Moslae Herba: Botany, Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology.

Moslae Herba (MH) can be used for both medicine and food and has a long history of medicine. MH has the effects of sweating and relieving the exterior, removing dampness and harmonizing, and is mainly used for colds caused by damp heat in summer. It is called "Xiayue Zhi Mahuang" in China. So far, 123 chemical compounds have been isolated and identified from MH, including flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic acids, phenylpropanoids, and other chemical compounds. Its chemical components have a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic sedation, antipyretic, immune regulation, insecticidal, and other effects. In addition, because of its aromatic odor and health care function, MH also has development and utilization value in food, chemical, and other fields. This paper reviewed the research progress of MH in botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology and provided a possible direction for further research.

Comparative Analysis of Plastomes in Elsholtzieae: Phylogenetic Relationships and Potential Molecular Markers.

The Elsholtzieae, comprising ca. 7 genera and 70 species, is a small tribe of Lamiaceae (mint family). Members of Elsholtzieae are of high medicinal, aromatic, culinary, and ornamentals value. Despite the rich diversity and value of Elsholtzieae, few molecular markers or plastomes are available for phylogenetics. In the present study, we employed high-throughput sequencing to assemble two Mosla plastomes, M. dianthera and M. scabra, for the first time, and compared with other plastomes of Elsholtzieae. The plastomes of Elsholtzieae exhibited a quadripartite structure, ranging in size from 148,288 bp to 152,602 bp. Excepting the absence of the pseudogene rps19 in Elsholtzia densa, the exhaustive tally revealed the presence of 132 genes (113 unique genes). Among these, 85 protein-coding genes (CDS), 37 tRNA genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 2 pseudogenes (rps19 and ycf1) were annotated. Comparative analyses showed that the plastomes of these species have minor variations at the gene level. Notably, the E. eriostchya plastid genome exhibited increased GC content regions in the LSC and SSC, resulting in an increased overall GC content of the entire plastid genome. The E. densa plastid genome displayed modified boundaries due to inverted repeat (IR) contraction. The sequences of CDS and intergenic regions (IGS) with elevated variability were identified as potential molecular markers for taxonomic inquiries within Elsholtzieae. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that four genera formed monophyletic entities, with Mosla and Perilla forming a sister clade. This clade was, in turn, sister to Collinsonia, collectively forming a sister group to Elsholtzia. Both CDS, and CDS + IGS could construct a phylogenetic tree with stronger support. These findings facilitate species identification and DNA barcoding investigations in Elsholtzieae and provide a foundation for further exploration and resource utilization within this tribe.

HPLC-DAD Analysis, SFE-CO2 Extraction, and Antibacterial Activity on Bioactive Compounds from Mosla chinensis Maxim.

Mosla chinensis Maxim is an annual herb with many potential purposes in agricultural, industrial, and pharmaceutical fields. At present, the extract of the whole plant from M. chinensis has been proven to demonstrate antifungal, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Previous studies focused on the enzyme pretreatment in hydrodistillation from M. chinensis. However, organic solvent or supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extraction (SFE-CO2) methods, which are commonly utilized in industry, have seldom been studied and cannot provide multiple evaluations of yield. In this work, we analysed compounds from M. chinensis by HPLC-DAD, discussed n-hexane extraction, and conducted further investigations on SFE-CO2 through the design of response surface methodology (RSM). The sample obtained from pilot-scale SFE-CO2 was also tested against nine kinds of microorganisms. Single-factor results revealed that the extraction rates from M. chinensis by steam distillation, n-hexane extraction, and SFE-CO2 were 1%, 2.09%, and 3.26%, respectively. RSM results showed a significant improvement in extraction rate through optimising pressure and time, and the interaction of both factors was more important than that of temperature-pressure and temperature-time. A pilot-scale test with an extraction rate of 3.34% indicated that the predicted RSM condition was operable. In addition, samples from the pilot-scale SFE-CO2 showed antibacterial effects against three previously unreported bacteria (Gardnerella vaginalis, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Propionibacterium acnes). These results fill the gap in previous research and provide more information for the application and development of M. chinensis in the future.

Fabrication and Characterization of ß-Cyclodextrin/Mosla Chinensis Essential Oil Inclusion Complexes: Experimental Design and Molecular Modeling.

Essential oils (EOs) are primarily isolated from medicinal plants and possess various biological properties. However, their low water solubility and volatility substantially limit their application potential. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to improve the solubility and stability of the Mosla Chinensis (M. Chinensis) EO by forming an inclusion complex (IC) with ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD). Furthermore, the IC formation process was investigated using experimental techniques and molecular modeling. The major components of M. Chinensis 'Jiangxiangru' EOs were carvacrol, thymol, o-cymene, and terpinene, and its IC with ß-CD were prepared using the ultrasonication method. Multivariable optimization was studied using a Plackett-Burman design (step 1, identifying key parameters) followed by a central composite design for optimization of the parameters (step 2, optimizing the key parameters). SEM, FT-IR, TGA, and dissolution experiments were performed to analyze the physicochemical properties of the ICs. In addition, the interaction between EO and ß-CD was further investigated using phase solubility, molecular docking, and molecular simulation studies. The results showed that the optimal encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of EO in the ICs were 86.17% and 8.92%, respectively. Results of physicochemical properties were different after being encapsulated, indicating that the ICs had been successfully fabricated. Additionally, molecular docking and dynamics simulation showed that ß-CD could encapsulate the EO component (carvacrol) via noncovalent interactions. In conclusion, a comprehensive methodology was developed for determining key parameters under multivariate conditions by utilizing two-step optimization experiments to obtain ICs of EO with ß-CD. Furthermore, molecular modeling was used to study the mechanisms involved in molecular inclusion complexation.

New insights into the influence of encapsulation materials on the feasibility of ultrasonic-assisted encapsulation of Mosla chinensis essential oil.

The study aimed to estimate the feasibility of α-cyclodextrin (α-CD), ß-cyclodextrin (ß-CD), and γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) to encapsulate Mosla chinensis essential oil (EO) by ultrasonic-assisted method. The physical properties variations, stabilization mechanisms, and formation processes of the inclusion complexes (ICs) were investigated using experimental methods, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Scanning electron microscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that the ICs were successfully prepared, which differentially improved the thermal stability and retained the chemical composition of EO. The dissolution profile showed that the Peppas model can be used to describe the diffuse release mechanism of EO. Finally, molecular docking and MD simulation theoretically confirmed the interaction and conformational changes of carvacrol (the main active component of Mosla chinensis EO) inside the cavity of CDs. The results indicate that hydrogen bonding was the primary driving force for the carvacrol spontaneous access to the cavity. Further, a binding dynamic balance occurs between carvacrol and ß-CD, whereas a bind and away dynamic balance occurs in the IC between carvacrol and α-CD, γ-CD. The comprehensive results show that the medium cavity size of ß-CD is a suitable host molecule for Mosla chinensis EO of encapsulation, release, and stabilization. A combination of experimental and theoretical calculations is useful for the pinpoint targeted design and optimization of CD molecular encapsulation of small entity molecules. ß-CD was rationally screened as a better candidate for stabilizing EO, which provides an option for a meaningful path to realistic EO applications.

Raspberry-liked Pickering emulsions based inulin microparticles for enhanced antibacterial performance of essential oils.

Pickering emulsions seem to be an effective strategy for encapsulation and stabilization of essential oils. In this work, a novel raspberry-liked Pickering emulsion (RPE) loading Mosla chinensis 'Jiangxiangru' essential oil (MJO) was successfully engineered by using ethyl lauroyl arginate (ELA) decorated nanosilica (ELA-NS) as particles emulsifier. And the ELA-NS-stabilized MJO Pickering emulsion (MJO-RPE) was further prepared into inulin-based microparticles (MJO-RPE-IMP) by spray-drying, using inulin as matrix formers. The concentration of ELA-NS could affect the formation and stabilization of MJO-RPE, and the colloidal behavior of ELA-NS could be modulated at the interfaces with concentration of ELA, thus providing unique role on stabilization of MJO-RPE. The results indicated that the MJO-RPE stabilized ELA-NS with 2 % NS modified by 0.1 % ELA had long-term stability. MJO-RPE exhibited a raspberry-liked morphology on the surface, attributed to ELA-NS covered in the droplet surface. The inulin-based matrix formers could effectively prevent MJO-RPE from agglomeration or destruction during spray-drying, and 100 % concentration of inulin based microparticles formed large composite particles with high loading capacity (98.54 ± 1.11 %) and exhibited superior thermal stability and redispersibility of MJO-RPE. The MJO-RPE exhibited strong antibacterial efficacy against Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), owing to the adhesion to bacterial membrane dependent on the raspberry-liked surface of MJO-RPE, whose minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the above three bacteria were (0.3, 0.45, and 1.2 µL/mL), respectively, lower than those (0.45, 0.6 and 1.2 µL/mL) of MJO. Therefore, the Pickering emulsion composite microparticles seemed to be a promising strategy for enhancing the stability and antibacterial activity of MJO.

Antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities of chemical constituents from twigs of Mosla chinensis Maxim.

Seven undescribed compounds, including three flavones (1-3), one phenylpropanoid (19), three monoaromatic hydrocarbons (27-29), were isolated from the twigs of Mosla chinensis Maxim together with twenty-eight known compounds. The structures were characterized by HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR, and ECD spectroscopic techniques. Compound 20 displayed the most significant activity against A/WSN/33/2009 (H1N1) virus (IC50 = 20.47 µM) compared to the positive control oseltamivir (IC50 = 6.85 µM). Further research on the anti-influenza mechanism showed that compound 20 could bind to H1N1 virus surface antigen HA1 and inhibit the early attachment stage of the virus. Furthermore, compounds 9, 22, 23, and 25 displayed moderate inhibitory effects on the NO expression in LPS inducing Raw 264.7 cells with IC50 values of 22.78, 20.47, 27.66, and 30.14 µM, respectively.

Rapid characterization of non-volatile phenolic compounds reveals the reliable chemical markers for authentication of traditional Chinese medicine Xiang-ru among confusing Elsholtzia species.

The aerial parts of Mosla chinensis Maxim. and Mosla chinensis cv. 'Jiangxiangru' (MCJ) are widely utilized in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), known collectively as Xiang-ru. However, due to clinical effectiveness concerns and frequent misidentification, the original plants have increasingly been substituted by various species within the genera Elsholtzia and Mosla. The challenge in distinguishing between these genera arises from their similar morphological and metabolic profiles. To address this issue, our study introduced a rapid method for metabolic characterization, employing high-resolution mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. Through detailed biosynthetic and chemometric analyses, we pinpointed five phenolic compounds-salviaflaside, cynaroside, scutellarein-7-O-D-glucoside, rutin, and vicenin-2-among 203 identified compounds, as reliable chemical markers for distinguishing Xiang-ru from closely related Elsholtzia species. This methodology holds promise for broad application in the analysis of plant aerial parts, especially in verifying the authenticity of aromatic traditional medicinal plants. Our findings underscore the importance of non-volatile compounds as dependable chemical markers in the authentication process of aromatic traditional medicinal plants.

Bioactive constituents of Mosla chinensis-cv. Jiangxiangru ameliorate inflammation through MAPK signaling pathways and modify intestinal microbiota in DSS-induced colitis mice.

BACKGROUND: Mosla chinensis Maxim. cv. Jiangxiangru (JXR), a traditional Chinese medicine, commonly used for the therapy of cold, fever, diarrhea, digestive disorders, and other diseases. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disorder of the human gastrointestinal tract. Research about the effect of JXR on IBD and the active ingredient composition of JXR remains deficiency. PURPOSE: This study aims to determine the phytochemical composition and the anti-inflammatory property of JXR, as well as the possible anti-inflammatory mechanisms. METHODS: The bioactive profile of JXR extracts was determined by UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS. A DSS induced colitis mouse model was applied to explore the anti-inflammatory activity of JXR. The body weight, colon length and histopathological status of colon tissue were evaluated. The content of inflammatory mediators (nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)) and cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß)), corresponding mRNA and protein expression levels were analyzed. Oxidation pressure and gut microbial composition were also explored. RESULTS: Totally 63 constitutes were identified from JXR, among them, phenolic acids and flavonoids comprised a large part, and rosmarinic acid (RA) was the main compound. The results of DSS-induced colitis mice model indicated that JXR effectively ameliorated inflammation, restore the redox balance in the gut. JXR treatment significantly reduced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased the activity of antioxidative enzyme, suppressed the secretion of inflammatory mediators (NO, PGE2) and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1ß). JXR also restrained the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathway. Furthermore, JXR could restore the microbial diversity by suppressing Bacteroidaceae, increasing Bifidobacteriales and Melainabacteria in DSS colitis mouse model. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that JXR composed with various bioactive compounds, effectively ameliorated colitis, restored the redox balance and regulated gut microbiota. Results from the present study provide an insight of therapeutic potential of JXR in IBD based on its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, also provide a scientific basis for using JXR as a functional ingredient to promote colon health.

Effects of polysaccharide content and anti-inflammatory,hemostatic,and antioxidant activities before and after preparation of Mosla chinensis-Jiangxiangru / 中国比较医学杂志

Objective Explore changes in polysaccharides in Jiangxiangru before and after ginger juice preparation,and evaluate polysaccharide anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities before and after processing.Methods The contents of Jiangxiangru polysaccharide(JXRPs)and Ginger juice processed of Jiangxiangru polysaccharide(JZJXRPs)before and after processing were determined by phenol-sulfuric acid method.We used the swelling model in rats and endotoxin(LPS)to establish the RAW264.7 mouse macrophage inflammation model.The optimal administration concentration was determined using a cell proliferation(MTT)assay.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)were used to measure Interleukin-6(IL-6),Interleukin-12(IL-12),Nitric oxide(NO),Interleukin-4(IL-4),and Interleukin-10(IL-10).Bleeding time of mice by tail cutting was observed to evaluate the hemostatic effect.The ability to remove 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical(DPPH)and 2,2'-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate)(ABTS)was used to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activity.Results The contents of JXRPs and JZJXRPs were 13％and 22％,respectively.In swollen rats at 4 h after injection,compared with the model group,200 mg/kg JXRPs and 100 mg/kg JZJXRPs significantly reduced rat swelling(P＜0.05).In vitro anti-inflammation assessment showed that the polysaccharides before and after processing significantly inhibited secretion of IL-6,IL-12,and NO(P＜0.01)and promoted secretion of IL-4 and IL-10(P＜0.01),and also that processing post-effects were stronger.The hemostatic experiment show that,compared with the control group,JXRPs increased hemostasis,but without a significant difference,and no significant difference was found using JZJXRPs,although high doses showed a trend to increase hemostasis.In vitro antioxidant activity showed that JXRPs and JZJXRPs had different scavenging abilities for DPPH and ABTS with IC50 values of JXRPs of 0.2215 and 0.2110 mg/ml,respectively,and IC50 values of JZJXRPs of 0.1651 and 0.1884 mg/mL,respectively.Conclusions After Jiangxiangru is produced in ginger juice,it promotes dissolution of polysaccharides and increases polysaccharide content.Anti-inflammatory,hemostasis,and antioxidant capacities are stronger in JZJXRPS than JXRPS,which lays the foundation for follow-up research and clinical applications of JXRPS.

Herbal Textual Research on Moslae Herba in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Through the textual research and analysis of the variety， origin， processing， quality evaluation and clinical application of Moslae Herba in ancient and modern literature， its origin of materia medica was clarified. Moslae Herba has experienced variety changes in history. Elsholtzia ciliata was the mainstream variety during and before the Song dynasty， however， during the Ming and Qing dynasties， emerging variety of Mosla chinensis rose to the mainstream status due to its remarkable efficacy and the formation of cultivation， and differentiated into two commodities（wild variety of Qingxiangru and cultivated variety of Jiangxiangru）， cultivated products formed an authentic producing area in Jiangxi. The three varieties coexisted during the Ming and Qing dynasties， and the Elsholtzia varieties were gradually eliminated. Variety changes have caused changes in the functions and indications of drugs. E. ciliata had the effect of clearing heat and was mainly used to treat heatstroke and cholera， while M. chinensis was used for exogenous wind cold and dampness in the summer because of its warm and strong sweating properties， but not for cholera. Traditional Moslae Herba is mainly harvested in the summer and autumn （flowering to fruiting stage） and the above-ground parts are dry in the shade and used as medicine. Modern Qingxiangru is mostly harvested before the flowering period， and Jiangxiangru is harvested after flowering and fruiting in late summer and early autumn. In summary， according to the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia， the dried above-ground parts of Moslae Herba should be selected for Xinjia Xiangruyin in the Catalogue of Ancient Famous Classical Formulas（The First Batch）， mainly the cultivated variety of Jiangxiangru， and the raw products is cut into segments and used as medicine. It is suggested that when applying and developing famous classical formulas containing Moslae Herba at different periods of time today， the origin should be established in conjunction with clinical efficacy.

Chemical Composition of Essential Oil in Mosla Chinensis Maxim Cv. Jiangxiangru and its Inhibitory Effect on Staphylococcus Aureus Biofilm Formation.

The essential oil of Mosla chinensis Maxim cv. Jiangxiangru is known for its antibacterial ability. This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition of Jiangxiangru essential oil and its inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to determine the chemical composition of Jiangxiangru essential oil. Subsequently, the eight major chemical components were quantitatively analyzed using GC- MS, and their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against S. aureus were tested. Biofilm formation was detected by crystal violet semi-quantitative method and silver staining. Of the 59 peaks detected, 29 were identified by GC-MS. Of these peaks, thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene, thymol acetate, α-caryophyllene, 3-carene, and carvacryl acetate were present at a relatively higher concentration. The results of the quantitative test showed that thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene, and γ-terpinene were the major components of the essential oil. Among the eight reference substances, only thymol, carvacrol, and thymol acetate had lower MICs compared with the essential oil. Essential oil, carvacrol, carvacryl acetate, α-caryophyllene, and 3-carene showed the better inhibition of S. aureus biofilm formation. When one fourth of the MIC concentrations were used for these substances (0.0625 mg/mL for essential oil, 0.0305 mg/mL for carvacrol, 1.458 mg/mL for carvacryl acetate, 0.1268 mg/mL for α-caryophyllene, and 2.5975 mg/mL for 3-carene), the inhibition rates were over 80%. However, thymol, γ-terpinene, thymol acetate, and p-cymene showed a relatively poor inhibition of S. aureus biofilm formation. When 1× MIC concentrations of these substances were used, the inhibition rates were less than 50%. In conclusion, Jiangxiangru essential oil and its major components, carvacrol, carvacryl acetate, α-caryophyllene, and 3-carene, strongly inhibited biofilm formation in S. aureus.

Essential oil composition and biological activities determination of Mosla dianthera (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) Maxim. and its major isolated component, carvone

Abstract This study was aimed to explore the chemical composition and biological activities of essential oil from aerial part of Mosla dianthera along with its major isolated compound, carvone. The hydro-distilled essential oil was analysed by GC-MS and biological activities were investigated in terms of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, herbicidal, antibacterial, anti-fungal and anti-feedant properties. GC-MS analysis led to the identification of forty-nine components contributing 96.2% of essential oil with carvone (41.9%) as the most abundant constituent. The oil and carvone showed good to moderate antioxidant potentials determined by radical scavenging, reducing power and metal chelating activities. Carvone showed good anti-inflammatory activity (78.0%) compared to essential oil (74.2%). Both essential oil and carvone exhibited excellent herbicidal activity against Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus seeds. The essential oil and carvone showed significant anti-bacterial efficacy against Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli. It was observed that essential oil showed strong antifungal property than carvone against Alternaria alternata and Curvularia lunata. Both the samples exhibited anti-feedant activity in a dose dependent manner against third instar larvae of Spilosoma obliqua. Results obtained revealed the possible applications of essential oil and carvone as a bioactive source of natural antioxidants, excellent herbicide and an effective substance for antifungal and antifeedant activities.

Structure and biological activities of a pectic polysaccharide from Mosla chinensis Maxim. cv. Jiangxiangru.

A water-soluble pectic polysaccharide (MP-A40) was isolated and purified from Mosla chinensis Maxim. cv. Jiangxiangru for the first time, with a molecular weight of 32,600Da. MP-A40 was comprised of 68.63% galacturonic acid and 13.05% neutral sugar. In addition, arabinose, galactose, rhamnose, mannose and glucose composed the neutral sugar in a relative ratio of 4.94, 3.07, 2.13, 1.62 and 1.29% of the dry weight of MP-A40, respectively. Structural characterization of MP-A40 was investigated by methylation analysis and 1D/2D NMR spectroscopy. From the results, the structure of MP-A40 was revealed as follows: 1,4-linked α-d-GalpA and 1,4-linked α-d-GalpA6Me interspersed with rare t-Araf (0.60%), t-Rhap (1.67%) and t-GalpA (10.15%). Esterification assay showed that about 32% of the carboxylic groups in GalA residues existed as methyl ester. In addition, MP-A40 could inhibit the growth of human leukemic cell line K562 and stimulate nitric oxide production from RAW 264.7 macrophages both in dose-dependent manners.

Mosla punctulata Inhibits Mast Cell-mediated Allergic Reactions Through the Inhibition of Histamine Release and Inflammatory Cytokine Production.

Allergic inflammatory diseases such as food allergy, asthma, sinusitis and atopic dermatitis are increasing worldwide. This study examined the effects of aqueous extract of Mosla punctulata on mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation and studied the possible mechanism of action. Aqueous extract of Mosla punctulata inhibited compound 48/80-induced systemic and immunoglobulin E-mediated local anaphylaxis and it also reduced intracellular calcium level and down-streamed histamine release from mast cells. In addition, aqueous extract of Mosla punctulata decreased gene expression and secretion of tumour necrosis factor alpha, an important proinflammatory cytokine, in mast cells. The inhibitory effect on tumour necrosis factor alpha expression was nuclear factor kappa B dependent. The results indicate that aqueous extract of Mosla punctulata inhibited mast cell-mediated allergic inflammatory reaction by suppressing histamine release and expression of tumour necrosis factor alpha, and involvement of calcium and nuclear factor kappa B in these effects. Hence it can be concluded that, the aqueous extract of Mosla punctulata might be a possible therapeutic candidate for allergic inflammatory disorders.

Chemical composition and antioxidant activities in immumosuppressed mice of polysaccharides isolated from Mosla chinensis Maxim cv. jiangxiangru.

Polysaccharide MP was isolated from Mosla chinensis Maxim cv. jiangxiangru. It was composed of rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose and galactose in a molar ratio of 5.364:12.260:3.448:12.260:32.567:30.651, with 11.00%±0.24% uronic acid and 9.046%±0.04% protein. Its antioxidant activity on the cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice was investigated. The spleen and the thymus indices were investigated, and the biochemical parameters were evaluated in three organs (liver, heart and kidney). MP was able to overcome the cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression and can significantly raise the T-AOC, CAT, SOD and GSH-PX level. It also raised the spleen and thymus indices and decreased the MDA level in mice. MP could play an important role during the prevention process of oxidative damage in immunological system.

Antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects of Mosla chinensis based on integration processing technology of origin / 中草药

Objective To compare the effect of integration processing technology of origin with traditional cutting processing technology of Mosla chinensis on pyretic rats caused by LPS and inflammatory RAW264.7 cells induced by LPS, and provide the feasible basis for the implementation of integration processing technology of origin and traditional efficacy of the relieving exterior effects of M. chinensis. Methods The rats were intervened by M. chinensis (volatile oil, decoction), and the model of heat syndrome was established by ip of LPS. The temperature changes of the fever rats were observed. The levels of serum prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), adenosine cyclic phosphate (cAMP), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in liver tissue were detected. The effects of integration processing of origin and traditional cutting processing of M. chinensis on heat syndrome rats were compared. The cell viability of LPS stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages cells after administration of different concentration of M. chinensis (decoction and volatile oil) was detected, and the NO secretion was determinated by ELISA for comparing the anti-inflammatory effect of two processing methods. Results The treatment of processed M. chinensis can decrease the anus temperature and the content of PGE2, TNF-α, CAMP, IL-1β, MPO, and enhance cellular immunity. Moreover the efficacy of integration processing of origin is better than traditional cutting processing, and the efficacy of M. chinensis decoction is better than volatile oil. Conclusion The integration processing technology of origin for M. chinensis is feasible.

Total flavonoids of Mosla scabra leaves attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via down-regulation of inflammatory signaling in mice.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Mosla scabra (Thunb.) C.Y. Wu, belonging to the Labiatae family, is a tomentose and aromatic plant, which is widely used as an antipyretic and antiviral drug for pulmonary diseases and famous for its efficiency in treating colds, fever, pneumonia and chronic bronchitis. To investigate therapeutic effects and possible mechanism of Mosla scabra flavonoids (MF) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mice were orally administrated with MF once (30 mg/kg or 90 mg/kg) 1 h before LPS challenge. Lung specimens and the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were isolated for histopathological examinations and biochemical analyses 6 h after LPS challenge. RESULTS: Pretreatment with MF could decrease significantly lung wet-to-dry weight (W/D) ratio, lower myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and total protein concentrations in the BALF, reduce serum levels of NO, TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-6 in ALI model. Additionally, MF attenuated lung histopathological changes and significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and translocation of NF-κB p65. CONCLUSIONS: These results showed MF significantly attenuate LPS-induced acute lung injury and production of inflammatory mediators via inhibiting MAPK and NF-κB activation, indicating it as a potential therapeutic agent for ALI.

Effect of Moslae Herba volatile oil on rat models with the spleen and the stomach stranded by dampness / 中成药

AIM To study the therapeutic effect of Moslae Herba volatile oil on rat models with the spleen and the stomach stranded by dampness,and to form the modern pharmacology basis in terms of Moslae Herba's power in transforming dampness and harmonizing the center.METHODS The rat models of dampness-trapped spleen and stomach were induced by improper diet,damp environment and forced swimming.The model rats,ten in each group,were then randomly divided into model group,groups of low-dose,medium-dose and high-dose volatile oils,Twain-80 group,and positive drug group.The medication impact on rat models intragastrically administered for fif-teen days were assessed from body weight,food intake,water intake,urine,stool weight,spleen and thymus organ coefficient and gastric emptying and small intestinal propulsion rate and intestinal moisture index and serum motilin of rats (MTL) and gastrin (GAS),Na+-K +-ATP enzyme,amylase (AMS),interleukin-6 (IL-6),immunoglobulin G (IgG),gastrointestinal aquaporin 2 (AQP2),and indexes of pathological tissue change.RESULTS Compared with the model group,rats in each medication group displayed overall improvement in body weight,food intake,water intake,urine volume,spleen and thymus organ coefficient,gastric emptying and small intestinal propulsion rate,wet stool weight and intestinal water content,serum Na +-K +-ATP,GAS,AMS enzyme activity,IgG content,IL-6,MTL,AQP2 content of digestive tract,and the differences were statistically significant.CONCLUSION Moslae Herba works through its gastrointestinal absorption,and the ability in regulating water metabolism and immunity,that is to improve functioning of the spleen and the stomach in resolving dampness and harmonizing the center.

Mechanism of total flavonoids from Mosla scabra on resistance to influenza viral pneumonia based on microRNAs / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the mechanism of flavonoids from Mosla scabra (FMS) on anti-influenza from the sight of microRNAs. Methods: Mice were divided into normal group, model (MC) group, and FMS group. Mice in MC and FMS groups were infected with influenza virus H1N1, then mice in the FMS group were treated with FMS. To observe the influence of mice in FMS group for the lung index and the levels of cytokines in serum. The difference expressing of miRNAs in lung tissue of mice in each group were detected by high-flux sequencing and quantitative real-time PCR. Human mRNA database as target was used to predict the target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs by miranda, mirbase, and targetscan analysis, while the target genes functions were considered by KEGG analyses. The related proteins of target genes were tested by Western blotting. Results: FMS could significantly decrease the lung index and cytokines of infected mice and regulate the expression levels of abnormal miRNAs tend to normal. We also found that miRNAs are relevant to JAK-STAT and TLR3 signal pathways by KEGG. Western blotting confirmed that FMS could adjust the abnormal protein level of infected mice. Conclusion: FMS obviously alleviates viral pneumonia via regulating miRNA expression in mice.