Perfluoroalkyl substance excretion: Effects of organic anion-inhibiting and resin-binding drugs in a community setting.

BACKGROUND: Longer serum half-lives of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in humans compared to other species has been attributed to differences in the activity of organic anion transporters (OAT). METHODS: Among 56,175 adult participants in the community-based C8 Health Project, 23 subjects were taking the uricosuric OAT-inhibitor probenecid, and 36 subjects were taking the bile acid sequestrant cholestyramine. In regression models of log transformed serum PFAS, medication effects were estimated in terms of mean ratios, adjusting for age, gender, BMI, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and water-district of residence. RESULTS: Probenecid was associated with modest, but not statistically significant increases in serum PFAS concentrations. In contrast, cholestyramine significantly lowered serum PFAS concentrations, notably for perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS). CONCLUSIONS: The effectiveness of cholestyramine in a community setting supports the importance of gastrointestinal physiology for PFAS excretion kinetics, especially for PFOS. We did not find clear evidence that probenecid, an inhibitor of OAT, affects PFAS clearance.

Sishen Wan® Ameliorated Trinitrobenzene-Sulfonic-Acid-Induced Chronic Colitis via NEMO/NLK Signaling Pathway.

The nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway plays an important role in the initialization and development phase of inflammatory injuries, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Sishen Wan (SSW) is a classic Chinese patent medicine listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, which is usually used to treat chronic colitis; however, it is unclear whether SSW can treat IBD via the NF-κB signaling pathway. In the present study, the therapeutic effect of SSW was demonstrated by the decreased index of colonic weight, macroscopic and microscopic score, and pathological observation in chronic colitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. In colonic mucosa of rats with chronic colitis, SSW reduced the levels of calprotectin and eliminated oxidative lesions; downregulated expression of interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-1ß and IL-17; increased expression of IL-4; and suppressed expression of NF-κB p65, and NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO)-like kinase (NLK). Furthermore, SSW inhibited ubiquitinated NEMO, ubiquitin-activated enzyme, and E2i activation, and phosphorylation of downstream proteins (cylindromatosis protein, transforming growth factor-ß-activated kinase and P38). These results show that the therapeutic effects of SSW in chronic colitis were mediated by inhibiting the NEMO/NLK signaling pathway to suppress NF-κB activation.

Oral antiplatelet agents for the management of acute coronary syndromes: A review for nurses and allied healthcare professionals.

PURPOSE: We review the use of oral antiplatelet (OAP) therapies in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) management for nurse practitioners (NPs), focusing on current guideline recommendations. DATA SOURCES: Treatment guidelines and clinical articles from PubMed. CONCLUSIONS: Guidelines recommend that dual antiplatelet therapy with a P2Y12 inhibitor and aspirin be initiated for ACS management. The P2Y12 inhibitor clopidogrel has established efficacy, but is associated with suboptimal and delayed platelet inhibition and variability in response. The newer P2Y12 inhibitors prasugrel and ticagrelor have demonstrated superior efficacy outcomes versus clopidogrel. Consequently, non-ST-segment elevation ACS (NSTE-ACS) guidelines now recommend that ticagrelor be used in preference to clopidogrel for patients treated with stents or managed medically. Because of their higher potency, prasugrel and ticagrelor are associated with increased bleeding rates versus clopidogrel, but with no increased risk of severe or life-threatening bleeding. Guidelines recommend dual antiplatelet therapy be continued ≥12 months in both medically managed and stented ACS patients, and in some cases beyond this, in absence of high bleeding risk. Updated guidelines assign preference to ticagrelor over clopidogrel for maintenance therapy in patients with NSTE-ACS and ST-elevation myocardial infarction. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Enhanced NP understanding of OAP agents and current guidelines could contribute to improved ACS patient management.

Research progress in chemical constituents and pharmacological action of Chinese medicine pair of Coptidis Rhizoma- Cinnamomi Cortex / 国际中医中药杂志

Coptidis Rhizoma- Cinnamomi Cortex is a classic couplet medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, which has the function of communicating heart and kidney, and has been widely used in clinic. At present, the chemical composition of Coptidis Rhizoma- Cinnamomi Cortex before and after compatibility, in terms of nature, quality and in vivo processes to carry out research. The drug pair has sedative hypnotic, hypoglycemic, antidepressant, antiarrhythmic and other pharmacological effects, involving regulation of neurotransmitters, regulation of inflammatory cytokines, antioxidant, regulation of intestinal flora and other mechanisms. The existing research is still insufficient, such as the study on the changes of material basis after the compatibility of Coptidis Rhizoma- Cinnamomi Cortex, as well as the pharmacological effects of cardiovascular system, lipid metabolism and perimenopausal syndrome. The best compatibility ratio of Coptidis Rhizoma- Cinnamomi Cortex in sedation, hypnosis, hypoglycemic and antidepressant needs further analysis.

Review of pharmacological effects of Paeoniae Radix Rubra / 药学实践杂志

Paeoniae Radix Rubra has the effects of clearing heat, cooling blood, dissipating blood stasis and pain relieving (in terms of Chinese medicine). Paeoniae Radix Rubra and its active ingredients have significant pharmacological effects in anti-tumor，protecting liver, nerve and heart. By reviewing the relevant literatures published in recent years, we found that the studies on Paeoniae Radix Rubra are mainly focused in the mechanism of action, drug development and clinical application. In this review, we summarize the research results of the pharmacological effects of Paeoniae Radix Rubra and its active ingredients in order to provide the reference for the future research and clinical application of Paeoniae Radix Rubra.

Research review on pharmacological actions of Cartthamus tinctorius L / Монголын эм зүй, эм судлал

Introduction@#To collate the pharmacological literature of safflower and lay a foundation for its later development. @*Methods@#Collect and sort out the literature of modern periodicals, and the study the pharmacology of Safflower in academic websites.@*Conclusion@#The pharmacological study and clinical medication of Mongolian medicine Safflower were studied in this paper. Safflower is one of the clinical medicines of Mongolian medicine, which is often used to treat liver diseases and is known as "the best of the liver". It has the functions of blocking blood vessels, irregular menstruation, clearing liver heat, nourishing, relieving pain and detumescence. Through collecting and sorting out the pharmacological studies of Safflower in modern periodicals and academic websites, we conclude that safflower can protect liver, expand blood vessels, anticoagulation, ischemic injury, lowering blood lipids, stimulating uterus, analgesic and sedative effects on nervous system, nourishing, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, anti-cancer and anti-aging.

Research progress on the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine in lung cancer / 国际中医中药杂志

This article summarized the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine treatment for lung cancer in recent years. Related literatures were from the immune regulation, inhibiting growth and metastasis of lung cancer cells and promoting apoptosis and reversing drug resistance. Review showed that traditional Chinese integrated with western medicine for lung cancer has gradually become the consensus of clinical practioners.

Effect of agarwood produced by whole-tree agarwood-inducing technique on hypnotic and spontaneous activity inhibition of mice / 国际药学研究杂志

Objective To evaluate the sedative-hypnotic effect of agarwood different extracts produced by whole-tree agar?wood-inducing technique(Agar-Wit agarwood)to make scientific basis for the Agar-Wit agarwood exploration and usage in clinic. Method Collaborative pentobarbital sodium hypnosis experiment was employed to assess the index of fell asleep rate ,sleep latency time and sleep time. And locomotor activity assay was used to test the index of moved distance,travel time and average velocity. Then a functional comparison was made between Agar-Wit agarwood and commereial agarwood. Result The Agar-Wit agarwood ethanol ex?tract and essential oil could significantly increase sleep rate and prolong sleep time. At the same time ,essential oil could also decrease sleep latency time significantly. Additionally,both ethanol extract and oil significantly decreased the mice locomotor activity,includ?ing reduced total distance,movement,move time and average velocity. However,the water extract did not have significant effect. Conclusion The Agar-Wit agarwood ethanol extract and oil have significant effect on sedation in mice,whose function is similar to,or even better than that of the commerical agarwood.

Effect of agarwood produced by whole-tree agarwood-inducing technique on hypnotic and spontaneous activity inhibition of mice / 国际药学研究杂志

Objective to evaluate the sedative-hypnotic effect of agarwood different extracts produced by whole-tree agar- wood-inducing technique (Agar-Wit agarwood) to make scientific basis for the Agar-Wit agarwood exploration and usage in clinic. Method Collaborative pentobarbital sodium hypnosis experiment was employed to assess the index of fell asleep rate, sleep latency time and sleep time. And locomotor activity assay was used to test the index of moved distance, travel time and average velocity. Then a functional comparison was made between Agar-Wit agarwood and commereial agarwood. Result The Agar-Wit agarwood ethanol ex­tract and essential oil could significantly increase sleep rate and prolong sleep time. At the same time, essential oil could also decrease sleep latency time significantly. Additionally, both ethanol extract and oil significantly decreased the mice locomotor activity, includ­ing reduced total distance, movement, move time and average velocity. However, the water extract did not have significant effect. Conclusion The Agar-Wit agarwood ethanol extract and oil have significant effect on sedation in mice, whose function is similar to, or even better than that of the commerical agarwood.

The chemistry, pharmacologic, and therapeutic applications of Polyalthia longifolia.

Medicinal plants are nature's gift to human beings to lead a disease-free, healthy life. They play a vital role in preserving our health. India is one of the most medicoculturally diverse countries in the world, where the medicinal plant sector is part of a time-honored tradition that is respected even today. Medicinal plants are believed to be much safer and proved as elixir in the treatment of various ailments. In our country, more than 2000 medicinal plants are recognized. Polyalthia longifolia cv. pendula (Annonaceae) is native to the drier regions of India and is locally known as "Ashoka" and is commonly cultivated in Pakistan and Sri Lanka. This plant is used as an antipyretic agent in indigenous systems of medicine. Pharmacologic studies on the bark and leaves of this plant show effective antimicrobial activity, cytotoxic function, antiulcer activity, hypoglycemic activity, and hypotensive effect. The present article includes the detailed exploration of pharmacologic properties of P. longifolia in an attempt to provide a direction for further research.

Current Situation and Progress of Study on Pharmacology Scutellaria Baicalensis Georgi / 国际中医中药杂志

We reviewed the domestic studies on Scutellaria Baicalensis Georgi.Scutellaria Baiealensis Georgi has a variety of pharmacological effects,and the main effects are anti-microbial,anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor functions.Scutellaria Baicalensis Georgi has good developing prospects.Up to now,Chinese researches on Scuteilaria baicalensis Georgi have gained gratifying results,but some aspects are still existing defects such as the studies on active ingredients and formula of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi have not been deeply studied.We propose that human genomics and proteomics researching results should be adopted in the study of Scutellaria Baicalensis Georgi,together with the advanced technologies of bio-chip and biological chromatography being used to elucidate mechanisms at molecular level.

Pharmacological Study on the Function of "Qi-promoting, Blood-breaking, Stagnation-removing and Pain-relieving" of Zedoray Rhizome / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective To discuss Zedoray Rhizome on the correlation between its traditional Chinese herbal nature(Property and Flavor,Cannel Tropism,Efficacy and so on)and its pharmacologic actions.Methods By searching for and summarizing the literatures on the nature and pharmacologic actions of Zedoray Rhizome recorded in CNKI,CBM,Wanfang and Vip Database from 1989 to 2007,analyzed the correlation between its herbal nature and its modern pharmacologic actions.Results The efficacies of"Qi-promoting Blood-breaking and stagnation-removing" are related with the modern pharmacologic actions of resisting tumor,improving factors of hemorheology,resisting inflammation and virus,and preventing acute liver injury,etc;the efficacy of "Warming middle energizer to relieve pain"means the function of improving activities of spleen,stomach and uterus in modern pharmacology;and the spleen channel tropism is related with and its pharmacologic action of enhancing immune activity.Conclusion There are some correlations between Zedoray Rhizome's traditional Chinese herbal nature and its modern pharmacologic actions.The correlations between Zedoray Rhizome's traditional Chinese herbal nature and its modern pharmacologic actions are waiting for the further improvements to provide the dependable basis for the clinical application.

Medicinal Values of Hippocampus / 中国海洋药物

The progress of investigation on medicinal values of hipocampus, indluding its chemical components, pharrnacologic action, clinical application and so on were summarized in this paper.

Pharmacological Control Study between Tripterygium Hypoglaucum Hutch and Tripterygium Wilfordii / 昆明医科大学学报

Tripterygium Hypoglaucum Hutch and Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook.f are all Evonymus alata family Tripterygium Wilfordii genus plants.They are generally used in the clinical treatment in department of dermatology.They resemble each other not only in some chemical constitutions,but also in some pharmacologic actions(such as anti-inflammatory,anti-tumor,immune suppression,antifertility and so on),but they are all poisonous plants.When they are used for therapy,they can induce some toxic reactions,even the death of patients.In order to facilitate the adoption of the two drugs,we review their pharmacologic actions.