and items chosen from the Cantabrian Network of Health Promoting Schools and Schools for Health in Europe. Results: a high percentage of children and adolescents report having inadequate eating habits, with significant differences in the omission of breakfast (F = 6.820; p = 0.009; η2 = 0.023) and in the consumption of fish (F = 8.901; p = 0.003; η2 = 0.030); this was worse among adolescents, where 35.4 % say they do not eat breakfast compared to 21.4 % of children, and 57.3 % say they never eat fish or only do so once a week, compared to 41.1 % of children. Regarding sleep, there are significant differences between children and adolescents (F = 69.70; p = 0.000; η2 = 0.193), with the latter also having the worst results since 28.1 % of adolescents report sleeping less than 7 hours a day, compared with 8.6 % of children. It is worth mentioning the short amount of time devoted to intense physical activity and the declaration of lack of time as perceived barrier to physical activity, reported by 49 % of adolescents and 27.5 % of children. Lastly, sedentary leisure at both stages stands out, with 78.2 % of adolescents and 44.6 % of children spending more than three hours a day watching television, and 74 % of adolescents and 28 % of children playing more than three hours with different technologies. Conclusions: this study shows that adolescents have poorer healthy habits than children in rural areas. The need to increase programs for the development and promotion of healthy lifestyles devoted to younger children and developed by the various agencies responsible for health care is highlighted.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la promoción de estilos de vida saludables para el cuidado de la salud es una prioridad en la Unión Europea, iniciándose en la infancia la adquisición de dichos hábitos. Objetivos: conocer los hábitos alimentarios, de sueño, de actividad física y de ocio sedentario, la imagen corporal y el percentil del índice de masa corporal en niños y adolescentes de Castilla-La Mancha. Explorar las posibles diferencias entre las variables evaluadas de niños y adolescentes. Métodos: estudio descriptivo y transversal con 293 participantes. Instrumentos: báscula y estadímetro para medidas antropométricas y preguntas del formulario de la encuesta incluido en el programa Red Cántabra de Escuelas Promotoras de Salud y Schools for Health in Europe. Resultados: un porcentaje elevado de niños y adolescentes refieren tener hábitos alimentarios inadecuados, existiendo diferencias significativas en la omisión del desayuno (F = 6,820; p = 0,009; η2 = 0,023) y en el consumo de pescado (F = 8,901; p = 0,003; η2 = 0,030); los índices son peores en los adolescentes, entre los que un 35,4 % manifiestan no realizar el desayuno, frente al 21,4 % de los niños, y un 57,3 % responden que nunca o solo una vez a la semana consumen pescado, frente al 41,1 % de los niños. Respecto al sueño, existen diferencias significativas entre los niños y los adolescentes (F = 69,70; p = 0,000; η2 = 0,193), siendo también los resultados peores en estos últimos, pues el 28,1 % de los adolescentes refieren dormir menos de 7 horas al día, frente a un 8,6 % de los niños. Destacan el poco tiempo dedicado a la actividad física intensa y la declaración de falta de tiempo como barrera percibida para la práctica de la actividad física, que afectan al 49 % de los adolescentes y al 27,5 % de los niños. Destaca el ocio sedentario en ambas etapas, pues un 78,2 % de los adolescentes y 44,6 % de los niños dedican más de tres horas al día a ver la televisión, y el 74 % de los adolescentes y el 28 % de los niños juegan más de tres horas con diferentes tecnologías. Conclusiones: este estudio evidencia que los adolescentes de las zonas rurales muestran peores hábitos saludables que los niños. Se destaca la necesidad de incrementar los programas de desarrollo y promoción de estilos de vida saludables dirigidos a los más pequeños, y desarrollados desde los distintos organismos a cargo de la salud.

[Evolution of body image perception and distorsion with mat and apparatus Pilates practice in adult women]. / Evolución de la percepción y distorsión de la imagen corporal con la práctica de Pilates en suelo y con aparatos en mujeres adultas.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: the systematic practice of physical exercise may influence the perception and distortion of body image in adult women. Objective: to analyze the evolution of body image perception and distortion in adult women who performed a systematic practice of mat Pilates (PM) or Pilates with apparatus (PA). Methods: a total of 35 adult women participated in a PM (n = 19) or PA (n = 26) program for 16 weeks, two days a week. Body image was assessed before and after the interventions using the Eating Behavior Inventory 3 (EBI-3), Gardner's body image assessment scale, and Thompson and Gray's silhouette scale questionnaires. Results: the PM group showed a significant reduction in dissatisfaction with buttocks, dissatisfaction with body image, perceived image, distortion index, dissatisfaction index, perceived mental image, perceived affective image, cognitive dissatisfaction index, and affective dissatisfaction index (p < 0.05; ES: 0.26-0.80). As compared to the PA group, a significant reduction was shown in dissatisfaction with thighs, dissatisfaction with hips, dissatisfaction with body image, dissatisfaction index, cognitive dissatisfaction index, and affective dissatisfaction index (p < 0.05; 0.22-0.79). Conclusion: the systematic practice of PM or PA improves body image in adult women, reducing their body dissatisfaction.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la práctica sistemática de ejercicio físico podría influir en la percepción y distorsión de la imagen corporal de mujeres adultas. Objetivo: analizar la evolución de la percepción y la distorsión de la imagen corporal en mujeres adultas que realizan una práctica sistemática de Pilates en suelo (PS) o Pilates con aparatos (PA). Metodología: un total de 35 mujeres adultas participaron en un programa de PS (n = 19) o PA (n = 26) durante 16 semanas, dos días por semana. La imagen corporal se valoró antes y después de las intervenciones con el cuestionario "Inventario de la conducta alimentaria 3" (EDI-3), la escala de evaluación de la imagen corporal de Gardner y la escala de siluetas de Thompson y Gray. Resultados: el grupo de PS mostró una reducción significativa de la insatisfacción con los glúteos, la insatisfacción con la imagen corporal, la imagen percibida, el índice de distorsión, el índice de insatisfacción, la imagen mental percibida, la imagen afectiva percibida, el índice de insatisfacción cognitiva y el índice de insatisfacción afectiva (p < 0,05; TE: 0,26-0,80). En relación con el grupo de PA se encontró una disminución significativa de la insatisfacción con los muslos, la insatisfacción con las caderas, la insatisfacción con la imagen corporal, el índice de insatisfacción, el índice de insatisfacción cognitiva y el índice de insatisfacción afectiva (p < 0,05; 0,22-0,79). Conclusiones: la práctica sistemática de PS o PA mejora la imagen corporal en mujeres adultas, reduciéndose el grado de insatisfacción corporal de las mismas.

[Foods habits, body image and physical fitness in Chilean schoolchildren according to physical activity level and weight status]. / Hábitos alimentarios, imagen corporal y condición física en escolares chilenos según niveles de actividad física y estatus corporal.

INTRODUCTION: Background: dietary habits and physical activity (PA) patterns play a crucial role in the integral development of children and adolescents. Objective: to compare according PA frequency (i.e., 0,1,2,3 or 4 times / week) and weight status (i.e., normal weight, overweight and obesity), adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD), body image dissatisfaction and the physical fitness related to health, and as second objective to determine the association between these variables. Methods: 481 schoolchildren, 166 women and 315 men aged between 8 and 15 years (12.10 ± 1.10 years) belonging to public schools of Temuco, Chile participated. They were classified in three groups according PA frequency: group 1, without PA; group 2, PA 1-2 times/week, and group 3, PA 3-4 times/week. Cardio respiratory fitness (CRF), standing jump long test (SJT), handgrip strength, adherence to MD and body image dissatisfaction were measured. Results: Schoolchildren with more days of PA / week reported higher adherence to MD (p = 0.020), VO2max (p < 0.001) and SJT (p < 0.001) than peers. Likewise, schoolchildren with normal weight show more adherence to MD (P <0.001) and lower body image dissatisfaction (p < 0.001). There is a positive association between PA with VO2MAX (B, 1.28, p < 0.001). The gender presented association with body image dissatisfaction (B, 25.51, p = 0.019). Conclusion: the schoolchildren with greater frequency of PA/week, presenting greater adherence to MD and better physical fitness related to health. Keywords.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: los hábitos alimentarios y los patrones de actividad física (AF) juegan un papel crucial en el desarrollo integral de niños y adolescentes. Objetivo: comparar según frecuencia de AF (es decir, 0, 1, 2, 3 o 4 veces/semana) y estatus corporal (es decir, normopeso, sobrepeso y obesidad) la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea (DM), la insatisfacción por la imagen corporal y la condición física relacionada con la salud (CF), y, como segundo objetivo, determinar la asociación entre estas variables. Métodos: participaron 481 escolares, 166 mujeres y 315 hombres, de entre 8 y 15 años (12,10 ± 1,10 años) pertenecientes a escuelas pública de la ciudad de Temuco (Chile). Se clasificaron en 3 grupos según la frecuencia de AF: grupo 1, no realiza AF; grupo 2, AF 1-2 veces/semana, y grupo 3: AF 3-4 veces/semana. Se midió la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria (CRF), el salto de longitud a pies juntos (SJT), la fuerza prensil, la adherencia a la DM y la insatisfacción con la imagen corporal. Resultados: los escolares con más días de AF/semana reportaron mayor adherencia a la DM (p = 0,020), VO2MAX (p < 0,001) y mayor SJT (p < 0,001). Asimismo, los escolares con normopeso presentaron más adherencia a la DM (p < 0,001) y menor grado de insatisfacción con la imagen corporal (p < 0,001). Se aprecia una asociación positiva entre la AF y la CRF (B; 1,28, p < 01001). El género presentó asociación con la insatisfacción de la imagen corporal (B; 25,51, p = 01019). Conclusión: los escolares con mayor frecuencia de AF/semana presentaron mayor adherencia a la DM y mejor CF relacionada a la salud.

[Assessment of nutritional-dietary status, body composition, eating behavior, and perceived image in rhythmic gymnastics athletes]. / Valoración del estado dietético-nutricional, la composición corporal, el comportamiento alimentario y la percepción de la imagen en deportistas de gimnasia rítmica.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: among adolescent gymnasts some concern for body weight has been observed, with diets inadequate in energy and some nutrients in the search for maximum performance. Objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate the dietary-nutritional status, body composition, eating behavior, and perceived body image concerns of female gymnasts at sub-national competition levels. In addition, to study the relationship between the prevalence of the risk of eating disorders and variables such as substance use, irregular menstruation, fatigue, and hours of sleep. Materials and method: a total of 33 female subelite gymnasts participated (age: M = 14.52, SD = 1.85), with age ranging from 11 to 18 years. Anthropometric evaluations (restricted profile) were made, the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) and Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) were administered, and the subjects were then interviewed for collecting sociodemographic, socio-sports, health, and food intake data. Results: the results showed that their diet was deficient, among other micro- and macro-nutrients, in water, carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins D and E, fiber, iron and calcium, whereas they ingested an excess of vitamin A and sodium. These athletes had normal weight, high muscle mass values, low fat mass levels, and intermediate somatotype components (balanced endomorph with a tendency to central). Two cases at risk for an eating disorder, and concerns related to perceived body image in a quarter of the sample were identified. Conclusion: the risk of having an eating disorder is related to the consumption of prohibited drugs or addictive substances, irregular menstruation, tiredness, and fewer hours of sleep.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: entre las gimnastas adolescentes se ha observado cierta preocupación por el peso, con dietas insuficientes en energía y algunos nutrientes en búsqueda del máximo rendimiento. Esta preocupación puede estar relacionada con trastornos de la conducta alimentaria, menstruación irregular, cansancio y descanso insuficiente. Objetivos: evaluar el estado diétético-nutricional, la composición corporal, el comportamiento alimentario y la preocupación por la imagen corporal de las gimnastas de competición. Métodos: estudio observacional y transveral en el que participaron 33 gimnastas femeninas (edad: M = 14,52, DT = 1,85), subélite, de entre 11 y 18 años de edad. Se realizaron valoraciones antropométricas, se les aplicó un test de actitudes alimentarias (EAT-26) y un cuestionario sobre la figura corporal (BSQ), y se las entrevistó, recogiéndose datos sociodemográficos, sociodeportivos, de salud y sobre la ingesta. Resultados: la dieta de las deportistas es principalmente deficitaria en agua, carbohidratos, proteínas, vitaminas D y E, fibra, hierro y calcio, con sobreingesta de vitamina A y sodio. Las deportistas presentan normopeso y valores altos de masa muscular, bajos de masa grasa y medios de los componentes del somatotipo (endomorfo equilibrado con tendencia a central). Se detectaron dos casos de riesgo de trastorno de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) y preocupación por la imagen corporal percibida en un cuarto de la muestra. Conclusiones: el riesgo de padecer un TCA se relaciona con el consumo de fármacos prohibidos o sustancias adictivas, la menstruación irregular, el cansancio y dormir menos horas.

Body image and obesity in children from public primary schools in Acapulco, Mexico: A cross-sectional study.

Background: Childhood obesity is a global problem, causing social and psychological damage, as well as physical health risks. This study estimated the occurrence of body image dissatisfaction in primary schoolchildren aged 9-13 years and investigated its association with obesity and other factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted, for which 533 students attending three public primary schools in Acapulco were recruited. Students completed a facilitated self-administered questionnaire about their age, sex, socioeconomic level, body image satisfaction, and perception of their parents' body image. We registered anthropometry of the students and calculated body mass index (BMI). We examined the associations of BMI category and other factors with body image dissatisfaction, calculating the cluster-adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals. Results: From the total number of participants, 75% (181/243) of girls and 73% (170/232) of boys were dissatisfied with their body image and wanted a slimmer body. About half were overweight or obese: 45% (121/271) of girls and 52% (135/262) of boys. Overweight or obese children were much more likely to be dissatisfied with their body image (cluster adjusted: 6.73; 95% CI: 5.42-8.36). No other factors were significantly associated with body image dissatisfaction. One-third of the girls (32%, 86/271) and 17% (45/261) of the boys reported an underweight desired body image. Conclusions: The high level of obesity is a cause for concern and an even higher level of body image dissatisfaction as well. The high dissatisfaction among children suggests that boys, as well as girls in Mexico, may now be subjected to intense social pressure about desirable body image.

Introducción: La obesidad infantil es un problema global que causa daños sociales, psicológicos y en la salud física. Se estimó la ocurrencia de insatisfacción con la imagen corporal en escolares de 9 a 13 años, y su asociación con la obesidad y otros factores. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en 533 estudiantes de tres escuelas primarias públicas en Acapulco, México. Se aplicó un cuestionario autoadministrado sobre edad, sexo, nivel socioeconómico, satisfacción con la imagen corporal y percepción de la imagen corporal de los padres. Se midieron el peso y la talla, y se calculó el índice de masa corporal (IMC). Se examinaron las asociaciones entre el IMC y otros factores con la insatisfacción con la imagen corporal, y se calculó la razón de momios ajustada por conglomerado y sus intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC 95%). Resultados: El 75% (181/243) de niñas y el 73% (170/232) de niños estaban insatisfechos con su imagen corporal; casi todos deseaban un cuerpo más delgado. El 45% (121/271) de las niñas y el 52% (135/262) de los niños presentaba sobrepeso u obesidad, lo que se asoció con la insatisfacción con su imagen corporal (ajustado por clúster: 6.73; IC 95%: 5.42-8.36). Ningún otro factor se asoció significativamente con la insatisfacción con la imagen corporal. El 32% (86/271) de las niñas y el 17% (45/261) de los niños reportaron una imagen corporal deseada con bajo peso. Conclusiones: El alto nivel de obesidad y el mayor nivel de insatisfacción con la imagen corporal son motivo de preocupación. La insatisfacción sugiere que los niños y las niñas en México pueden verse sometidos a una fuerte presión social sobre la imagen corporal deseable.

Psychometric Analysis of the Body Shape Questionnaire in Mexican University Students. / Análisis psicométrico del Body Shape Questionnaire en universitarios mexicanos.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the psychometric properties, internal structure, and relationship with anthropometric indicators of the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) among Mexican university students according to the measurement invariance approach. METHODS: An instrumental study was carried out to assess the psychometric properties, validity, and reliability of the BSQ. The analysis of the measurement invariance was performed using the Least Squares Estimation, and weighted by adjusted variance and polychoric correlations after assessing different measurement models for BSQ in each group. The scores of the final version were correlated with anthropometric indicators by the Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS: As regards the dimensional analysis, all of the previous models for BSQ have favourable adjustment rates, although those with a single factor show more robust evidence. The configural invariance was accepted; suggesting that the one-dimensional structure is common for both men and women. However, 16-item factorial loadings were statistically different between the groups. Hence, they were discarded and an 18-item version (BSQ-18) was obtained, which is considered invariant as regards gender. In addition, there is a direct relationship between the scores of the BSQ-18 version and the body mass index, waist circumference, and fat percentage. Satisfactory indicators were found as regards stability. CONCLUSIONS: The BSQ-18 can be used with men and women, and has high reliability indicators to be conducted in clinical settings to assess eating disorders and obesity among university students.

[Relationship of body composition measured by DEXA with lifestyle and satisfaction with body image in university students]. / Relación de la composición corporal medida por DEXA con el estilo de vida y la satisfacción con la imagen corporal en estudiantes universitarios.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: body mass index (BMI) can under-diagnose overweight and obesity as it is a surrogate measure of central adiposity, making it necessary to define more adequate variables for its correct diagnosis. Objective: to compare the categorization of overweight and obesity according to the percentage of fat measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) with the BMI and the Clínica Universidad de Navarra - Body Adiposity Estimator (CUN-BAE) formula, as well as their relationship with adherence to the Mediterranean diet, physical activity and satisfaction with body image. Subjects and methods: cross-sectional study conducted in 64 medical students. We determined weight, height, waist circumference, percentage of fat measured with DEXA, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, level of physical activity and degree of satisfaction with body image. Results: BMI underdiagnoses overweight with respect to the percentage of fat measured by DEXA while CUN-BAE has a good correlation. Percentage of fat is inversely associated with satisfaction with body image more strongly than the BMI. Conclusion: the limitations of BMI to diagnose excess body fat pose the need for new tools to distinguish patients with normal BMI whose percentage of body fat is high. It would be useful to assess whether the use of a questionnaire of satisfaction with body image in people classified as normal weight could distinguish individuals with a higher probability of excess of fat, and thus, employ more accurate study methods in this group.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: el índice de masa corporal (IMC) es una medida subrogada de la adiposidad corporal, por lo que puede infradiagnosticar sobrepeso y obesidad, lo que hace necesario definir variables más adecuadas para su correcto diagnóstico. Objetivo: comparar la categorización de sobrepeso y obesidad según el porcentaje de grasa medido con absorciometría de rayos X de energía dual (DEXA) con el IMC y la fórmula Clínica Universidad de Navarra - Body Adiposity Estimator (CUN-BAE), así como su relación con la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea, la actividad física y la satisfacción con la imagen corporal. Sujetos y métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal llevado a cabo en una muestra de 64 estudiantes de Medicina. Se determinaron peso, talla, perímetro de cintura, porcentaje de grasa medido con DEXA, adherencia a la dieta mediterránea, nivel de actividad física y satisfacción con la imagen corporal. Resultados: el IMC infradiagnostica sobrepeso respecto al porcentaje de grasa medido por DEXA mientras que la ecuación CUN-BAE presenta una buena correlación. El porcentaje de grasa se asocia inversamente con la satisfacción con la imagen corporal con mayor fuerza que el IMC. Conclusión: se necesitan nuevas herramientas capaces de distinguir los casos con IMC normal cuyo porcentaje de grasa corporal está elevado. Sería útil estudiar si el empleo de un cuestionario de satisfacción con la imagen corporal en personas clasificadas como normopeso podría distinguir a aquellas con una mayor probabilidad de exceso de grasa y así emplear estudios más exhaustivos en este colectivo.

[Health-related quality of life, psychosocial variables, and academic performance in school-age girls who practice dancing. A comparative study]. / Calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, variables psicosociales y rendimiento académico en mujeres de edad escolar practicantes de danza. Un estudio comparativo.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: psychosocial development affects health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and academic performance (AP). Objective: to determine differences in self-esteem, body image dissatisfaction, and HRQoL between girls who practice dancing, girls who play sports, and girls who perform no physical activity. To determine the association between these variables and AP. Method: 252 girls between 9 and 14 years of age were enrolled into three groups: no physical activity (NAF, n = 99, 10.25 ± 1.10 years, BMI = 21.97 ± 11.69 kg/m2), sports (DEP, n = 82, 10.54 ± 1.19 years, BMI = 21.36 ± 3.99 kg/m2), and dancing (DAN, n = 71, 10.51 ± 1.2 years, BMI = 20.08 ± 3.68 kg/m2), and anthropometric parameters, psychosocial variables, HRQoL, and AP were measured. Results: HRQoL scores (p < 0.001) and global self-esteem (p = 0.001) were higher for girls who practiced dancing. Regarding HRQoL-related questions (Have you felt well and in good physical condition? (38.0%, p = 0.007); Are you doing well in school? (31.0%, p = 0.010); have you been able to pay attention? (39.4%, p = 0.023)), girls who practiced dancing reported the highest proportion of "very much" responses. The results of a multiple regression analysis showed that HRQoL (B = 0.023, p = 0.001) and school self-esteem (B = 0.054, p = 0.010) were associated with AP. Conclusion: girls who practice dancing have greater self-esteem, HRQoL, and physical and school well-being. This suggests that practicing dancing is an activity that may potentially improve psychosocial well-being and school adaptation.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: el desarrollo psicosocial afecta a la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) y el rendimiento académico (RA). Objetivo: determinar si existen diferencias en cuanto a niveles de autoestima, insatisfacción con la imagen corporal y CVRS entre niñas practicantes de danza, niñas practicantes de deportes y niñas que no realizan actividad física. Determinar la asociación entre estas variables y el RA. Método: participaron 252 niñas de entre 9 y 14 años, divididas en tres grupos: no practicantes de actividad física (NAF, n = 99, 10,25 ± 1,10 años, IMC = 21,97 ± 11,69 kg/m2), practicantes de deporte (DEP, n = 82, 10,54 ± 1,19 años, IMC = 21,36 ± 3,99 kg/m2) y practicantes de danza (DAN, n = 71, 10,51 ± 1,2 años, IMC= 20,08 ± 3,68 kg/m2), y se realizaron mediciones antropométricas, psicosociales, de la CVRS y del RA. Resultados: el puntaje de CVRS (p < 0,001) y de autoestima global (p = 0.001) fue mayor en las niñas practicantes de danza. En relación a las preguntas sobre calidad de vida (¿Te has sentido bien y en buen estado físico? (38,0%, p = 0,007); ¿Te ha ido bien en el colegio? (31,0%, p = 0,010); ¿Has sido capaz de poner atención? (39,4%, p = 0,023)) las escolares practicantes de danza eligieron la respuesta "muchísimo" en mayor proporción. Los resultados del análisis de regresión lineal mostraron que la CVRS (B = 0,023, p = 0,001) y la autoestima escolar (B = 0,054, p = 0,010) presentan asociación con el RA. Conclusión: las escolares practicantes de danza presentaron mayor autoestima, CVRS y percepción de bienestar físico y escolar. Esto indica que la práctica de la danza es una actividad que puede favorecer el desarrollo psicosocial y la adaptación escolar.

Asociación del índice de masa corporal con la insatisfacción corporal en escolares / Association of body mass index with body dissatisfaction in schoolchildren

Introducción: La malnutrición por exceso causa sobrepeso y obesidad, siendo un problema de salud pública, que se ha presentado en los primeros años de vida. Investigaciones realizadas han informado la existencia de insatisfacción corporal relacionada con el peso, debido a los estándares de belleza establecidos en la sociedad. Objetivo: asociar el índice de masa corporal con la insatisfacción corporal y percepción de la imagen corporal de los escolares. Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal con 610 escolares. El estado nutricional se clasificó según el puntaje z del IMC. Para determinar la insatisfacción corporal y la percepción de la imagen corporal, se aplicó una escala de imagen corporal infantil de siete fotografías, con un valor del 1 al 7 de acuerdo con el tamaño creciente, y el rango final del IMC. Se calculó la diferencia entre la figura que los participantes consideraron ideal y la forma corporal percibida. Resultados: el 47,3% presentaron sobrepeso y obesidad. La insatisfacción corporal fue mayor en las niñas con sobrepeso y obesidad (p = 0,013). El IMC correlacionó con la insatisfacción corporal (rho(608) = 0,480; p < 0,001) y la percepción de la imagen corporal (rho(608) = 0,433; p < 0,001). Conclusiones: El IMC se relacionó positivamente con la insatisfacción corporal y la percepción de la imagen corporal; esto podría elevar el riesgo de presentar trastornos alimentarios, contribuir al mantenimiento del exceso de peso corporal, al no percibirse con exceso de peso, es menos probable que realicen acciones para controlarlo(AU)

Introduction: Excessive malnutrition causes overweight and obesity, being a public health problem, which has occurred in the first years of life. Research has reported the existence of body dissatisfaction related to weight, due to beauty standards established in society. Objective: to associate the BMI with body dissatisfaction and body image perception of schoolchildren. Materials and methods: cross-sectional study of 610 schoolchildren. Nutritional status was classified according to the BMI z score. To determine body dissatisfaction and body image perception, a child body image scale of seven photographs was applied, with a value of 1 to 7 according to the increasing size, and the final range of the BMI. The difference between the figure that participants considered ideal, and the perceived body shape was calculated. Results: 47.3% were overweight and obese. Body dissatisfaction was higher in overweight and obese girls (p = 0.013). BMI correlated with body dissatisfaction (rho(608) = 0.480; p < 0.001) and body image perception (rho(608) = 0.433; p < 0.001). Conclusions: BMI was positively related to body dissatisfaction and body image perception; this could increase the risk of developing eating disorders, contribute to the maintenance of excess body weight, as it is not perceived with excess weight, are less likely to take actions to control it(AU)

Healthcare professionals, how they evaluate themselves about physical image, healthy orthorexia, and physical activity / Profesionales de la salud, cómo se evalúan sobre imagen física, ortorexia saludable y actividad física

Objetivo: Este estudio se realizó para evaluar las elecciones alimentarias de los trabajadores de la salud según la imagen corporal, la ortorexia saludable y el estado de actividad física.Métodos: Este estudio se realizó mediante la técnica de entrevista cara a cara con 137 personal de salud que aceptaron voluntariamente participar en el estudio en un hospital privado en Ankara entre diciembre de 2022 y febrero de 2023. Información sobre el estado de salud y nutrición, medidas antropométricas (altura (cm), peso corporal (kg)) Cuestionario de forma corporal (BSQ-34), Escala de ortorexia de Teruel (TOS), Cuestionario de selección de alimentos (FCQ), Internacional Se administró el Cuestionario de actividad física (IPAQ).Resultados: Participaron en el estudio un total de 137 personas, 69,3% mujeres y 30,7% hombres. Se encontró una diferencia significativa entre hombres y mujeres en términos de estado de ánimo, condición física y factores de control del peso corporal en la selección de alimentos (p<0,05). El factor de control del estado emocional y del peso corporal afecta positivamente a la ortorexia nerviosa, mientras que el factor de atracción sensorial afecta negativamente a la ortorexia nerviosa (p<0,05 ß=0,260, ß=0,291, ß= -0,426). No hubo diferencia significativa en cuanto a los factores considerados en la selección de alimentos según el estado de actividad física de los trabajadores de la salud (p<0,05).Conclusión: Se observó que la insatisfacción con la imagen corporal de las mujeres fue mayor que la de los hombres. El promedio de los factores de control del estado de ánimo, el estado físico y el peso corporal a los que las mujeres prestan atención en la selección de alimentos tienen un efecto mayor que los hombres. Se consideró que las actividades físicas de los trabajadores de la salud eran insuficientes.(AU)

Objective: This study was conducted to change the nutri-tional choices of healthcare professionals according to bodyimage, healthy orthorexia and physical activity.Methods: This study was conducted in a private hospitalbetween December 2022 and February 2023 with 95 femaleand 42 male healthcare professionals who agreed to partici-pate in the research. A face-to-face survey form was used forhealthcare workers and general information, information onhealth and nutritional status, anthropometric measurements(height (cm), body weight ((kg)), Body Shape Questionnaire(BSQ-34), Teruel Orthorexia Scale (TOS) were collected, FoodChoice Questionnaire (FCQ), International Physical ActivityQuestionnaire (IPAQ). Results: The average BMI of healthcare workers is withinthe normal range (24.8±4.43kg/m2). There was a significantdifference between genders in terms of body shape dissatis-faction, and it was found that women were more likely thanmen (p<0.05). While the average BSQ-34 score of obese pe-ople is highest, the average decreases as the BMI level dec-reases. There is a significant relationship between gender andBMI in those who do not have body shape dissatisfaction andthose who have mild dissatisfaction (p<0.05). There is a sig-nificant difference between genders in terms of mood, fitnessand body weight control factors in food selection, and theaverage for women is higher than for men (p<0.05). As bodyshape dissatisfaction increases, the average mood factor infood selection increases. Age positively affects healthy ortho-rexia (p<0.05, ß=0.269). The level of body shape dissatisfaction positively affects orthorexia nervosa (ß=0.409, p<0.05).In the case of healthy orthorexia, there is a significant posi-tive relationship between food choice and health (ß=0.326,p<0.05), and a negative relationship between the sensoryattractiveness factor (ß=-0.248, p<0.05)...(AU)

Sexual quality of life and body image of breast cancer patients: uncovering the meaning behind the symptoms / Calidad de vida sexual e imagen corporal de pacientes con cáncer de mama: descubriendo el significado detrás de los síntomas

Abstract: Introduction: Breast cancer symptoms and the side effects of treatment can significantly affect different domains of women’s functioning. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the quality of life in women with breast cancer. Method: Our sample consisted of 240 women aged 30-68 (M=52, SD=8.68). Approximately 50% had undergone a mastectomy, while 40% had breast reconstruction. A structured questionnaire consisted of social-demographical data, SQOL-F, EORTC QLQ-C30 & EORTC QLQ-BR23. Results: Results suggest that our BC patients had lower quality of life and more financial difficulties than in most other studies, implying some cultural or health system differences. Not having a mastectomy was associated with better sexual quality of life, global health, and physical functioning. In contrast, women who underwent mastectomy reported impaired body image and sexual functioning, with more prominent breast symptoms. Reconstruction was related to the lower quality of life and no improvement in body image. Conclusions: Sexual quality of life was mainly related to global health status, emotional functioning, treatment side effects and body image. Emotional functioning and side effects were significant predictors of sexual quality of life, while impaired sexual functioning was associated with distorted body image. These findings can serve as guidance for forming interventions aimed at enhancing the quality of life. (AU)

Resumen:Introducción: Los síntomas del cáncer de mama y los efectos secundarios del tratamiento pueden afectar significativamente a diferentes áreas funcionales de las mujeres. Objetivo: examinar la calidad de vida de mujeres con cáncer de mama. Método: la muestra estuvo compuesta por 240 mujeres de entre 30 y 68 años (M=52; DT=8,68). Aproximadamente el 50% se había sometido a una mastectomía, mientras que al 40% se le había realizado una reconstrucción mamaria. Un cuestionario estructurado constaba de datos sociodemográficos, SQOL-F, EORTC QLQ-C30 y EORTC QLQ-BR23. Resultados: Los resultados sugieren que nuestros pacientes con BC tenían una menor calidad de vida y más dificultades financieras que en la mayoría de los otros estudios, lo que implica algunas diferencias culturales o del sistema de salud. No someterse a una mastectomía se asoció con una mejor calidad de vida sexual, salud global y funcionamiento físico. Por el contrario, las mujeres que se sometieron a mastectomía informaron problemas de imagen corporal y funcionamiento sexual, con síntomas mamarios más prominentes. La reconstrucción se relacionó con una menor calidad de vida y ninguna mejora en la imagen corporal. Conclusiones: La calidad de vida sexual se relacionó principalmente con el estado de salud global, el funcionamiento emocional, los efectos secundarios del tratamiento y la imagen corporal. El funcionamiento emocional y los efectos secundarios fueron predictores importantes de la calidad de vida sexual, mientras que el funcionamiento sexual deteriorado se asoció con una imagen corporal distorsionada. Estos hallazgos pueden servir como guía para formular intervenciones destinadas a mejorar la calidad de vida. (AU)