Immediate effects of manual hyperinflation on cardiorespiratory function and sputum clearance in mechanically ventilated pediatric patients: A randomized crossover trial.

Background: In developing countries, lower respiratory tract infection is a major cause of death in children, with severely ill patients being admitted to the critical-care unit. While physical therapists commonly use the manual hyperinflation (MHI) technique for secretion mass clearance in critical-care patients, its efficacy has not been determined in pediatric patients. Objective: This study investigated the effects of MHI on secretion mass clearance and cardiorespiratory responses in pediatric patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. Methods: A total of 12 intubated and mechanically ventilated pediatric patients were included in this study. At the same time of the day, the patients received two randomly ordered physical therapy treatments (MHI with suction and suction alone) from a trained physical therapist, with a washout period of 4 h provided between interventions. Results: The MHI treatment increased the tidal volume [ V t ; 1.2 mL/kg (95% CI, 0.8-1.5)] and static lung compliance [ C stat ; 3.7 mL/cmH2O (95% CI, 2.6-4.8)] immediately post-intervention compared with the baseline ( p < 0 . 05 ). Moreover, the MHI with suction induced higher V t [1.4 mL/kg (95% CI, 0.8-2.1)] and C stat [3.4 mL/cmH2O (95% CI, 2.1-4.7)] compared with the suction-alone intervention. In addition, the secretion mass [0.7 g (95% CI, 0.6-0.8)] was greater in MHI with suction compared with suction alone ( p < 0 . 05 ). However, there was no difference in peak inspiratory pressure, mean airway pressure, respiratory rate, heart rate, blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure or oxygen saturation ( p > 0 . 05 ) between interventions. Conclusions: MHI can improve V t , C stat and secretion mass without inducing adverse hemodynamic effects upon the pediatric patients requiring mechanical ventilation.

Performance of manual hyperinflation: consistency and modification of the technique by intensive care unit nurses during physiotherapy.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To assess the consistency and safety of manual hyperinflation delivery by nurses of variable clinical experience using a resuscitator bag during physiotherapy treatment. BACKGROUND: Manual hyperinflation involves the delivery of larger than normal gas volumes to intubated patients and is routinely used by nurses in collaboration with physiotherapists for the management of retained sputum. The aim is to deliver slow deep breaths with an inspiratory hold without unsafe airway pressures, lung volumes or haemodynamic changes. In addition, nursing staff should be able to 'feel' differences in resistance and adjust their technique accordingly. DESIGN: Prospective observational study utilising the simulation of a mechanically ventilated patient. METHODS: Thirty-three nurses delivered manual hyperinflation to a SimMan3G mannequin who had three distinct lung scenarios applied (normal; asthma; Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome) in randomised order during simulated physiotherapy treatment. Respiratory rate, tidal volume (Vt ), mean inspiratory flow rate (Vt /Ti), and peak airway pressure data were generated. RESULTS: Over all scenarios, mean respiratory rate = 12·3 breaths/minute, mean Vt  = 638·6 mls, mean inflation time = 1·3 seconds and peak airway pressure exceeded 40 cm H2 O in 41% of breaths, although only in 10% of breaths during the 'normal' lung scenario. CONCLUSIONS: Experienced nurses were able to manually hyperinflate 'normal' patients in a simulated setting safely. Despite their knowledge of barotrauma, unsafe airway pressures were delivered in some scenarios. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Training with regard to safe airway pressures, breath hold and adequate volumes is recommended for all nurses undertaking the procedure. Nurses and physiotherapists must closely monitor the patient's condition during manual hyperinflation thereby recognising changes with regard to lung compliance and airway resistance, with nurses responding by altering their technique. The addition of a pressure manometer in the circuit may improve patient safety when performing manual hyperinflation.

Effect of manual hyperinflation on recurrent atelectasis in a ventilator-dependent C3 complete spinal cord injury patient: A case report.

CLINICAL CASE: We present here the case of a ventilator-dependent 76-year-old man with C3 complete spinal cord injury (SCI) who presented with recurrent left lung atelectasis managed with manual hyperinflation (MH). Atelectasis was primarily assessed with chest X-ray (CXR). Additional monitoring included blood gas analysis, serum procalcitonin, and the Modified Borg Dyspnea Scale (MBS), as an objective measure of reported dyspnea. We found that MH successfully reversed the radiographic appearance of atelectasis after the first treatment and maintained this effect for the duration of the 2-week intervention period as well as at 2 weeks of follow-up post-intervention. Furthermore, MH decreased the patient's oxygen requirements and was associated with a decrease in serum procalcitonin. Clinically, the patient reported reduced subjective dyspnea post-MH, which was reflected as an improvement on the MBS. We conclude that MH may represent a therapeutic modality for consideration in the routine management of recurrent atelectasis in mechanically ventilated patients.

The Effects of Manual Lung Hyperinflation on Pulmonary Function after Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation among Patients with Abdominal Surgeries: Randomized Clinical Trial.

Introduction: After abdominal surgery, the patients who are separated from mechanical ventilation and provided with oxygen therapy via a T-piece are at risk for respiratory complications. Therefore, they need additional respiratory support. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of manual hyperinflation (MHI) on pulmonary function after weaning. Methods: This randomized clinical trial included 40 patients who had undergone abdominal surgery and were receiving oxygen via a T-piece. Patients were selected from the intensive care units (ICU) of two hospitals in Mashhad, Iran. The subjects were randomly allocated to intervention (MHI) and control groups. Patients in the MHI group were provided with three 20-minute MHI rounds using the Mapleson C, while the control group received routine cares. Tidal volume (Vt), Rapid Shallow Breathing Index (RSBI), and the ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen (P/F ratio) were measured before the intervention, as well as 5 and 20 minutes after the intervention. Atelectasis prevalence was assessed before and 24 hours after the intervention. Data were analysed by SPSS software version 13. Results: At baseline, there were no significant differences between the groups regarding Vt, RSBI, P/F ratio, and atelectasis rate. No significant difference was also found between the groups regarding atelectasis rate 24 hours after the intervention. However, at both posttests, Vt, RSBI, and P/F ratio in the MHI group were significantly better than the control group. Conclusion: In patients with artificial airway and spontaneous breathing, MHI improves pulmonary function.

Airway Care Interventions for Invasively Ventilated Critically Ill Adults-A Dutch National Survey.

Airway care interventions may prevent accumulation of airway secretions and promote their evacuation, but evidence is scarce. Interventions include heated humidification, nebulization of mucolytics and/or bronchodilators, manual hyperinflation and use of mechanical insufflation-exsufflation (MI-E). Our aim is to identify current airway care practices for invasively ventilated patients in intensive care units (ICU) in the Netherlands. A self-administered web-based survey was sent to a single pre-appointed representative of all ICUs in the Netherlands. Response rate was 85% (72 ICUs). We found substantial heterogeneity in the intensity and combinations of airway care interventions used. Most (81%) ICUs reported using heated humidification as a routine prophylactic intervention. All (100%) responding ICUs used nebulized mucolytics and/or bronchodilators; however, only 43% ICUs reported nebulization as a routine prophylactic intervention. Most (81%) ICUs used manual hyperinflation, although only initiated with a clinical indication like difficult oxygenation. Few (22%) ICUs used MI-E for invasively ventilated patients. Use was always based on the indication of insufficient cough strength or as a continuation of home use. In the Netherlands, use of routine prophylactic airway care interventions is common despite evidence of no benefit. There is an urgent need for evidence of the benefit of these interventions to inform evidence-based guidelines.

A comparison of the effects of manual hyperinflation and ventilator hyperinflation on restoring end-expiratory lung volume after endotracheal suctioning: A pilot physiologic study.

PURPOSE: Endotracheal suctioning (ES) of mechanically ventilated patients decreases end-expiratory lung volume (EELV). Manual hyperinflation (MHI) and ventilator hyperinflation (VHI) may restore EELV post-ES but it remains unknown which method is most effective. The primary aim was to compare the efficacy of MHI and VHI in restoring EELV post-ES. MATERIALS AND METHODS: ES was performed on mechanically ventilated intensive care patients, followed by MHI or VHI, in a randomised crossover design. The washout period between interventions was 1 h. End-expiratory lung impedance (EELI), measured by electrical impedance tomography, was recorded at baseline, during ES, during hyperinflation and 1, 5, 15 and 30 min post-hyperinflation. RESULTS: Nine participants were studied. ES decreased EELI by 1672z (95% CI, 1204 to 2140) from baseline. From baseline, MHI increased EELI by 1154z (95% CI, 977 to 1330) while VHI increased EELI by 769z (95% CI, 457 to 1080). Five minutes post-VHI, EELI remained 528z (95% CI, 4 to 1053) above baseline. Fifteen minutes post-MHI, EELI remained 351z (95% CI, 111 to 592) above baseline. At subsequent time-points, EELI returned to baseline. CONCLUSIONS: MHI and VHI effectively restore EELV above baseline post-ES and should be considered post suctioning.

Effects of ventilator vs manual hyperinflation in adults receiving mechanical ventilation: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials.

BACKGROUND: Ventilator hyperinflation (VHI) and manual hyperinflation (MHI) are thought to improve secretion clearance, atelectasis and oxygenation in adults receiving mechanical ventilation. However, to the authors' knowledge, a systematic review of their relative effectiveness has not been undertaken previously. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether VHI is more effective than MHI for the improvement of clinical outcomes in adults receiving mechanical ventilation. DATA SOURCES: The electronic databases PubMed, Cochrane Library, CINHAL Plus, Wiley Online Library, ScienceDirect and PEDro were searched from January 1993 until August 2013. OpenGrey, the metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT) and the reference lists of all potentially relevant studies were also searched. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Full English reports of randomised clinical trials comparing at least one effect of VHI and MHI in adults receiving mechanical ventilation. STUDY SYNTHESIS AND APPRAISAL: Included studies were appraised using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. The findings were synthesised using a purely qualitative approach. RESULTS: All four included studies reported no significant differences in sputum wet weight, dynamic and static pulmonary compliance, oxygenation and cardiovascular stability between VHI and MHI. LIMITATIONS: All of the included studies had considerable limitations related to the protocols, equipment, participants and outcome measures. Furthermore, the overall risk of bias was judged to be high for three studies and unclear for one study. CONCLUSION: Only four studies, all of which had a high or unclear risk of bias and significant additional limitations, have compared the effects of VHI and MHI in adults receiving mechanical ventilation. As such, further research in this area is clearly warranted.

Effect of Inspiratory Time and Lung Compliance on Flow Bias Generated During Manual Hyperinflation: A Bench Study.

BACKGROUND: Manual hyperinflation can be used to assist mucus clearance in intubated patients. The technique's effectiveness to move mucus is underpinned by its ability to generate flow bias in the direction of expiration, and this must exceed specific thresholds. It is unclear whether the inspiratory times commonly used by physiotherapists generate sufficient expiratory flow bias based on previously published thresholds and whether factors such as lung compliance affect this. METHODS: In a series of laboratory experiments, we applied manual hyperinflation to a bench model to examine the role of 3 target inspiratory times and 2 lung compliance settings on 3 measures of expiratory flow bias. RESULTS: Longer inspiratory times and lower lung compliances were associated with improvements in all measures of expiratory flow bias. In normal compliance lungs, achievement of the expiratory flow bias thresholds were (1) never achieved with an inspiratory time of 1 s, (2) rarely achieved with an inspiratory time of 2 s, and (3) commonly achieved with an inspiratory time of 3 s. In lower compliance lungs, achievement of the expiratory flow bias thresholds was (1) rarely achieved with an inspiratory time of 1 s, (2) sometimes achieved with an inspiratory time of 2 s, and (3) nearly always achieved with an inspiratory time of 3 s. Peak inspiratory pressures exceeded 40 cm H2O in normal compliance lungs with inspiratory times of 1 s and in lower compliance lungs with inspiratory times of 1 and 2 s. CONCLUSIONS: Inspiratory times of at least 3 s with normal compliance lungs and at least 2 s with lower compliance lungs appear necessary to achieve expiratory flow bias thresholds during manual hyperinflation. Inspiratory times shorter than this may lead to excessive peak inspiratory pressures. Verification of these findings in relation to the movement of mucus should be examined in further bench or animal models and/or human clinical trials.

Neonatal and pediatric manual hyperinflation: influence of oxygen flow on ventilation parameters.

BACKGROUND: Although self-inflating bags are widely used for manual hyperinflation, they do not allow ventilation parameters, such as pressure or volume, to be set. We studied the ventilation performance of neonatal and pediatric self-inflating bags. METHODS: We asked 22 physiotherapists to manually hyperinflate 2 lung models (neonatal and pediatric), using self-inflating bags from 3 manufactures (Hudson, Laerdal, and JG Moriya), with flows of 0, 5, 10, and 15 L/min. A pneumotachograph recorded tidal volume (V(T)), peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), peak inspiratory flow (PIF), peak expiratory flow (PEF), and inspiratory time. RESULTS: The V(T), PIP, and inspiratory time delivered by the Hudson, Laerdal, and JG Moriya bags, in both neonatal and pediatric self-inflating bags, were significantly different (P < .001). The PEF and PIF delivered were different only when using the neonatal self-inflating bags (P < .001). The V(T), PIP, and PIF delivered with a flow of 0 L/min were lower than with 15 L/min (P < .05) with all the tested bags, in both the neonatal and pediatric sizes. CONCLUSIONS: The performance of the tested neonatal and pediatric bags varied by manufacturer and oxygen flow. There was an increase in VT, PIP, and PIF related to the increase of oxygen flow from 0 L/min to 15 L/min. The neonatal bags showed higher ventilation parameters variation than the pediatric bags.

Hiperinsuflação manual: revisão de evidências técnicas e clínicas / Manual hyperinflation: technical and clinical evidence review

INTRODUÇÃO: A técnica de hiperinsuflação manual (HM), também conhecida como "bag squeezing" ou "bagging", foi inicialmente descrita como um recurso para melhorar a oxigenação pré e pós-aspiração traqueal, mobilizar o excesso de secreção brônquica e reexpandir áreas pulmonares colapsadas. OBJETIVO: Apresentar evidências científicas sobre os efeitos da manobra de HM como recurso fisioterapêutico, bem como suas indicações clínicas. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Realizou-se uma busca nas bases de dados eletrônicas SciELO, ScienceDirect, PubMed e PEDro, utilizando-se os descritores "hiperinsuflação manual" (manual hyperinflation) e "fisioterapia" (physiotherapy). Como critério de inclusão considerou-se: conter os descritores no título ou resumo; ensaios clínicos que abordassem "hiperinsuflação manual" e fisioterapia; textos em inglês e português; publicações entre 1994 e 2011. RESULTADOS: Foram selecionados 25 estudos e todos apontaram a importância dessa manobra na mobilização de secreções traqueobrônquicas e para reexpansão de alvéolos colapsados, devido à melhora do volume pulmonar. Adequação das trocas gasosas, melhora da oxigenação e da complacência pulmonar, prevenção e tratamento de atelectasias são outras indicações. Também é consensual a preocupação com a padronização na aplicação da técnica. Melhores resultados são alcançados quando o volume aplicado é cerca de 50% maior que o volume corrente do paciente. Precauções quanto a limites de pressão em torno de 40 cm H2O, para se evitar barotraumas, também são referidas pela maioria dos estudos. CONCLUSÃO: A literatura traz evidências que sustentam a indicação do HM para mobilização e eliminação de secreções traqueobrônquicas e prevenção de infecções/complicações, além da necessidade de padronização da técnica.

INTRODUCTION: The manual hyperinflation technique, also called like "bag squeezing" or "bagging", primarily it has described as a tool to improve oxygenation in pre and post-aspiration, tracheobronchial secretions mobilization and reexpansion of collapsed alveoli. OBJECTIVE: To present scientific evidence on the effects of manual hyperinflation (MH) like a physiotherapy resource, as well as clinical indications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It was performed a review in the electronic databases SciELO, ScienceDirect, PubMed and PEDro, using the descriptors "manual hyperinflation" (hiperinsuflação manual) and "physiotherapy" (fisioterapia). The criteria for inclusions were: include the descriptors in title or abstract; clinical trial about "manual hyperinflation" and physiotherapy; papers in English and Portuguese; publications between 1994 and 2011. RESULTS: It was selected 25 paper; they were unanimous about the importance of MH for tracheobronchial secretions mobilization and for collapsed alveoli reexpansion, to improvement in lung volume. Other indications of this feature are: prevention and treatment of atelectasis, effects can be enhanced when combined with physiotherapy techniques. In this review was noted a concern about the standardization of the technique that shown better results when a volume 50% higher than the patient's tidal volume are applied during the maneuver. Precautions to limit pressure around 40 cm H2O to avoid barotrauma, are also cited by most studies. CONCLUSION: The literature brings evidence that support the indication of MH for tracheobronchial secretions mobilization and elimination, and prevention of infection/complications, and it is necessary to standardize the technique.