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AIM: The aim of this study was to uncover perspectives on the COVID-19 pandemic and the responses implemented by the UK and Scottish Governments to help control the spread of infection. Such understanding could help to inform future responses to pandemics at individual, community and national levels. METHOD: Q methodology was used to elicit perspectives from people in England and Scotland with different experiences of the pandemic including public health officials, key workers, those on furlough, those who were unvaccinated or vaccinated to different levels, those who were 'shielding' because they were at higher risk and people with different scientific expertise. Participants rank-ordered phrases about different aspects of COVID-19 according to their viewpoint. Factor analysis was then conducted in conjunction with interview material from the same respondents. RESULTS: A four-factor solution was statistically supported and was interpretable alongside the qualitative accounts of participants loading on these factors. These four perspectives are titled Dangerous and Unaccountable Leadership, Fear and Anger at Policy and Public responses, Governing Through a Crisis and Injustices Exposed. CONCLUSION: The four perspectives demonstrate plurality and nuance in views on COVID-19 and the associated policies and restrictions, going beyond a binary narrative that has been apparent in popular and social media. The four perspectives include some areas of common ground, as well as disagreement. We argue that understanding the detail of different perspectives might be used to build cohesion around policy initiatives in future. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: The development of the statement set, which is rank-ordered by participants in a Q study, and factor interpretations were informed by views of the general public. The statement set was initially developed using existing publicly available material based on members of the general public experiencing the pandemic first hand. It was then piloted with members of the public experiencing different challenges as a result of COVID-19 and the subsequent lockdown and updated based on feedback. Finally, interpretations of the identified factors were presented publicly and edited according to their feedback.
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COVID-19 , Política de Saúde , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Humanos , Escócia , Inglaterra , SARS-CoV-2 , Pandemias , Feminino , Medo , Pesquisa Qualitativa , MasculinoRESUMO
The history of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-also known as Charcot's disease, Lou Gehrig's disease, and motor neuron disease (MND)-freezes the texts of the scientist and physician Jean-Martin Charcot in a hagiographic narrative describing a brilliant discovery, based on the anatomo-clinical method. This narrative is often used by biologists and physicians as a reference point. This article shows that the use of the hagiographic register faces limitations. In particular, it obscures points of interest from Charcot's texts on ALS, such as the epistemological and ontological implications of scientific plurality in medicine. Although Charcot recognized the importance of scientific plurality in medicine, he prioritized the approaches and conferred the most important epistemic authority on clinical and pathological observations. In his view, animal modeling remains secondary to the understanding of disease. The concept of ALS and its diagnostic operability are the result of symptoms and lesions. By studying the past, we can highlight the specific features of the present. Today, although the ALS concept retains its diagnostic and clinical relevance, it is increasingly called into question in etiological and mechanistic research. Despite these differences, Charcot's reflections are a reminder of the importance of theoretical thinking on scientific plurality, all the more so today in the context of ALS research, in which combining different approaches is increasingly valued to understand the phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity of ALS.
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The institutionalization of the nursing discipline within French universities can take a number of different paths, but must not ignore a fundamentally diverse practical reality. Heterogeneity is also evident in the abundance of theories available and mobilized to address objects of nursing interest. This text emphasizes this mobilization and presents a rhizomic nursing discipline that departs from a classical, vertical and hierarchical academic discipline. It draws on multiple theoretical contributions to address the encounter with cared-for bodies, and on critical perspectives to question the future of advanced practice nurses as a caring corps.
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Teoria de Enfermagem , Humanos , FrançaRESUMO
RESUMO Este artigo apresenta um balanço do desenvolvimento epistemológico da Educação Física brasileira. A análise histórica revela a constituição de um campo plural, caracterizado por propostas, abordagens, vertentes e metodologias diversas. No entanto, o debate epistemológico tem sido permeado por dualidades, o que dificulta a busca por uma abordagem integrada e relacional. Essa situação demanda formas de abordar a Educação Física de maneira integrativa, considerando a complexidade da área e buscando superar as premissas dualistas.
ABSTRACT This article presents an overview of the epistemological development of Brazilian Physical Education. Through a historical analysis, the article reveals the constitution of a diverse field characterized by various proposals, approaches, perspectives, and methodologies. However, the epistemological debate has been marked by dualities, which hinders the quest for an integrated and relational approach. This situation calls for innovative ways to address Physical Education in an integrative manner, considering the complexity of field and striving to overcome dualistic assumptions.
RESUMEN Este artículo presenta un balance del desarrollo epistemológico de la Educación Física brasileña, destacando su consolidación como un espacio autónomo de producción del conocimiento. El análisis histórico revela un campo plural, caracterizado por propuestas, enfoques, corrientes y metodologías diversas. Sin embargo, el debate epistemológico ha estado impregnado de dualidades, lo que dificulta la búsqueda de un enfoque integrado y relacional. Esta situación demanda formas de abordar la Educación Física de manera integradora, considerando la complejidad de la área y buscando superar las premisas dualistas.
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Resumen Este artículo se desprende de la tesis "Relaciones sociales en la universidad: poder, conflicto y pluralidad entre jóvenes", presentada por la autora, Ana María Arias Cardona, como requisito para optar al título de Doctora en Ciencias Sociales: Niñez y Juventud, en el Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Niñez y Juventud de la Universidad De Manizales-CINDE, la cual se centra en universitarios y analiza formas simbólicas de exclusión. Se enfoca en la categoría "pluralidad", cuyo objetivo es comprender cómo configuran los jóvenes su encuentro con la diferencia, cómo afrontan la diversidad en sus relaciones. El diseño es cualitativo, el método hermenéutico y las técnicas empleadas talleres y entrevistas. Participaron 119 jóvenes de dos universidades públicas y dos privadas de Antioquia (Colombia). Los resultados se agrupan en tres subcategorías: "Todos somos 'el otro' del otro: la diferencia como déficit"; "Preferir no es excluir: ¿optar por unos sin vulnerar a otros?"; y "Procesos de inclusión que evidencian movilizaciones solidarias". Esto permite concluir que la diversidad se lee como algo negativo, y que es difuso el límite respecto a la discriminación, pues dichos actos se han "naturalizado".
Abstract This article summarizes the highlights of a thesis that analyses the symbolic ways of exclusion among university students. It focuses on the "plurality" category which objective was to understand how young frame their encounter with difference, how they confront diversity in their relationships. The design was qualitative, the hermeneutical method was used along with workshops and interviews techniques. 119 young people participated, from two public university and two private university in Antioquia (Colombia). The results are grouped into three subcategories: "We are all 'the other of the other: difference as deficit"; "To prefer is not to exclude: How to opt for certain ones without harming others?" and inclusion processes that show solidary mobilizations: which allows to conclude that diversity is read as something negative, that the limit regarding discrimination is diffuse and such, since those acts have been "naturalized".
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Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue revisar las evidencias sobre el papel de las funciones frontales en la relación entre la condición laboral y el estrés laboral, para lo cual se eligieron los artículos publicados en bases de datos como Scielo, PubMed, Redalyc y Science Direct. La revisión permitió reconocer que las condiciones laborales con mayor riesgo laboral están relacionadas con la organización específicamente con el cargo y las prácticas de gestión humana. Asimismo, se resalta el papel moderador de las características personales y estrategias de afrontamiento en la respuesta al estrés. Con respecto a las funciones frontales, algunos estudios muestran el efecto negativo del estrés sobre estos procesos o como funciones que participan en la respuesta adaptativa al estrés. Finalmente, se evidencian estudios que identifican una relación negativa entre trastornos de personalidad y funciones frontales frente a la percepción de amenaza en algunos de los casos.
Abstract The objective of the present study was to review the evidence on the role of frontal functions in the relationship between work condition and work stress. Articles published in databases such as Scielo, PubMed, Redalyc and Science Direct were chosen. The review allowed to recognize that the labor conditions with greater occupational risk are related to the organization specifically with the position and practices of human management. The role of moderator of personal characteristics and coping strategies in the stress response is also highlighted. With respect to the frontal functions some studies show the negative effect of stress on these processes or as functions that participate in the adaptive response to stress. To conclude, there are studies that identify a negative relationship between personality disorders and frontal functions in relation to perceived threat in some cases.
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Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es identificar la estructura familiar del adolescente y su relación con la ideación suicida, asimismo, identificar el nivel de desesperanza y compararla por sexo. Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo transversal en 185 alumnos entre 12 y 15 años que se encuentran en una secundaria considerada de riesgo. Se exploraron tres dimensiones: estructura familiar, percepción sobre la ideación suicida, y la escala de desesperanza de Beck. Los resultados indican que los hombres presentan diferencias significativas en el nivel de desesperanza reportado (.009): la relación con el padre se asocia con el pensamiento suicida (r=.303, p£.010) y la relación con la madre en ver el suicidio como una salida a los problemas del adolescente (r=.234, p£.010). Se concluye que la estructura familiar del adolescente y factores de riesgo como antecedentes de violencia, consumo de alcohol y drogas en la familia se relaciona con los pensamientos suicidas. Se sugiere realizar estudios en profundidad en esta población e incluir variables como pertenecer a pandillas, involucrarse en peleas, nivel educativo de los padres, así como el soporte social percibido para relacionarlo con el nivel de desesperanza y la ideación suicida.
Abstract The increase in suicidal behavior in adolescents at this time has directed attention to factors that can change young people's behavior and thus influencing suicidal tendencies. The objective is to identify the family structure of the adolescent, and its relationship in suicidal ideation, its causes and consequences, also identify the level of hopelessness and comparison by gender. A quantitative transverse study was conducted in 185 students in a high-risk secondary school. Three dimensions were explored, family structure, perception of suicidal ideation: Causes and consequences, and Beck's scale of hopelessness. The results indicate that men have significant differences in the level of hopelessness reported, the relationship with the father is associated with suicidal thinking and the relationship with the mother in seeing suicide as an outlet to the problems of the teenager. It is suggested to conduct studies at a greater depth in this population, and include variables Like gang membership, engaging in fights, parental education level and drug use, as well as perceived social support to relate the level of hopelessness to these risk factors.
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Resumen Este artículo, expone los hallazgos de una investigación que tuvo como objetivo comprender los modos como las acciones estético-políticas del arte clown constituyen condiciones que agencian, por un lado, la transformación del miedo político asociado a contextos bajo lógicas de poder y amenaza; y por otro, la emergencia de otros sentimientos políticos con y desde los cuales pueden resistir a las lógicas militaristas y guerreristas. Se orienta teóricamente por una psicología colectiva que se privilegia como como objeto la situación cargada de emociones y la construcción de realidades entre los actores, implicados en situaciones psico-políticas. Se siguió un enfoque interpretativo con diseño cualitativo, con método fenomenológico hermenéutico. La muestra intencional se constituyó por un grupo de payasos que conforman un colectivo antimilitarista de la ciudad de Medellín. Se emplearon observaciones de campo, entrevistas grupales en varias sesiones y entrevistas individuales para focalizar en aspectos. Los principales hallazgos de la investigación sugieren que el miedo bien puede inhibir la acción política o potenciarla, en función de si se vive de manera individualizada o si se hace objeto común en una colectividad. No obstante, la burla y la ironía combaten esas sensaciones colectivas y las transforman hacia adentro y en los contextos de participación política.
Abstract We show the findings of an investigation that aimed to understand the way the political- aesthetic art of the Clown, make actions towards the transformation of political fear associated with contexts under the logic of power and threat, the same actions are also oriented to make possible the construction of other political sentiments that make resistance the warmongering logic. We followed an interpretive approach with qualitative design, with a hermeneutic phenomenological research method. The main findings of the research suggest that fear can inhibit the political action or empower it, depending on whether you live individually, or if it becomes common object within a community.
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In their embryology, Aristotle and Galen greatly disagreed on the role of human derived materials like menstrual blood and vaginal secretion (called by them female sperm or semen). This gap made those two ancients also disagree on their understanding of mother's role in the generation of the human body in her womb. During the Middle Ages, especially during the thirteenth century, the scholastics drew on those two ancient thoughts for some rational underpinnings of their philosophical and theological doctrines. However, the manners of adoption and assimilation were varied. For example, Albert the Great strived to reconcile the two in the image of Avicenna, one of the main and the most important sources of Galenist medicine in the thirteenth Century. By contrast, those scholastics who played an important role in the controversy over plurality/unicity of the substantial form, drew on their disagreements. For example, pluralists like Bonaventure, William of la Mare, and Duns Scotus appealed to Galenist medical perspective to underpin their positions and paved ways to decorate Virgin Mary's motherhood and her active contribution to the Virgin birth and to the manhood of her Holy Son. in contrast a unicist like Thomas Aquinas advanced his theory in line with Aristotelian model that Mary's role in her Son's birth and manhood was passive and material. Giles, another unicist, while repudiating Galenist embryology with the support of Averroes's medical work called Colliget, alluded to some theologically crucial impieties with which might be associated some pluralists' Mariology based on the Roman physician's model. In this processus historiae, we can see not only the intertwining of medieval medicine, philosophy, and theology, but some critical moments where medicine provided, side by side with philosophy, natural settings and explanations for religious marvels or miracles such as the Virgin birth, the motherhood of Mary, the manhood of Christ, etc. Likewise, we can observe two medieval maxims coincide and resonate: “philosophia ancilla theologiae” and “philosophia et medicina duae sorores sunt.”
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Embriologia , Corpo Humano , Parto , Filosofia , Espermatozoides , TeologiaRESUMO
Resumen Este artículo describió la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en población víctima del conflicto armado colombiano. El estudio fue de tipo cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal, con un diseño no experimental. La muestra estuvo constituida por 265 personas, a las cuales se les aplicó una ficha de datos sociodemográficos y el cuestionario SF-36. Los resultados muestran que el tipo de hecho victimizante que más se presenta es el desplazamiento forzado con un 96,6 %; la mayoría de las víctimas son mujeres, con un 72,1 %, las cuales tienen una menor percepción de calidad de vida en salud en comparación con los hombres. En general, los participantes presentan una baja percepción en la dimensión del rol emocional, mientras que se tiene una buena percepción en la dimensión relacionada con la función social. Los resultados sugieren realizar nuevas investigaciones para profundizar la relación existe entre el rol emocional y la función social, y se diferencie entre población clínica y no clínica.
Abstract In the present research the quality of life related to health was described in population victims of the Colombian armed conflict. The study was of quantitative,descriptive and transversal type, with a non-experimental design. The sample consisted of 265 people, who were given a socio-demographic data sheet and the SF-36 Questionnaire. The results show that the type of victimization that presents the most is forced displacement with 96.6% and there is a high score in lathes to Quality of Life related to the social function dimension. The results suggest establishing the relationship between emotional role and social function and the differentiation between clinical and nonclinical populations in future studies.
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Resumen Este artículo tuvo como objetivo determinar el grado de correlación entre las variables de percepción del riesgo volcánico, estrés y afrontamiento a riesgos extremos en estudiantes de una institución educativa ubicada en una zona de amenaza volcánica. Se utilizó un método de tipo descriptivo-correlacional y se aplicaron los instrumentos afrontamiento a riesgos extremos, percepción del riesgo y escala tolousana de estrés. Se observa que en general los diferentes factores de la prueba de estrés se correlacionan con afrontamiento pasivo, activo y sentimientos de inseguridad. En la prueba de percepción del riesgo, el factor de sentimiento de inseguridad presenta correlación con afrontamiento, activo y pasivo, mientras que el sentimiento de control solo con el factor de afrontamiento activo.
Abstract The research aimed to determine the degree of correlation between the variables: perception of volcanic risk, stress and coping to extreme risks in students of an educational institution. A descriptive-correlational method was used, and the instruments that were applied: Coping to Extreme Risks, Risk Perception and Tolousana Stress Scale. It is observed that the different factors of the stress test are correlated with passive, active coping and feelings of insecurity. In the risk perception test, the feeling of insecurity are correlated with coping active and passive, while the feeling of control, only are correlated with the active coping.
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O autor enfatiza a importância da Associação Psicanalítica Internacional na implantação e desenvolvimento da psicanálise, bem como seu papel fundamental na influência que esta teve na cultura do século XX e atual. Destaca o caráter plural da entidade, que permite um foro de discussões em que efetivamente o campo psicanalítico se cria e se constrói, a cada dia.(AU)
The author emphasizes the importance of IPA, now 100 years old, to the development of psychoanalysis. As a plural entity that contains different psychoanalytical ideas, it teaches us to live with and grow from the differences of thoughts.(AU)
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O autor propõe teorias fracas como meio de investigação psicanalítica, tanto para a clínica quanto para os conceitos. Inicia com as dificuldades em grupos psicanalíticos, tanto em discutir a situação clínica quanto os conceitos. Como instrumento de trabalho descreve quatro situações clínicas que são acompanhadas de comentários, tanto os feitos durante a sessão quanto as reflexões que essas situações suscitaram e que desaguaram nas teorias fracas, como as do despontar da criatividade, prudência, hipnotismo, de causalidade e outras. Estas serviram de instrumento para o exame de uma teoria forte - transformação em alucinose - e permitiram sugerir que está ligada ao vínculo de ódio, enquanto com o uso das teorias fracas, salienta-se a importância dos vínculos de amor e conhecimento. A correlação destes fatos vai determinar um novo posicionamento teórico e clínico. Com o exame do fator probabilidade encaminha-se para a conclusão sobre a pluralidade das teorias na psicanálise atual, por enquanto mantendo uma unidade. Breve exame das teorias cognitivas e neurociências trazem perspectivas de enriquecimento, embora de difícil uso para um psicanalista comum, sendo que estes acréscimos não mudam a situação de pluralidade.(AU)
El autor propone teorías débiles como medio de investigación psicoanalítica, tanto para la clínica cuanto para los conceptos. Inicia con las dificultades en grupos psicoanalíticos, tanto en discutir la situación clínica cuanto los conceptos. Como instrumento de trabajo describe cuatro situaciones clínicas acompañadas de comentarios, tanto los hechos durante la sesión cuanto las reflexiones que éstas situaciones despertaron y desembocaron en las teorías débiles, como las de despuntar de la creatividad, prudencia, hipnotismo, de causalidad y otras. Estas sirvieron de instrumento para el examen de una teoría fuerte - transformación en alucinosis - y permitieron sugerir que está ligada al vínculo de odio, mientras que, con el uso de las teorías débiles, resalta la importancia de los vínculos de amor y conocimiento. La correlación de estos hechos va a determinar un nuevo posicionamiento teórico y clínico. Con el examen del factor probabilidad se encamina para la conclusión manteniendo la unidad. Breve examen de las teorías cognitivas y neurociencias traen perspectivas de enriquecimiento, a pesar de difícil uso para un psicoanalista común, siendo que estos acrecimos no cambian la situación de pluralidad.(AU)
The author proposes weak theories as a mean of psychoanalytical investigation, both for clinical purposes and for the concepts. It starts out with the difficults in psychoanalytical groups, both in discussing the clinical situation and the concepts. As work tool, it describes four clinical situations that are followed by comments, both those made during the session, and the reflections that these situations have evoked and that flown into weak theories, as well as those belonging to the drawn of creativity, caution, hypnotism, causality and others. These have served as a tool for the examination of a strong theory - transformation in hallucinosis - and allowed the suggestion that it is connected to the bond of hatred, while, with the use of weak theories, the importance of the bonds of love and knowledge is highlighted. The correlation of these facts will establish a new theoretical and clinical positioning. With the examination of the probability factor, one walks toward the conclusion on the plurality of present psychoanalysis theories, while keeping a unity. A brief review of the cognitive theories and neurosciences bring perspectives of enrichment, albeit of difficult use for the ordinary psychoanalyst, when these additions do not change the situation of plurality.(AU)
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O autor propõe teorias fracas como meio de investigação psicanalítica, tanto para a clínica quanto para os conceitos. Inicia com as dificuldades em grupos psicanalíticos, tanto em discutir a situação clínica quanto os conceitos. Como instrumento de trabalho descreve quatro situações clínicas que são acompanhadas de comentários, tanto os feitos durante a sessão quanto as reflexões que essas situações suscitaram e que desaguaram nas teorias fracas, como as do despontar da criatividade, prudência, hipnotismo, de causalidade e outras. Estas serviram de instrumento para o exame de uma teoria forte - transformação em alucinose - e permitiram sugerir que está ligada ao vínculo de ódio, enquanto com o uso das teorias fracas, salienta-se a importância dos vínculos de amor e conhecimento. A correlação destes fatos vai determinar um novo posicionamento teórico e clínico. Com o exame do fator probabilidade encaminha-se para a conclusão sobre a pluralidade das teorias na psicanálise atual, por enquanto mantendo uma unidade. Breve exame das teorias cognitivas e neurociências trazem perspectivas de enriquecimento, embora de difícil uso para um psicanalista comum, sendo que estes acréscimos não mudam a situação de pluralidade.
El autor propone teorías débiles como medio de investigación psicoanalítica, tanto para la clínica cuanto para los conceptos. Inicia con las dificultades en grupos psicoanalíticos, tanto en discutir la situación clínica cuanto los conceptos. Como instrumento de trabajo describe cuatro situaciones clínicas acompañadas de comentarios, tanto los hechos durante la sesión cuanto las reflexiones que éstas situaciones despertaron y desembocaron en las teorías débiles, como las de despuntar de la creatividad, prudencia, hipnotismo, de causalidad y otras. Estas sirvieron de instrumento para el examen de una teoría fuerte - transformación en alucinosis - y permitieron sugerir que está ligada al vínculo de odio, mientras que, con el uso de las teorías débiles, resalta la importancia de los vínculos de amor y conocimiento. La correlación de estos hechos va a determinar un nuevo posicionamiento teórico y clínico. Con el examen del factor probabilidad se encamina para la conclusión manteniendo la unidad. Breve examen de las teorías cognitivas y neurociencias traen perspectivas de enriquecimiento, a pesar de difícil uso para un psicoanalista común, siendo que estos acrecimos no cambian la situación de pluralidad.
The author proposes weak theories as a mean of psychoanalytical investigation, both for clinical purposes and for the concepts. It starts out with the difficults in psychoanalytical groups, both in discussing the clinical situation and the concepts. As work tool, it describes four clinical situations that are followed by comments, both those made during the session, and the reflections that these situations have evoked and that flown into weak theories, as well as those belonging to the drawn of creativity, caution, hypnotism, causality and others. These have served as a tool for the examination of a strong theory - transformation in hallucinosis - and allowed the suggestion that it is connected to the bond of hatred, while, with the use of weak theories, the importance of the bonds of love and knowledge is highlighted. The correlation of these facts will establish a new theoretical and clinical positioning. With the examination of the probability factor, one walks toward the conclusion on the plurality of present psychoanalysis theories, while keeping a unity. A brief review of the cognitive theories and neurosciences bring perspectives of enrichment, albeit of difficult use for the ordinary psychoanalyst, when these additions do not change the situation of plurality.
Assuntos
Teoria Psicanalítica , Prática ProfissionalRESUMO
O autor propõe teorias fracas como meio de investigação psicanalítica, tanto para a clínica quanto para os conceitos. Inicia com as dificuldades em grupos psicanalíticos, tanto em discutir a situação clínica quanto os conceitos. Como instrumento de trabalho descreve quatro situações clínicas que são acompanhadas de comentários, tanto os feitos durante a sessão quanto as reflexões que essas situações suscitaram e que desaguaram nas teorias fracas, como as do despontar da criatividade, prudência, hipnotismo, de causalidade e outras. Estas serviram de instrumento para o exame de uma teoria forte - transformação em alucinose - e permitiram sugerir que está ligada ao vínculo de ódio, enquanto com o uso das teorias fracas, salienta-se a importância dos vínculos de amor e conhecimento. A correlação destes fatos vai determinar um novo posicionamento teórico e clínico. Com o exame do fator probabilidade encaminha-se para a conclusão sobre a pluralidade das teorias na psicanálise atual, por enquanto mantendo uma unidade. Breve exame das teorias cognitivas e neurociências trazem perspectivas de enriquecimento, embora de difícil uso para um psicanalista comum, sendo que estes acréscimos não mudam a situação de pluralidade
El autor propone teorías débiles como medio de investigación psicoanalítica, tanto para la clínica cuanto para los conceptos. Inicia con las dificultades en grupos psicoanalíticos, tanto en discutir la situación clínica cuanto los conceptos. Como instrumento de trabajo describe cuatro situaciones clínicas acompañadas de comentarios, tanto los hechos durante la sesión cuanto las reflexiones que éstas situaciones despertaron y desembocaron en las teorías débiles, como las de despuntar de la creatividad, prudencia, hipnotismo, de causalidad y otras. Estas sirvieron de instrumento para el examen de una teoría fuerte - transformación en alucinosis - y permitieron sugerir que está ligada al vínculo de odio, mientras que, con el uso de las teorías débiles, resalta la importancia de los vínculos de amor y conocimiento. La correlación de estos hechos va a determinar un nuevo posicionamiento teórico y clínico. Con el examen del factor probabilidad se encamina para la conclusión manteniendo la unidad. Breve examen de las teorías cognitivas y neurociencias traen perspectivas de enriquecimiento, a pesar de difícil uso para un psicoanalista común, siendo que estos acrecimos no cambian la situación de pluralidad
The author proposes weak theories as a mean of psychoanalytical investigation, both for clinical purposes and for the concepts. It starts out with the difficults in psychoanalytical groups, both in discussing the clinical situation and the concepts. As work tool, it describes four clinical situations that are followed by comments, both those made during the session, and the reflections that these situations have evoked and that flown into weak theories, as well as those belonging to the drawn of creativity, caution, hypnotism, causality and others. These have served as a tool for the examination of a strong theory - transformation in hallucinosis - and allowed the suggestion that it is connected to the bond of hatred, while, with the use of weak theories, the importance of the bonds of love and knowledge is highlighted. The correlation of these facts will establish a new theoretical and clinical positioning. With the examination of the probability factor, one walks toward the conclusion on the plurality of present psychoanalysis theories, while keeping a unity. A brief review of the cognitive theories and neurosciences bring perspectives of enrichment, albeit of difficult use for the ordinary psychoanalyst, when these additions do not change the situation of plurality
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Humanos , Prática Profissional , Teoria PsicanalíticaRESUMO
A autora discorre sobre os vértices específicos da formação em psicoterapia da infância e da adolescência, utilizando-se da experiência de mais de 30 anos como professora e supervisora em psicoterapia infantil - referenciada especialmente no CEAPIA. São abordados os seguintes temas: os aportes da chamada "psiquiatria do bebê" para a formação psicoterápica; a necessária pluralidade teórica como base da formação ; as peculiaridades da avaliação na clínica de crianças; as relações entre funções parentais e funções terapêuticas; as peculiaridades da clínica da adolescência; o valor dos testes psicológicos e da visão de trabalho em equipe multidisciplinar; a importância do trabalho de conclusão e a experiência com setores específicos de trabalho.
The author discusses the specific vertices of training in psychotherapy of children and adolescents, using the experience of more than 30 years as a teacher and supervisor in child psychotherapy - referenced specifically in CEAPIA. The following topics are covered: the contributions of the so-called "baby psychiatry" in psychoterapy training; the necessary plurality of theoretical training; the peculiarities of the evaluation in child clinic; relations between parental roles and therapeutic functions; the peculiarities in adolescent clinic; the value of psychological tests and the vision of multidisciplinary teamwork; the importance of academic work and experience with specific work sectors.