Evaluating fetal tricuspid and mitral annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE and MAPSE) using spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) M-mode.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and reliability of tricuspid and mitral annular plane systolic excursion measurements (TAPSE and MAPSE) applying M-mode spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) technology in low-risk pregnancies. METHODS: An initial retrospective pilot study was carried out to assess repeatability, followed by a larger mixed cross-sectional and prospective longitudinal study, both evaluating low-risk singleton pregnancies between 22+6 and 39+1 weeks. As only annuli capture was necessary, STIC acquisition parameters were set to the minimum volume angle of 15° and acquisition time of 7.5 s. RESULTS: A total of 330 volumes were analysed offline applying STIC M-mode. Acquisition rates were 96.9 % for TAPSE and 93.7 % MAPSE in the pilot study (n=32) and 98.0 % for both in the longitudinal study (n=102). Both study designs revealed good repeatability for both sides of the heart, with higher intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for TAPSE (0.84-0.94) compared to MAPSE (0.80-0.88). Good repeatability was demonstrated for both sides of the heart, more so for TAPSE than MAPSE, with ICCs for TAPSE 0.84-0.91 and MAPSE 0.75-0.76, comparable to prior ICCs for STIC repeatability. CONCLUSIONS: Modified STIC acquisition settings specifically tailored for capturing the longitudinal annular displacement may improve STIC TAPSE and MAPSE acquisition rates, optimising image quality for precise measurement and potentially bringing these modalities closer to clinical application.

The effect of myocardial dysfunction on mortality in children with septic shock: a prospective observational study.

Pediatric septic shock is defined as progressive multi-organ dysfunction and cardiovascular dysfunction accompanying sepsis. Studies showing myocardial dysfunction associated with pediatric septic shock are very limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between myocardial functions calculated by echocardiography, disease severity, and clinical outcomes in children with septic shock. This observational prospective study was conducted in a pediatric intensive care at a university-affiliated tertiary hospital. The patients diagnosed with septic shock between January 2021 and February 2022 were included in the study. The study was conducted with 56 patients. The rate of myocardial dysfunction (systolic and/or diastolic dysfunction) was 50%. Of these, 39.3% (n = 22) had systolic dysfunction, 17.9% (n = 10) had diastolic dysfunction, and 8.9% (n = 5) had both systolic and diastolic dysfunction. PRISM III score (p = 0.004), VIS (p < 0.001), lactate (p = 0.002), CK-MB (p = 0.023), troponin (p = 0.038), EF (p = 0.004) EF z-score (p = 0.003), MAPSE z-score (p = 0.049), TAPSE (p = 0.010), TAPSE z-score (p = 0.003), and mitral valve E/e ´z-score (p = 0.028) were statistically significant difference with mortality. No significant difference was found for mortality with MAPSE (p = 0.090), mitral valve E/A (p = 0.624), and mitral valve E/A z-score (p = 0.327). EF z-score was found to be associated with 30-day mortality (OR = 0,681, 95% CI 0,480 to 0.991, p = 0,045). We found the TAPSE z-score to be the most significant parameter with 30-day mortality (OR = 0,690, 95% CI 0,489 to 0.998, p = 0,032).  Conclusion: We found left ventricular dysfunction associated factor with mortality. TAPSE showing right ventricular dysfunction was found to be the independent risk factor most associated with mortality. What is Known: • Studies showing myocardial dysfunction associated with pediatric septic shock are limited. • Little is known about the use of echocardiography in pediatric septic shock, and there are no specific guidelines for treatment and follow-up in pediatric patients. What is New: • Characteristics, echocardiographic measurements, and outcomes were comprehensively assessed in children with septic shock. • As a result of our analysis, we found that TAPSE, which is easily measured at the bedside, is the most critical parameter in relation to mortality. • We offer recommendations for its use in the follow-up of children with septic shock.

Focused cardiac ultrasound with mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) detection of left ventricular dysfunction.

OBJECTIVES: Detecting reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) by an emergency physician (EP) is an important skill. The subjective ultrasound assessment of LVEF by EPs correlates with comprehensive echocardiogram (CE) results. Mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) is an ultrasound measure of vertical movement of the mitral annulus, which correlates to LVEF in the cardiology literature, but has not been studied when measured by an EP. Our objective is to determine whether EP measured MAPSE can accurately predict LVEF <50% on CE. METHODS: This is a prospective observational single center study using a convenience sample to evaluate the use of a focused cardiac ultrasound (FOCUS) for patients with possible decompensated heart failure. The FOCUS included standard cardiac views to estimate LVEF, MAPSE, and E-point septal separation (EPSS). Abnormal MAPSE was defined as <8 mm and abnormal EPSS as >10 mm. The primary outcome assessed was the ability of an abnormal MAPSE to predict an LVEF <50% on CE. MAPSE also was compared to EP estimated LVEF and EPSS. Inter-rater reliability was determined by two investigators performing independent blinded review. RESULTS: We enrolled 61 subjects, 24 (39%) had an LVEF <50% on a CE. MAPSE <8 mm had a 42% sensitivity (95% CI 22-63), 89% specificity (95% CI 75-97), and accuracy of 71% for detecting LVEF <50%. MAPSE demonstrated lower sensitivity than EPSS (79% sensitivity [95% CI 58-93], and 76% specificity [95% CI 59-88]) and higher specificity than estimated LVEF (100% sensitivity [95% CI 86-100], 59% specificity [95% CI 42-75]). PPV and NPV for MAPSE was 71% (95% CI 47-88) and 70% (95% CI 62-77) respectively. The ROC for MAPSE <8 mm is 0.79 (95% CI 0.68-0.9). MAPSE measurement interrater reliability was 96%. CONCLUSIONS: In this exploratory study evaluating MAPSE measurements by EPs, we found the measurement was easy to perform with excellent agreement across users with minimal training. A MAPSE value <8 mm had moderate predictive value for LVEF <50% on CE and was more specific for reduced LVEF than qualitative assessment. MAPSE had high specificity for LVEF <50%. Further studies are needed to validate these results on a larger scale.

The relation of echo-derived lateral MAPSE to left heart functions and biochemical markers in patients with preserved ejection fraction: Short-term prognostic implications.

OBJECTIVE: Mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) is a simple way to evaluate-left ventricle (LV) function. Our aim was to explain the relationship of MAPSE with LV function and biochemical markers in patients with preserved ejection fraction (EF), and to determine whether it has an effect on prognosis in echocardiography (echo) practice. METHODS: Consecutive patients referred to the echo laboratory between November 2020 and March 2021 were included in the study. In addition to conventional parameters, MAPSE of the lateral mitral annulus was measured in all patients. Patients were divided into three groups according to lateral MAPSE: low (<12 mm), relatively preserved (12-15 mm), and high (≥15 mm). RESULTS: A total of 512 patients with preserved EF were included in the study. MAPSE was low in 44 patients (9%), relatively preserved in 231 patients (45%), and high in 237 patients (46%). The mean age was higher in the low group compared to the other two groups (p < 0.001) and the body mass index was increased in the low group compared to the high group (p = 0.010). Atrial fibrillation and hypertension were more common in patients with low MAPSE. The rate of diastolic dysfunction (DD) and all-cause hospitalization were higher in the low and relatively preserved groups than in the high group (p < 0.001, p = 0.002; respectively). The pro-BNP level and mortality rate were higher in the low group compared to the relatively preserved and high groups (p = 0.007, p = 0.005; respectively). MAPSE was identified as independent predictor of hospitalization (OR: 0.284, 95% CI: 0.093-0.862, p = 0.026) via multivariate analysis and independent predictor of in-hospital mortality (HR: 0.002, 95% CI: 0-0.207, p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of LV longitudinal function by echo-derived lateral MAPSE when LV ejection fraction is normal provides important information about DD and related heart failure and may predict prognosis in echo practice.

Reference ranges for the fetal mitral, tricuspid, and interventricular septum annular plane systolic excursions (mitral annular plane systolic excursion, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, and septum annular plane systolic excursion) between 20 and 36 + 6 weeks of gestation.

Objectives This study aimed to establish reference ranges for fetal mitral, tricuspid, and interventricular septum annular plane systolic excursions (MAPSE, TAPSE, and SAPSE) in normal pregnant women between 20 and 36 + 6 weeks of gestation. Methods This prospective and cross-sectional study included 360 low-risk singleton pregnancies between 20 and 36 + 6 weeks of gestation. MAPSE, TAPSE, and SAPSE were measured by M-mode in real time in an apical or basal four-chamber view through placing the cursor at the atrioventricular junction, marked by the valve rings at the tricuspid, mitral, and basal septum, respectively. A regression analysis was done to determine the appropriate polynomial equation model for both measurements and standard deviation (SD) values in relation to gestational age (GA). The intra- and inter-observer reproducibility was evaluated using the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) and limits of agreement (LoA). Results There was a significant positive correlation between MAPSE (r=0.705, p<0.0001), TAPSE (r=0.804, p<0.0001), and SAPSE (r=0.690, p<0.0001) and GA. The mean of each parameter ranged as follows: 2.87-5.56 mm, MAPSE; 3.98-8.07 mm, TAPSE; and 2.34-4.21 mm, SAPSE. Poor/moderate intra- and inter-observer reliability (CCC between 0.70 and 0.90) and poor/moderate agreement of all the tested parameters were evaluated (LoA between 10 and 50%). Conclusions Reference values were established for the fetal MAPSE, TAPSE, and SAPSE between 20 and 36 + 6 weeks of gestation in low-risk pregnant women. These parameters showed poor/moderate reproducibility.

Regional differences in prognostic value of cardiac valve plane displacement in systemic light-chain amyloidosis.

BACKGROUND: To compare the prognostic value of cardiac valve plane displacement (CVPD) on various locations in cardiac light chain (AL) amyloidosis. METHODS: Consecutive patients with biopsy-proven cardiac involvement in AL amyloidosis who had undergone cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) between 2005 and 2014 in our institution, were retrospectively identified and data analyzed. The primary combined endpoint was all-cause mortality or heart transplantation. Systolic CVPD were obtained from standard cine bSSFP in 2-, 3- and 4-chamber views at anterior aortic plane systolic excursion (AAPSE); anterior, anterolateral, inferolateral, inferior, inferoseptal mitral (MAPSE); and lateral tricuspid (TAPSE) annular segments. RESULTS: We identified 68 patients (58 ± 10 years; 59% male). Median follow-up period was 1.2 years (IQR, 0.3-4.1). Significant differences in CVPD between patients who reached a primary endpoint (n = 44) and transplant-free survivors were found only for AAPSE (6.1 mm (IQR, 4.6-9.4) vs. 8.8 mm (IQR, 6.9-10.4); p = 0.02) and MAPSEanterolateral (7.3 mm (IQR, 5.4-11.7) vs. 10.5 mm (IQR, 8.1-13.4); p = 0.03). AAPSE (χ2 = 15.6; p = 0.0002) provided the best predictive value for transplant-free survival compared to all other valvular plane locations. A high-risk cutoff (AAPSE ≤ 7.6 mm) was calculated by ROC analysis to predict all-cause death or heart transplantation within 6 months from index examination (AUC = 0.80; CI: 0.68 to 0.89; p < 0.0001). AAPSE added incremental prognostic power to an imaging prediction model of late gadolinium enhancement and global longitudinal strain (GLS) (∆χ2 = 5.8, p = 0.02) as well as to a clinical model including Karnofsky index and NT-proBNP (∆χ2 = 6.2, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: In patients with cardiac involvement in AL amyloidosis, systolic CVPD obtained from standard long axis cine views appear to indicate outcome better, when obtained in the anterior aortic plane (AAPSE) and provide incremental prognostic value to LGE and strain measurements.

Longitudinal wall fractional shortening: an M-mode index based on mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) that correlates and predicts left ventricular longitudinal strain (LVLS) in intensive care patients.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular longitudinal strain (LVLS) is a modern measurement for LV function. However, strain measurement is often difficult in critically ill patients. We sought to show LVLS can be estimated using M-mode-derived longitudinal wall fractional shortening (LWFS), which is less dependent on image quality and is easier to perform in critically ill patients. METHODS: Transthoracic echocardiographic records were retrospectively screened and 80 studies suitable for strain and M-mode measurements in the apical 4-chamber view were selected. Longitudinal wall fractional shortening was derived from conventional M-mode (LWFS) and curved anatomical M-mode (CAMMFS). The relationships between LVLS and mitral annular plane systolic excusion (MAPSE) and M-mode-derived fractional shortening were examined using univariate generalized linear model in a training set (n = 50) and was validated in a separate validation set (n = 30). RESULTS: MAPSE, CAMMFS, and LWFS demonstrated very good correlations with LVLS (r = 0.852, 0.875 and 0.909, respectively). LWFS was the best unbiased predictor for LVLS (LVLS = 1.180 x LWFS - 0.737, P < 0.001). Intra- and inter-rater agreement and reliability for LWFS measurement were good. CONCLUSIONS: LVLS can be estimated by LWFS in the critically ill patients. It provides a fast and accurate prediction of LVLS. LWFS is a reproducible and reliable measurement which can be used as a potential index in place of LVLS in the critically ill population.

Right Ventricular and Right Atrial Involvement Can Predict Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?

OBJECTIVES AND BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with clinical deterioration, stroke and disability in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluated cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR)-derived determinants for the occurrence of AF in patients with HCM. METHODS: 98 Patients with HCM and 30 healthy controls underwent CMR and were followed-up for 6 ± 3 years. RESULTS: 19 (19.4%) patients presented with AF at initial diagnosis, 19 (19.4%) developed AF during follow-up and 60 (61.2%) remained in sinus rhythm (SR). Compared to healthy controls, patients with HCM who remained in SR presented with significantly increased left ventricular mass, an elevated left ventricular remodeling index, enlarged left atrial volumes and reduced septal mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) compared to healthy controls. Whereas HCM patients who presented with AF at initial diagnosis and those who developed AF during follow-up additionally presented with reduced tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and right atrial (RA) dilatation. Receiver-operator curve analysis indicated good predictive performance of TAPSE, RA diameter and septal MAPSE (AUC 0.73, 0.69 and 0.71, respectively) to detect patients at risk of developing AF. CONCLUSION: Reduced MAPSE measurements and enlarged LA volumes seems to be a common feature in patients with HCM, whereas reduced TAPSE and RA dilatation only seem to be altered in patients with history of AF and those developing AF. Therefore, they could serve as easy determinable markers of AF in patients with HCM.

Mitral annular plane systolic excursion/left ventricular length (MAPSE/L) as a simple index for assessing left ventricular longitudinal function in children.

BACKGROUND: Assessment of longitudinal left ventricular (LV) function is important for early detection of cardiac dysfunction. Although mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) obtained by M-mode echocardiography offers a simple method for assessing longitudinal LV function, normal values of MAPSE for children change according to body size. METHODS: To minimize the effects of body size, MAPSE was divided by LV long-axis length (MAPSE/L). MAPSE/L was measured in 210 healthy children from birth to 15 years of age and classified into five subgroups. MAPSE/L was then compared with 10 parameters in 136 children (age, heart rate, mean blood pressure, ejection fraction of the LV (EF), peak atrial flow velocity/peak early diastolic flow velocity of mitral flow, tissue Doppler velocity during systole (s') and early diastole (e'), E/e' ratio, Tei index, and global longitudinal strain (GLS) of the LV by the speckle tracking method). RESULTS: MAPSE/L was significantly lower in the neonate group than in the remaining four groups. MAPSE/L then increased with age to peak at 1-5 years and gradually decreased thereafter. In all cases beyond the neonatal period, MAPSE/L was more than 0.17. Among various parameters, GLS, age, EF, Tei index and s' were significantly associated with MAPSE/L in that order. In univariate analysis, GLS was most significantly associated with MAPSE/L (r=.56). CONCLUSIONS: We have established normal reference values for MPSE/L in healthy children. MAPSE/L is expected to offer a simple parameter to evaluate LV longitudinal systolic function during daily routine echocardiography in children.

Mitral Annular Plane Systolic Excursion-Derived Ejection Fraction: A Simple and Valid Tool in Adult Males With Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction.

OBJECTIVES: Validation of a mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE)-derived formula to calculate the ejection fraction where EF = 4.8 × MAPSE (mm) + 5.8 in adult males with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. BACKGROUND: Echocardiographic assessment of LV function generally requires expert echocardiographer and is somewhat subjective and prone to reader discordance. MAPSE has been suggested as a surrogate measurement for LV function. METHODS: Prospective analysis of 170 male patients with systolic dysfunction by two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography was carried out. MAPSE and ejection fraction measured by qualitative visual inspection, M-mode, and biplane modified Simpson's rule were measured. MAPSE-derived EF was compared against other conventional methods to measure EF using Bland-Altman analysis and independent t-test. RESULTS: There was a significant positive correlation between average MAPSE and EF measured by M-mode (r = 0.554, P < 0.001), Simpson's rule (r = 0.585, P < 0.001), and visual inspection (r = 0.611, P < 0.001). An average MAPSE cutoff value <= 5 provided the best balanced sensitivity (67.1%) and specificity (76.5%) to predict EF < 30%. The mean difference between MAPSE-derived EF and EF measured by visual inspection and by Simpson's method was 3.86 ± 5.24% and 3.57 ± 5.97%, respectively. The least mean difference of 0.5 ± 5.69% was present between MAPSE-derived EF and M-mode-measured EF (P value 0.2). CONCLUSION: MAPSE-derived EF using the equation EF = 4.8 × MAPSE (mm) + 5.8 is a valid technique in adult males with severely impaired LV EF.

Association between left ventricular systolic function parameters and myocardial injury, organ failure and mortality in patients with septic shock.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is inconsistently associated with poor outcomes in patients with sepsis. Newer parameters such as LV longitudinal strain (LVLS), mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) and LV longitudinal wall fractional shortening (LV-LWFS) may be more sensitive indicators of LV dysfunction, but are sparsely investigated. Our objective was to evaluate the association between five traditional and novel echocardiographic parameters of LV systolic function (LVEF, peak tissue Doppler velocity at the mitral valve (s´), LVLS, MAPSE and LV-LWFS) and outcomes in patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with septic shock. METHODS: A total of 152 patients admitted to the ICU with septic shock from two data repositories were included. Transthoracic echocardiograms were performed within 24 h of ICU admission. The primary outcome was myocardial injury, defined as high-sensitivity troponin T ≥ 45 ng/L on ICU admission. Secondary outcomes were organ support-free days (OSFD) and 30-day mortality. We also tested for the prognostic value of the systolic function parameters using multivariable analysis. RESULTS: LVLS, MAPSE and LV-LWFS, but not LVEF and s´, differed between patients with and without myocardial injury. After adjustment for age, pre-existing cardiac disease, Simplified Acute Physiology (SAPS3) score, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, plasma creatinine and presence of right ventricular dysfunction, only MAPSE and LV-LWFS were independently associated with myocardial injury. None of the systolic function parameters were associated with OSFD or 30-day mortality. CONCLUSIONS: MAPSE and LV-LWFS are independently associated with myocardial injury and outperform LVEF, s´ and LVLS. Whether these parameters are associated with clinical outcomes such as the need for organ support and short-term mortality is still unclear. Trial registration NCT01747187 and NCT04695119.

Does matrix transducer technology improve quality and repeatability of four-dimensional tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion and mitral annular plane systolic excursion measurements?

Background: Novel ultrasound technology and software processing allow offline evaluation of tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion and mitral annular plane systolic excursion measurements. We wished to compare both novel 4D matrix (eM6C) and conventional (RAB6-D) transducers with variable settings (electronic spatiotemporal image correlation, spatiotemporal image correlation and four-dimensional real time) to determine if there was a significant difference in absolute value, quality and repeatability of the resultant reconstructed image and M-mode trace. Methods: A blinded prospective cross-sectional study of normal fetuses from 23 to 38 weeks' gestation were recruited. After routine sonography, four-dimensional volumes were stored and analysed using GE 4DView™ software. Statistical analysis explored variability, correlations and repeatability of the measurements with chi-square analysis, intraclass correlations and the Bland-Altman comparison plots. A scoring system was devised for image quality. Results: Eighteen participants generated 282 data volumes. Absolute values demonstrated some inconsistencies for both tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion and mitral annular plane systolic excursion measurements with variations between transducers: the highest for the RAB6-D/spatiotemporal image correlation setting and the lowest for the four-dimensional real-time settings. The RAB6-D/spatiotemporal image correlation setting was the most repeatable combination (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.85). Poorest image quality (M-mode trace, four-chamber view, annuli) came from the RAB6-D/four-dimensional real-time combination with the eM6C/electronic spatiotemporal image correlation and RAB6-D/spatiotemporal image correlation settings being nearly identical. Conclusion: We show that transducer and setting combinations influence absolute tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion/mitral annular plane systolic excursion measurements, so need to be articulated in future research. The transducer setting (electronic spatiotemporal image correlation/spatiotemporal image correlation/four-dimensional real time) was a more significant factor than the type of transducer (conventional vs matrix). Subjective image evaluation does not correlate well with repeatability of image acquisition. Further studies are needed to compare measurements using four-dimensional post-processing tools against conventional real-time measurements.

Value of annular M-mode displacement vs tissue Doppler velocities to assess cardiac function in intrauterine growth restriction.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the ability of two different methods for longitudinal annular motion measurement, M-mode and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), to demonstrate cardiac dysfunction in intrauterine-growth-restricted (IUGR) fetuses. METHODS: Cardiac longitudinal annular motion in the basal free wall of the left ventricle (mitral annulus), interventricular septum and tricuspid annulus was assessed in 23 early-onset IUGR cases and 43 controls by TDI (annular peak velocities) and M-mode (displacement). RESULTS: All annular parameters were significantly decreased in the IUGR group with respect to controls using both methods. M-mode showed a trend towards equal performance as classifier between cases and controls, as compared to TDI, mainly in the tricuspid annulus. CONCLUSIONS: Both M-mode and TDI demonstrate annular motion changes and consequently cardiac dysfunction in IUGR fetuses. M-mode imaging is simpler to perform and could be as sensitive as TDI for detecting subtle changes.

A Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Study: Comparison of Biventricular Longitudinal Function in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Patients and Normal Individuals.

OBJECTIVE:  Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic disease with an incidence of 0.2%-0.5%. It has a wide range of clinical presentations varying from coincidental diagnoses to heart failure, ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) are M-mode-derived practical and reproducible measurements of systolic longitudinal displacement of the annular plane. These two measures may be used as markers of the left ventricular and right ventricular longitudinal functions. Currently, there are only a few studies on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR)-derived TAPSE and MAPSE measurement comparison between the HCM group and normal control group. The aim of our study is to show the differences in CMR-derived TAPSE and MAPSE values between the HCM and normal population. METHODS:  We evaluated CMR exams of patients diagnosed with HCM and of normal individuals scanned between 2020 and 2021 retrospectively. The patients were from our own institution's and other hospitals' in- and out-patient departments. Data was collected on 36 HCM patients and 34 adults with no known history of cardiac and non-cardiac diseases. All CMR exams were performed on a 1.5 T (Magnetom Avanto, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany) scanner. CMR-derived MAPSE and TAPSE were measured on standard four-chamber steady-state free precession (SSFP) cine images and given in millimeters. RESULTS:  From February 2020 to December 2021, a total of 150 patients were diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. After exclusion, 36 patients with HCM were included in the study and the normal control group comprised 34 individuals. The mean age of the HCM group was 43.2 + 13.5 years, while it was 37.5 + 11.3 in the control group. The female ratio of the HCM group was found to be 36%, while it was 56% in the healthy control group. MAPSE values were significantly higher in the normal control group when compared to the HCM patient group (MAPSE: 14.5 ± 2.9 mm vs. 11.7 ± 3.2 mm; p<0.001), while TAPSE values did not depict a significant difference between the two groups (p=0.627). CONCLUSIONS:  This study suggests that MAPSE values are significantly lower in the HCM patient group in comparison with the normal control group on CMR scans. Although not statistically significant, TAPSE values are also lower in the HCM group.

Regional motion of the AV-plane is related to the cardiac anatomy and deformation of the AV-plane. Data from the HUNT study.

The study examines global and regional systolic shortening of the left (LV) and right ventricle (RV) in 1266 individuals without evidence of heart disease in the third wave of the HUNT study. Regional mitral annular systolic displacement (mitral annular plane systolic excursion [MAPSE]) was 1.5 cm in the septum and anterior walls, 1.6 cm in the lateral wall and 1.7 cm in the inferior wall, global mean 1.6 cm. Peak systolic velocity S' was 8.0, 8.3, 8.8 and 8.6 cm/s in the same walls (global mean 8.7 cm/s). All measures of LV longitudinal shortening correlated, mean MAPSE and S' also correlated with stroke volume (SV) and ejection fraction (EF). Global longitudinal strain by either method correlated with MAPSE, S' and EF, but not with SV, reflecting a systematic difference. S' and MAPSE correlated with early annular diastolic velocity (e'), reflecting that e' is the recoil from systole. Mean displacement was 2.8 (0.5) cm in the tricuspid annulus (tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion [TAPSE]). Normal values by age and sex are provided. Both TAPSE and S' were lower in women, where body size explained the sex difference. Normalisation of MAPSE and S' for wall length reduced intra-individual variation of displacement and velocity by 80%-90%, showing regional MAPSE to be related to LV wall length, and that longitudinal wall strain was relatively uniform. Displacement and S' were lowest in the septum and highest in the left and right free walls, shows systolic bending of the AV-plane into a U-shape, relating to the total cardiac volume changes during the heart cycle.

Automated estimation of mitral annular plane systolic excursion by artificial intelligence from 3D ultrasound recordings.

Perioperative monitoring of cardiac function is beneficial for early detection of cardiovascular complications. The standard of care for cardiac monitoring performed by trained cardiologists and anesthesiologists involves a manual and qualitative evaluation of ultrasound imaging, which is a time-demanding and resource-intensive process with intraobserver- and interobserver variability. In practice, such measures can only be performed a limited number of times during the intervention. To overcome these difficulties, this study presents a robust method for automatic and quantitative monitoring of cardiac function based on 3D transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) B-mode ultrasound recordings of the left ventricle (LV). Such an assessment obtains consistent measurements and can produce a near real-time evaluation of ultrasound imagery. Hence, the presented method is time-saving and results in increased accessibility. The mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE), characterizing global LV function, is estimated by landmark detection and cardiac view classification of two-dimensional images extracted along the long-axis of the ultrasound volume. MAPSE estimation directly from 3D TEE recordings is beneficial since it removes the need for manual acquisition of cardiac views, hence decreasing the need for interference by physicians. Two convolutional neural networks (CNNs) were trained and tested on acquired ultrasound data of 107 patients, and MAPSE estimates were compared to clinically obtained references in a blinded study including 31 patients. The proposed method for automatic MAPSE estimation had low bias and low variability in comparison to clinical reference measures. The method accomplished a mean difference for MAPSE estimates of (-0.16±1.06) mm. Thus, the results did not show significant systematic errors. The obtained bias and variance of the method were comparable to inter-observer variability of clinically obtained MAPSE measures on 2D TTE echocardiography. The novel pipeline proposed in this study has the potential to enhance cardiac monitoring in perioperative- and intensive care settings.

Prospective multiparametric CMR characterization and MicroRNA profiling of anthracycline cardiotoxicity: A pilot translational study.

Background: Anthracycline cardiotoxicity is a significant clinical challenge. Biomarkers to improve risk stratification and identify early cardiac injury are required. Objectives: The purpose of this pilot study was to prospectively characterize anthracycline cardiotoxicity using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), echocardiography and MicroRNAs (MiRNAs), and identify baseline predictors of LVEF recovery. Methods: Twenty-four patients (age 56 range 18-75 years; 42 % female) with haematological malignancy scheduled to receive anthracycline chemotherapy (median dose 272 mg/m2 doxorubicin equivalent) were recruited and evaluated at three timepoints (baseline, completion of chemotherapy, and 6 months after completion of chemotherapy) with multiparametric 1.5 T CMR, echocardiography and circulating miRNAs sequencing. Results: Seventeen complete datasets were obtained. CMR left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) fell significantly between baseline and completion of chemotherapy (61 ± 3 vs 53 ± 3 %, p < 0.001), before recovering significantly at 6-month follow-up (55 ± 3 %, p = 0.018). Similar results were observed for 3D echocardiography-derived LVEF and CMR-derived longitudinal, circumferential and radial feature-tracking strain. Patients were divided into tertiles according to LVEF recovery (poor recovery, partial recovery, good recovery). CMR-derived mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) was significantly different at baseline in patients exhibiting poor LVEF recovery (11.7 ± 1.5 mm) in comparison to partial recovery (13.7 ± 2.7 mm), and good recovery (15.7 ± 3.1 mm; p = 0.028). Furthermore, baseline miRNA-181-5p and miRNA-221-3p expression were significantly higher in this group. T2 mapping increased significantly on completion of chemotherapy compared to baseline (54.0 ± 4.6 to 57.8 ± 4.9 ms, p = 0.001), but was not predictive of LVEF recovery. No changes to LV mass, extracellular volume fraction, T1 mapping or late gadolinium enhancement were observed. Conclusions: Baseline CMR-derived MAPSE, circulating miRNA-181-5p, and miRNA-221-3p were associated with poor recovery of LVEF 6 months after completion of anthracycline chemotherapy, suggesting their potential predictive role in this context. T2 mapping increased significantly on completion of chemotherapy but was not predictive of LVEF recovery.

Atrioventricular plane displacement versus mitral and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion: A comparison between cardiac magnetic resonance and M-mode echocardiography.

INTRODUCTION: Both echocardiography and CMR imaging are used to quantify longitudinal function. Inter-method variability for mitral (MAPSE) and tricuspid (TAPSE) annular plane systolic excursion, and variability between directly measured MAPSE and TAPSE and as based on atrioventricular plane displacement (AVPD) analysis by CMR, are, however, not known. This study, therefore, assessed inter-method variability and variability between annular plane systolic excursion and AVPD-based values in a healthy adult population. METHODS: Echocardiography and CMR were performed in 111 adults (35 [32-38] years). Method comparisons were assessed with Deming regression, Bland-Altman analysis and coefficient of variation. Observer reproducibility was assessed by the concordance correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Echocardiography and semi-automatic CMR agreed on MAPSE (17 ± 2 mm vs. 17 ± 2 mm, p = 0.1) and TAPSE (25 ± 3 mm vs. 25 ± 3 mm, p = 0.5), correlated highly between methods (fitted-slope 1.22 [95% CI 1.07-1.38] and 1.12 [95% CI 0.95-1.29]) and showed low bias (0.42 [95% CI - 2.05 to 2.88] and - 0.18 [95% CI - 4.78 to 4.43]). Intra-/inter-observer reproducibility was high for both methods for both MAPSE (echocardiography 0.96/0.86; CMR 0.87/0.85) and TAPSE (echocardiography 0.96/0.95; CMR 0.97/0.96). MAPSE (16 ± 2 mm vs. 17 ± 2 mm; p < 0.001) and TAPSE (24 ± 3 vs. 25 ± 3 mm; p < 0.001) based on AVPD were similar but statistically different compared with semi-automatic CMR. CONCLUSIONS: Echocardiography and semi-automatic CMR have low variability and provide similar values for MAPSE and TAPSE and are thus interchangeable for follow-up studies. Lateral values based on tracked data from AVPD analysis are not clinically significantly different and could be used as a representation of annular displacement.

Left ventricular longitudinal wall fractional shortening accurately predicts longitudinal strain in critically ill patients with septic shock.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular longitudinal strain (LVLS) may be a sensitive indicator of left ventricular (LV) systolic function in patients with sepsis, but is dependent on high image quality and analysis software. Mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) and the novel left ventricular longitudinal wall fractional shortening (LV-LWFS) are bedside echocardiographic indicators of LV systolic function that are less dependent on image quality. Both are sparsely investigated in the critically ill population, and may potentially be used as surrogates for LVLS. We assessed if LVLS may be predicted by LV-LWFS and MAPSE in patients with septic shock. We also assessed the repeatability and inter-rater agreement of LVLS, LV-LWFS and MAPSE measurements. RESULTS: 122 TTE studies from 3 echocardiographic data repositories of patients admitted to ICU with septic shock were retrospectively assessed, of which 73 were suitable for LVLS analysis using speckle tracking. The correlations between LVLS vs. LV-LWFS and LVLS vs. MAPSE were 0.89 (p < 0.001) and 0.81 (p < 0.001) with mean squared errors of 5.8% and 9.1%, respectively. Using the generated regression equation, LV-LWFS predicted LVLS with a high degree of accuracy and precision, with bias and limits of agreement of -0.044 ± 4.7% and mean squared prediction error of 5.8%. Interobserver repeatability was good, with high intraclass correlation coefficients (0.96-0.97), small bias and tight limits of agreement (≤ 4.1% for all analyses) between observers for all measurements. CONCLUSIONS: LV-LWFS may be used to estimate LVLS in patients with septic shock. MAPSE also performed well, but was slightly inferior compared to LV-LWFS in estimating LVLS. Feasibility of MAPSE and LV-LWFS was excellent, as was interobserver repeatability.

Longitudinal assessment of ventricular strain, tricuspid and mitral annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE and MAPSE) in fetuses from pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate fetal cardiac function using myocardial deformation analyses, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) and diastolic function parameters in pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Myocardial deformation using velocity vector imaging (VVI), TAPSE, MAPSE and diastolic function was measured in 126 women with uncomplicated singleton pregnancies and 50 women with diabetes mellitus. Women underwent ultrasound scans every four weeks from recruitment (18-28 weeks gestational age) until delivery. RESULTS: Left ventricle strain and strain rate, right ventricle strain and strain rate, TAPSE, MAPSE and diastolic parameters were not different between the diabetic cohort and controls throughout gestation. We did not find any significant correlation between the fetal cardiac function parameters with parity or smoking status. There was however a significant difference in strain and strain rate values in the left ventricle, but not the right ventricle in women with BMI >30 kg/m2, and reduced TAPSE values in this same group. Fetuses in the diabetes group had thicker interventricular septum (IVS) throughout gestation. CONCLUSION: Myocardial deformation of the fetal left ventricle, as measured by VVI, and TAPSE were reduced in fetuses of mothers in association with maternal obesity but not in women with diabetes mellitus. No significant differences in the fetal cardiac function parameters measured were different between the two groups, except for IVS thickness.