The Microbiome in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

Recent research has increasingly emphasized the function of the microbiome in human health. The gut microbiome is essential for digesting food and seems to play a vital role in mental health as well. This review briefly overviews the gut microbiome and its interplay with the central nervous system. We then summarize some of the latest findings on the possible role of the microbiome in psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. In particular, we focus on autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, anorexia nervosa, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. Although the role of microbiota in mental development and health still needs to be researched intensively, it has become increasingly apparent that the impact of microbiota must be considered to better understand psychiatric disorders.

[Fecal Microbiota Transplants in the Context of (Child and Adolescent) Psychiatric Disorders]. / Fäkale Mikrobiotatransplantationen im Zusammenhang mit (kinder- und jugend-)psychiatrischen Erkrankungen.

Fecal Microbiota Transplants in the Context of (Child and Adolescent) Psychiatric Disorders Abstract: There has recently been a significant increase in interest in gut microbiota and its interaction with the brain (gut-brain axis). Not only are the findings of microbiome research interesting for basic scientists, they also offer relevant insights for clinical practice. A causal relationship between gut microbiome and various somatic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, inflammatory bowel diseases, and obesity as well as psychiatric diseases such as major depression, anxiety disorders, and eating disorders seems plausible. To study the causal relationship of intestinal bacteria with individual phenotypes, researchers apply so-called stool transplantations (fecal microbiota transplantations) in the preclinical context. For this purpose, they transfer microbiota samples from patients into laboratory animals to observe possible changes in phenotype. In the clinical context, fecal microbiota transplantation is already being used with therapeutic intentions for selected diseases, for example, recurrent infections with Clostridioides difficile or inflammatory bowel diseases; they have already become part of the official clinical guidelines for C. difficile. For many other diseases, however, including mental illnesses, the potential of using fecal transplantations for therapeutic purposes is still being explored. Previous findings suggest that the intestinal microbiome, particularly fecal microbiota transplantations, represent a promising starting point for new therapeutic approaches.

[The Gut Microbiome and Its Clinical Implications in Anorexia Nervosa]. / Das Darmmikrobiom und seine klinischen Implikationen im Kontext der Anorexia nervosa.

The Gut Microbiome and Its Clinical Implications in Anorexia Nervosa Abstract. The diverse interactions of the gut microbiome with the metabolism, the immune system, and the brain of the host are increasingly becoming to the forefront of relevant research. Studies suggest a connection between an altered intestinal microbiome and somatic diseases, such as colitis ulcerosa, Crohn's disease, and diabetes, as well as mental illnesses such as anxiety and depression. Patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) also show significant changes in their gut microbiome which seem to be associated, among other things, with a different energy uptake from food, immunological and inflammatory processes, genetic predisposition, hormonal changes, and possibly increased intestinal permeability. In rats, stool transplantation from patients with AN resulted in decreased appetite and weight as well as anxious and compulsive behavior. In this review, we summarize the possible mechanisms of interaction between the microbiome and the host, and present initial findings on the microbiome in AN. Research on nutritional interventions, for example, with prebiotics and probiotics or nutritional supplements such as omega-3 fatty acids, which aim to positively influence the intestinal microbiome, could lead to additional treatment options in the therapy of patients with AN.

[Review of the relation between gut microbiome, metabolic disease and hypertension]. / A bélmikrobiom, a metabolikus betegségek és a hypertonia kapcsolatának irodalmi áttekintése.

Gut flora has personal characteristics for each individual, similar to the fingerprints, consisting of a special mixture of bacterial species living in the intestines, now referred to as the gut microbiome. There is a strong correlation between the loss of microbial diversity and the functional bowel disorders, obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease as well as many autoimmune disorders. With genetic testing of stool diversity of the gut microbiome and exact analysis of the species and phylogenetic classification of the gut flora, the changes of diversity can be identified and the overgrowth of some bacteria can be revealed. In cases with pre- and manifest hypertension, an overgrowth of species from the phylum Firmicutes has been reported along with the relative decline of the phylum Bacteroidetes as opposed with cases of normotension. At the same time, the physiological balance among bacterial families was lost. According to the first studies, there is a correlation between hypertension and the lost balance of the gut microflora, both in animal experiments and in the human clinical setting. This evidence also suggests that targeted dietary alteration of the gut microbiome can be a new innovative approach in the treatment of hypertension. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(9): 346-351.

[The role of gut microbiota in chronic liver diseases, and treatment possibilities]. / A bélflóra patofiziológai jelentosége és szerepe mint terápiás célpont májbetegségekben.

The community of microorganisms in the intestine, namely gut microbiome lives in symbiosis with the host, contributing to its homeostasis and influencing it simultaneously. It can be suspected that gut microbiome plays a central role in the pathophysiology of intestinal and extraintestinal diseases: determining their development, progress and complications. Recently, intestinal microbiome has become a highlighted field of interest and important topic in research, especially in hepatology. It is in the focus of relevant research as the liver is the organ which meets nutrients, bacterial components, toxins and metabolites at first, as a filter. The evolvement of different liver diseases - just like alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, steatohepatitis, cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma - correlates with the changed composition and activity of gut microbiome. Thus, it can be hypothesized that pre-, pro- and antibiotics could have an impact on the treatment of these diseases. In our review article, the relationship between intestinal flora and liver diseases with different etiologies as well as therapeutic possibilities are discussed. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(36): 1465-1474.

The effects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances on environmental and human microorganisms and their potential for bioremediation.

Utilised in a variety of consumer products, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are major environmental contaminants that accumulate in living organisms due to their highly hydrophobic, lipophobic, heat-resistant, and non-biodegradable properties. This review summarizes their effects on microbial populations in soils, aquatic and biogeochemical systems, and the human microbiome. Specific microbes are insensitive to and even thrive with PFAS contamination, such as Escherichia coli and the Proteobacteria in soil and aquatic environments, while some bacterial species, such as Actinobacteria and Chloroflexi, are sensitive and drop in population. Some bacterial species, in turn, have shown success in PFAS bioremediation, such as Acidimicrobium sp. and Pseudomonas parafulva.

Uncovering the Microbiota of Bagworm Metisa plana (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) in Oil Palm Plantations in Malaysia.

Bagworm Metisa plana is one of the major pests in Malaysia's oil palm plantation, with infestation resulting in huge economical loss. Currently, the microbial profile of the bagworm has yet to be study. Understanding the biology of the pest such as the bacterial community is crucial as bacteria associated with insects often provide benefits to the insect, giving the insect host a better chance of survival. Here, 16S amplicon sequencing was used to identify the bacteria community of M. plana. Additionally, two comparisons were made, the bacterial communities between two larval stages (early instar stage and late instar stage) from outbreak area; the bacterial communities of late instar stage larvae from non-outbreak between outbreak areas. From this study, it was found that the bacterial community of M. plana consisted of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacterioidetes, Firmicutes and other minor phyla, with Proteobacteria being the most dominant phylum. Furthermore, bacterial genera of M. plana consisted of Pantoea, Curtobacterium, Pseudomonas, Massilia and other minor genera, with Pantoea being the most dominant. It was also found that the alpha and beta diversity in both comparisons were not significantly different. We present our data as a first insight towards the bacterial community of M. plana, paving a way towards understanding the biology of the bagworm M. plana.

Metisa plana adalah salah satu daripada perosak utama dalam ladang kelapa sawit Malaysia, dengan serangan yang mengakibatkan kerugian besar kepada ekonomi. Pada masa ini, profil mikrob bagworm masih belum dikaji. Memahami biologi perosak seperti komuniti bakteria adalah penting kerana bakteria yang dikaitkan dengan serangga sering memberi manfaat kepada serangga, memberikan hos serangga peluang untuk terus hidup. Penjujukan amplikon 16S digunakan untuk mengenal pasti komuniti bakteria M. plana. Selain itu, dua perbandingan telah dibuat, komuniti bakteria antara dua peringkat larva (peringkat instar awal dan peringkat instar lewat) dari kawasan wabak; komuniti bakteria larva peringkat instar lewat dari kawasan bukan wabak dan kawasan wabak. Daripada kajian ini, didapati komuniti bakteria M. plana terdiri daripada Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacterioidetes, Firmicutes dan filum kecil lain, dengan Proteobacteria merupakan filum yang paling dominan. Tambahan pula, genera bakteria M. plana terdiri daripada Pantoea, Curtobacterium, Pseudomonas, Massilia dan genera minor lain, dengan Pantoea yang paling dominan. Kajian ini juga mendapati bahawa kepelbagaian alfa dan beta dalam kedua-dua perbandingan adalah tidak jauh berbeza. Data ini dibentangkan sebagai pandangan pertama terhadap komuniti bakteria M. plana, membuka jalan ke arah memahami biologi bagworm M. plana.

[Fat tissue as the primary target organ of insulin resistance in diabetes mellitus.] / A zsírszövet mint a 2-es típusú diabetest kíséro inzulinrezisztencia egyik célszerve.

Insulin resistance is a pathological condition in which the effect of endogenous or externally administered (exogenous) insulin to promote tissue glucose uptake and utilization falls short of that observed in metabolically healthy individuals. It affects the entire organism, but the pathogenetic and underlying molecular biological processes of its selected target tissues - the liver, muscle and adipose tissue - are partially different. Recently, knowledge about the role of adipose tissue has expanded significantly, and it increasingly seems that dysfunctional adipose tissue is the central player in these pathological events. The manuscript reviews the structure of adipose tissue, the regulation of adipogenesis and lipolysis, data on the relationship between the microbiome and adipose tissue, the typical differences of the acute and chronic insulin resistance as well as the therapeutic tools currently available to reduce adipose tissue insulin resistance. It may well be that a molecule with a selective adipose tissue attack point and enabling safe long-term use in humans is not yet within the hoped-for proximity, the first animal experimental observations related to the first "adipeuticum" being under development outline the promise of a new treatment option. Orv Hetil. 2023; 164(1): 3-10.

[Diabetes mellitus and the intestinal microbiome]. / A diabetes mellitus és a bélmikrobiom.

The intestinal microbiome plays an important role in the body's physiological processes. One of its most decisive roles is the production of short-chain fatty acids, which has crucial importance in the maintenance of an intact intestinal barrier and immune homeostasis. Dysbiosis in the microbiome caused by dietary habits, regular medication use, and other factors can result in damage to the barrier function, which triggers the translocation of lipopolysaccharides into the portal circulation. By maintaining subclinical inflammation, these can lead to the development of obesity, insulin resistance, and fatty liver. The entry of pathogenic bacteria into the portal circulation can cause beta cell destruction through molecular mimicry and consequent autoimmunity. Both mechanisms can lead to diabetes mellitus. The paper reviews the changes in the intestinal microbiome in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, detailing experimental and clinical data. It points out that even though our knowledge is not yet sufficient to help daily clinical practice, the expansion of data can help the prognostic use of some results. All this, however, requires further investigations and observations. Orv Hetil. 2023; 164(25): 981-987.

[Appendix somewhat different-Excerpts from the history, controversies of the present and view to the future]. / Appendix mal anders ­ Ausschnitte aus der Geschichte, Kontroverse der Gegenwart und Ausblick in die Zukunft.

If one could talk about a superstar in abdominal surgery, the appendix would definitely be qualified for this name. Much has already been said about the vermiform appendix. The potential to talk about the appendix is, however, by no means exhausted. In this article already published articles are selected and subsumed. Less known details on the discovery and research of the appendix as well as the diagnostics of appendicitis and establishment of appendectomy are also included.

Metabarcoding of Parasitic Wasp, Dolichogenidea metesae (Nixon) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) That Parasitizing Bagworm, Metisa plana Walker (Lepidoptera: Psychidae).

Microbiome studies of the parasitoid wasp, Dolichogenidea metesae (Nixon) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) are important because D. metesae has potential as a biological control agent to suppress the pest, Metisa plana Walker (Lepidoptera, Psychidae). Three field populations of parasitic wasps with different Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices to control M. plana collected from Perak state (Tapah) and Johor state (Yong Peng and Batu Pahat districts) in Peninsular Malaysia were studied. Bacterial community composition and structure were analysed using α and ß diversity metrics. Proteobacteria (83.31%) and Bacteroidetes (6.80%) were the most dominant phyla, whereas unknown family from order Rhizobiales was the most abundant family found in all populations followed by Pseudomonadaceae. Family Micrococcaceae was absent in Tapah. Rhizobiales gen. sp. and Pseudomonas sp. were abundant in all populations. Pearson's correlation analysis showed the strongest correlation between individuals of Batu Pahat and Yong Peng (r = 0.89827, p < 0.05), followed by Tapah and Yong Peng with r = 0.75358, p < 0.05 and Batu Pahat and Tapah (r = 0.69552, p < 0.05). We hypothesise that low diversity and richness in Tapah might be due to direct and indirect effect of insecticides application. This preliminary data was the first study to do inventory of the microbiomes in the gut of the D. metesae.

Kajian mikrobiom ke atas spesies penyengat parasitoid, Dolichogenidea metesae (Nixon) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) adalah penting kerana spesies ini berpotensi sebagai agen kawalan biologi untuk mengawal spesies perosak, Metisa plana Walker (Lepidoptera, Psychidae). Tiga populasi penyengat parasitoid yang mengaplikasikan Pengurusan Perosak Bersepadu (IPM) yang berbeza untuk mengawal M. plana iaitu daripada negeri Perak (Tapah) dan negeri Johor (Yong Peng dan Batu Pahat) di Semenanjung Malaysia telah dikaji. Komposisi dan struktur komuniti bakteria telah dianalisis menggunakan metrik kepelbagaian α dan ß. Proteobacteria (83.31%) dan Bacteroidetes (6.80%) merupakan filum yang paling dominan, manakala famili yang tidak diketahui daripada order Rhizobiales ialah famili yang paling melimpah ditemui dalam kesemua populasi diikuti oleh Pseudomonadaceae. Famili Micrococcaceae didapati tidak hadir di populasi Tapah. Rhizobiales gen. sp. dan Pesudomonas sp. adalah paling melimpah di dalam semua populasi. Analisis korelasi Pearson menunjukkan korelasi yang paling tinggi di antara individu daripada Batu Pahat dan Yong Peng (r = 0.89827, p < 0.05) diikuti oleh Tapah dan Yong Peng dengan nilai r = 0.75358, p < 0.05 dan Batu Pahat dan Tapah (r = 0.69552, p < 0.05). Kami menghipotesis bahawa kepelbagaian dan kelimpahan yang rendah di Tapah mungkin disebabkan oleh kesan langsung dan tidak langsung penggunaan racun serangga. Data awalan ini merupakan kajian pertama yang melakukan inventori mikrobiom ke atas usus D. metesae.

Significance and effects of prenatal and postnatal microbiome in the period of early individual development and options for interventional treatment / A praenatalis és postnatalis mikrobiom jelentosége és hatásai a korai egyedfejlodés idoszakában és az intervenciós kezelés lehetoségei.

Összefoglaló. A humán mikrobiom az emberi szervezetben és az emberi testfelszínen élo mikrobaközösségek összessége, amelyek többsége a gyomor-bél rendszerben él. Ezek a mikrobaközösségek számos és sokféle baktériumot tartalmaznak, gombákat, vírusokat, archeákat és protozoonokat. Ez a mikrobiális közösség, vagy mikrobiota, a gazdaszervezetben nagyrészt egymással kölcsönösségi viszonyban tenyészik, és gondoskodik a bélben a tápanyagok anyagcseréjérol, kalibrálja az anyagcsere-muködést, tanítja az immunrendszert, fenntartja a közösség integritását, és véd a kórokozók ellen. A majdan megszületendo magzat a megfelelo tápanyagellátását az anyai véráramból kapja, és így az anyai szervezetben a mikrobiota indukálta baktériumkomponensek vagy metabolitok hatékonyan átvihetok a magzatba. Az anyai mikrobiális közösségek - ideértve a praenatalis bélrendszeri, hüvelyi, száj- és bormikrobiomot - a terhesség alatt valójában kifejezett változásokon mennek keresztül, amelyek befolyásolhatják az egészség megorzését, és hozzájárulhatnak a közismert betegségek kialakulásához. A magzat nem steril, és immunológiai szempontból sem naiv, hanem az anya révén környezeti ingerek hatásaitól befolyásolva kölcsönhatásba lép az anyai immunrendszerrel. Számos anyai tényezo - beleértve a hormonokat, a citokineket és a mikrobiomot - módosíthatja az intrauterin környezetet, ezáltal befolyásolva a magzati immunrendszer fejlodését. A fokozott stresszben élo anyák csecsemoinél nagyobb az allergia és a gyomor-bél rendszeri rendellenességek aránya. A várandós étrendje is befolyásolja a magzati mikrobiomot a méh közvetítésével. A bélflóránk, vagyis a mikrobiom, a belünkben élo mikrobák összessége és szimbiózisa, amelynek kényes egyensúlya már csecsemokorban kialakul, és döntoen meghatározza az intestinalis barrier és a bélasszociált immunrendszer muködését. A probiotikumok szaporodásához szükséges prebiotikummal is befolyásolható a bélflóra. A pre- és a probiotikum kombinációja a szimbiotikum. Az anyatej a patogénekkel szemben protektív hatású, részben azáltal, hogy emeli a Bifidobacterium-számot az újszülött bélflórájában. A dysbiosis a kommenzális, egészséges bélflóra megváltozása. Ennek szerepét feltételezik funkcionális gastrointestinalis kórképekben, egyre több pszichiátriai és neurológiai kórképben is, mint az autizmus-spektrumzavar. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(19): 731-740. Summary. The human microbiome is the totality of microbe communities living in the human body and on the human body surface, most of which live in the gastrointestinal tract. These microbe communities contain many and varied bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea and protozoa. This microbial community or microbiota in the host is largely reciprocal and takes care of nutrient metabolism in the gut, calibrates metabolism, teaches the immune system, maintains community integrity, and protects against pathogens. The fetus to be born is adequately supplied with nutrients from the maternal bloodstream, and thus microbial-induced bacterial components or metabolites can be efficiently transferred to the fetus in the maternal body. Maternal microbial communities, including prenatal intestinal, vaginal, oral, and dermal microbiomes, actually undergo pronounced changes during pregnancy that can affect health maintenance and contribute to the development of well-known diseases. The fetus is not sterile or immunologically naïve, but interacts with the maternal immune system through the effects of environmental stimuli through the mother. Many maternal factors, including hormones, cytokines, and the microbiome, can modify the intrauterine environment, thereby affecting the development of the fetal immune system. Infants of mothers under increased stress have higher rates of allergies and gastrointestinal disorders. The diet of the gravida also affects the fetal microbiome through the uterus. Our intestinal flora, or microbiome, is the totality and symbiosis of the microbes living in them, the delicate balance of which is established in infancy and decisively determines the functioning of the intestinal barrier and the intestinal associated immune system. The prebiotic required for the proliferation of probiotics can also affect the intestinal flora. The combination of pre- and probiotic is symbiotic. Breast milk has a protective effect against pathogens, in part by raising the number of Bifidobacteria in the intestinal flora of the newborn. Dysbiosis is a change in the commensal, healthy gut flora. Its role is hypothesized in functional gastrointestinal disorders, as well as in more and more psychiatric and neurological disorders such as the autism spectrum disorder. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(19): 731-740.

Oncological relevance of gut and urine microbiomes / A béltartalom és a vizelet mikrobiom-összetételének onkológiai vonatkozásai.

Összefoglaló. Az immunrendszer nem megfelelo muködése meghatározó szerepet játszik a daganatok kialakulásában, progressziójában és az egyes terápiák hatékonyságában is. A bélrendszer baktériumai a szervezet immunitásán keresztül képesek befolyásolni a szervezet gyógyszeres terápiákra adott válaszreakcióját, kiváltképpen az immunellenorzopont-gátló kezelések hatását. Az újgenerációs nukleinsav-szekvenálási technológiák felhasználásával részletes képet kaphatunk a szervezetben jelen lévo baktériumok minoségi és mennyiségi viszonyairól. A közelmúltban összefüggést igazoltak a vastagbéldaganat, a melanoma, a vesesejtes carcinoma és a nem kissejtes tüdorák esetén alkalmazott immunellenorzopont-gátló terápiák hatékonysága és a bél mikrobiom-összetétele között. Számos olyan baktériumot azonosítottak, melynek jelenlétébol, illetve mennyiségébol következtethetünk az egyes kezelésekkel szembeni egyéni érzékenységre. Ezzel összhangban, az antibiotikumkezelés által okozott dysbiosis növelte az immunellenorzopont-gátló terápia sikertelenségének kockázatát. Ezen eredmények tükrében a jövoben a mikrobiom-összetétel meghatározása is fontos tényezo lehet az immunterápiák hatékonyságának elorejelzésében, illetve egyre inkább bizonyított, hogy a széles spektrumú antibiotikumkezelés a legtöbbször csökkenti a daganatellenes immunterápiák hatékonyságát. Jelenleg folyó klinikai vizsgálatok pedig a mikrobiom-összetétel mesterséges úton történo megváltoztatásának terápiás lehetoségeit tanulmányozzák. Bebizonyosodott, hogy a korábbi állásponttal szemben a vizelet nem steril. DNS-szekvenálás alkalmazásával számos olyan, a vizeletben eloforduló baktériumot sikerült azonosítani, melynek jelenléte hozzájárulhat a húgyhólyagrák kialakulásához és progressziójához, illetve a húgyhólyagban lokálisan alkalmazott BCG-terápia hatékonyságához. Jelen munkában a közelmúlt publikációit feldolgozva összefoglaljuk, mely baktériumok jelenléte hozható összefüggésbe a különbözo daganatok kialakulásával, progressziójával és terápiarezisztenciájával. Orv Hetil. 2020; 162(15): 579-586. Summary. Dysfunction of the immune system plays a crucial role in the development and progression of cancer as well as the effectiveness of antitumor therapies. Gut microbiota, due to their impact on the immune system, are able to influence response to anticancer drug therapies. Next-generation DNA-sequencing technologies enabled a comprehensive quantitative and qualitative exploration of the gut microbiome. An increasing body of evidence indicates the association between the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies and gut microbiome composition in colorectal cancer, malignant melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, and non-small cell lung cancer. Recently, several bacterial strains and species were shown to be associated with treatment efficacies. In accordance, dysbiosis caused by antibiotic treatment was found to increase the risk of failure to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies. In the light of these results, examination of microbiome composition may become an important factor for the prediction of immunotherapies. Currently ongoing clinical trials are investigating the potential of therapeutic alteration of microbiome composition. Contrary to the previous view, urine has been shown not to be sterile. By using sensitive DNA-sequencing technologies, several urinary bacteria could be identified which may contribute to the development and progression of bladder cancer and may influence the efficacy of intravesical BCG therapy. In the present work, we summarize recent studies that identified the presence of certain bacteria associated with the development, progression, and therapy resistance of various cancers. Orv Hetil. 2020; 162(15): 579-586.

[The role of the microbiome in otorhinolaryngology]. / A mikrobiom szerepe a fül-orr-gégészetben.

Our health is highly determined by the diverse microbial community living within our body and upon our skin. Balance among the members of the commensal microbiota is essential for the preservation of health. New generation sequencing is a rapid, sensitive method for determining the whole microbiome without prior hypothesis and also gives information on the resistance and virulence status. Application of this method can help to identify the pathogens contributing to different diseases, and also the protective bacteria inhibiting their growth. Detecting the changes of the microbiome helps to identify new therapeutic targets and establish targeted antibiotic therapy. Broad-spectrum antibiotics also act against the beneficial members of the microbial flora, which may lead to the development of recurrent or chronic disease. Ear, nose and throat infections are the most common infective diseases in humans and the leading cause for antibiotic prescription worldwide. In recent years, many studies using molecular biology methods were performed examining the microbiome of healthy humans and in otorhinolaryngologic diseases. In the present work, the authors review the changes of the microbiological communities in the healthy state and in various pathologic states in the anatomic regions of the ear, nose and throat. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(39): 1533-1541.