Applications of metallic nanomaterials for the treatment of water.

Water scarcity is not a novel issue. It has already affected almost every continent in this blue planet. It is driven by two primary sources: increasing demand for fresh water due to the increase in population and overexhaustion of the available freshwater resources. During the past decade, stress has been given to extract fresh, clean and safe potable elixir of life from the bountiful stores of sea water by exploiting various technologies. As nanomaterials are providing promising solutions to almost all our problems, they are again being accessed in order to combat the problem of global freshwater scarcity. Desalination methods have marvellously improved under the impact of nanomaterials. Different metallic nanomaterials are being used to serve this purpose; for example, silver, iron, zinc, titanium dioxide in addition to natural and synthetically derived polymeric bionanomaterials. In the present paper, a brief account of all the metallic nanomaterials which are being used for treatment of water has been provided by thorough investigation on the research done till now. It strives to throw light on various materials and methods which are based on the exploitation of nanotechnology for the treatment of water.

A self-designed versatile and portable sensing device based on smart phone for colorimetric detection.

A UV-vis spectrometer, as a sort of important analytical instrument, has been widely used to analyze various substances. However, expensive equipment and skilled operators are required, which limits its broad applications for out-of-lab and daily measurements. In this work, a self-designed sensing device based on smart phone was developed as a sensitive, cost-effective, facile, and portable testing tool. The sensing device fabricated by 3D printing was used to lodge a sample solution and produce a light signal, and the optical sensor on a smart phone worked as a transducer. The light source in the device generated wide-wavelength radiation, which passed through an inner filter and only light of a designated wavelength reached the testing solution. The intensity of transmitted light was then measured by an optical sensor internally installed in most smart phones, where the signals were processed as well. The feasibility of our device was verified by detecting four kinds of common heavy metal ions in actual water samples, and the testing results showed good agreement with those obtained from the UV-vis spectrometer. This work is expected to shed some light on the construction of smart phone-based sensors, featuring decent portability, simple operation, low cost, high sensitivity, and good accuracy.

Genotoxic effects of urban pollution in the Iguaçu River on two fish populations.

Environmental impacts on water resources and discharges of pollutants are some of the main problems of aquatic ecosystems. Currently, the Iguaçu River is considered the second most polluted river in Brazil, therefore, given the importance of understanding the effects of water pollution on living organisms, this study aimed to analyze the possible genotoxic effects in Astyanax bifasciatus (Characiformes; Characidae) and Geophagus brasiliensis (Perciformes: Cichlidae) in response to the water quality of the Iguaçu River. Four sampling points were determined on the Iguaçu River, with different levels of environmental impact. The micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities were quantified by counting 2000 erythrocytes from each specimen. There was a statistical difference in the frequency of nuclear abnormalities both for A. bifasciatus (Kruskal-Wallis 3;30 = 10.9; p = 0.01) and for G. brasiliensis (Kruskal-Wallis 3;26 = 12.27; p = 0.006), with point 1 (critically degraded) showing a higher frequency of nuclear abnormalities and point 4 (moderately degraded) showing a lower frequency of nuclear abnormalities for both species, showing genotoxic potential in fish erythrocytes. This result demonstrates the need for further discussion on the conservation of the Iguaçu River as well as broadening the discussion on its potability.

Potentiometric E-Tongue System for Geosmin/Isoborneol Presence Monitoring in Drinkable Water.

A potentiometric E-tongue system based on low-selective polymeric membrane and chalcogenide-glass electrodes is employed to monitor the taste-and-odor-causing pollutants, geosmin (GE) and 2-methyl-isoborneol (MIB), in drinkable water. The developed approach may permit a low-cost monitoring of these compounds in concentrations near the odor threshold concentrations (OTCs) of 20 ng/L. The experiments demonstrate the success of the E-tongue in combination with partial least squares (PLS) regression technique for the GE/MIB concentration prediction, showing also the possibility to discriminate tap water samples containing these compounds at two concentration levels: the same OTC order from 20 to 100 ng/L and at higher concentrations from 0.25 to 10 mg/L by means of PLS-discriminant analysis (DA) method. Based on the results, developed multisensory system can be considered a promising easy-to-handle tool for express evaluation of GE/MIB species and to provide a timely detection of alarm situations in case of extreme pollution before the drinkable water is delivered to end users.

Using natural biomass microorganisms for drinking water denitrification.

Among the methods that are studied to eliminate nitrate from drinking water, biological denitrification is an attractive strategy. Although several studies report the use of denitrifying bacteria for nitrate removal, they usually involve the use of sewage sludge as biomass to obtain the microbiota. In the present study, denitrifying bacteria was isolated from bamboo, and variable parameters were controlled focusing on optimal bacterial performance followed by physicochemical analysis of water adequacy. In this way, bamboo was used as a source of denitrifying microorganisms, using either Immobilized Microorganisms (IM) or Suspended Microorganisms (SM) for nitrate removal. Denitrification parameters optimization was carried out by analysis of denitrification at different pH values, temperature, nitrate concentrations, carbon sources as well as different C/N ratios. In addition, operational stability and denitrification kinetics were evaluated. Microorganisms present in the biomass responsible for denitrification were identified as Proteus mirabilis. The denitrified water was submitted to physicochemical treatment such as coagulation and flocculation to adjust to the parameters of color and turbidity to drinking water standards. Denitrification using IM occurred with 73% efficiency in the absence of an external carbon source. The use of SM provided superior denitrification efficiency using ethanol (96.46%), glucose (98.58%) or glycerol (98.5%) as carbon source. The evaluation of the operational stability allowed 12 cycles of biomass reuse using the IM and 9 cycles using the SM. After physical-chemical treatment, only SM denitrified water remained within drinking water standards parameters of color and turbidity.

Reliable water quality prediction and parametric analysis using explainable AI models.

The consumption of water constitutes the physical health of most of the living species and hence management of its purity and quality is extremely essential as contaminated water has to potential to create adverse health and environmental consequences. This creates the dire necessity to measure, control and monitor the quality of water. The primary contaminant present in water is Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), which is hard to filter out. There are various substances apart from mere solids such as potassium, sodium, chlorides, lead, nitrate, cadmium, arsenic and other pollutants. The proposed work aims to provide the automation of water quality estimation through Artificial Intelligence and uses Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) for the explanation of the most significant parameters contributing towards the potability of water and the estimation of the impurities. XAI has the transparency and justifiability as a white-box model since the Machine Learning (ML) model is black-box and unable to describe the reasoning behind the ML classification. The proposed work uses various ML models such as Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Gaussian Naive Bayes, Decision Tree (DT) and Random Forest (RF) to classify whether the water is drinkable. The various representations of XAI such as force plot, test patch, summary plot, dependency plot and decision plot generated in SHAPELY explainer explain the significant features, prediction score, feature importance and justification behind the water quality estimation. The RF classifier is selected for the explanation and yields optimum Accuracy and F1-Score of 0.9999, with Precision and Re-call of 0.9997 and 0.998 respectively. Thus, the work is an exploratory analysis of the estimation and management of water quality with indicators associated with their significance. This work is an emerging research at present with a vision of addressing the water quality for the future as well.

Deep learning approach for prediction and classification of potable water.

Potable water, commonly known as drinking water, refers to water that is safe to drink and does not endanger human health. It must adhere to strict quality standards set by health organizations, be devoid of dangerous pollutants and chemicals, and meet certain requirements for safety. The health of the public and the ecosystem are directly affected by water quality. Various pollutants have posed dangers to water quality in recent years. A more efficient and affordable approach is required due to the grave effects of low water quality. In this proposed research work, deep learning algorithms are developed to predict the water quality index (WQI) and water quality classifications (WQC), which are vital parameters that can be utilized to know the status of the water. To predict the WQI, a deep learning algorithm called long short-term memory (LSTM) is used. Further, WQC is performed using a deep learning algorithm called a convolutional neural network (CNN). The proposed system considers seven water quality parameters, namely, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, conductivity, biological oxygen demand (BOD), nitrate, fecal coliform, and total coliform. The experimental results showed that the LSTM can predict water quality with superior robustness and predict WQI with the highest accuracy of 97%. Similarly, the CNN model classifies the WQC as potable or impotable with superior accuracy and a reduced error rate of 0.02.

Comparison of the drinking water standard for pesticides of the Brazil with other countries.

The objective was to compare the types and concentrations of pesticides allowed in the water potability standard for human supply in Brazil with other countries considered to be the largest consumers of pesticides in dollars invested in purchase/trade. This is a descriptive and documentary study, with data collection in regulations available in official government websites in Brazil, USA, China, Japan, France, Germany, Canada, Argentina, India, Italy, and World Health Organization (WHO). Since Germany, France and Italy are part of the European Union (EU), the legislative resolution of the European Parliament was adopted. Pesticides number and maximum permitted values (MPV) differ between the countries and WHO. In the Brazilian ordinance there are forty pesticides, a number like the USA, Canada, China, and WHO, but that represents only 8% of the total pesticides registered for agricultural use in Brazil. When comparing the ordinance of Brazil with EU the values are only the same for Aldrin + Dieldrin. For other, amounts between 2 and 5000 times more are allowed in Brazil. Brazilian regulations do not establish a total value for the mixture of pesticides in water, only individual limits, which together can reach 1677.13 µg/L, while in EU standards it is only 0.5 µg/L. The study showed discrepancies of the pesticides allowed in water potability standard of the Brazil with other countries, but features 12 pesticides with the same concentrations as WHO guidelines, thus, a worldwide standardization in water potability regulations is necessary to promote health and reducing risk of exposure.

Assessment of released natural radionuclides by waste rock pile and mining pit associated with a uranium mine at Caldas, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

The Ore Treatment Unit was a uranium mining company that is currently being decommissioned. The local rainfall index makes it necessary to release effluents into the environment. After releasing, the wastewater is available for unrestricted use. Current study aims to use national and international recommendations to assess the radiological potability of released effluents at one of the three points of company's interface with the environment. Twenty-four samples of water were collected and activity concentrations (AC) were obtained by gross alpha count, gross beta count, and for arsenazo spectrophotometry. Statistical analysis techniques were applied to the data with the purpose of understanding the results for the soluble, particulate, and total fractions. The mean AC for effluents were 3.580, 0.082, 0.103, 0.063, and 0.090 Bq L-1 for Unat, 226Ra, 210Pb, 232Th, and 228Ra, respectively, for the total fraction. The analysis of variance pointed to Unat as a critical radionuclide, since it presented more than 90% of the total AC released into the environment. Pearson's R2 pointed to soluble fraction as a major contributor to the total AC released. The guidance level proposed by WHO was used to assess the radiological potability of the effluents. The results obtained indicated the need for trigger other analyses. Committed effective dose was estimated due to the unrestricted use of effluents and the value obtained, 0.23 mSv year-1, was below the maximum allowed limit. Finally, the radiotoxicity of the released effluent was evaluated and the value obtained was ~ 50% of the maximum allowed limit. In conclusion, the present study showed that the level of radioactivity released into the environment by the Ore Treatment Unit does not present a radiological risk to the surrounding population.

Assessment of potability of minewater pumped out from Jharia Coalfield, India: an integrated approach using integrated water quality index, heavy metal pollution index, and multivariate statistics.

The dense and industrialized populace in the mining areas of Jharia Coalfield (JCF) is plagued by a severe shortage of water supply. The unutilized pumped out coal minewater discharges may be utilized to cater to the increasing water demand of the region but it runs the risk of getting contaminated from domestic and industrial effluents. The current study aimed to assess the suitability of augmenting underground minewater for potable purposes. For this purpose, ninety underground minewater samples collected from 15 locations across JCF for the hydrological year 2019-2020 were analysed to gain an insight on the physicochemical characteristics of the minewater using an integrated approach of standard hydrochemical methods, integrated water quality index (IWQI), heavy metal pollution index (HPI), and multivariate statistical analysis. For the minewater quality to be deemed suitable for potable purposes, both IWQI (lower than 2) and HPI (lower than 30) values were considered. IWQI values of the minewater samples from the study area ranged from 1.97 to 5.08, while the HPI values ranged from 18.40 to 53.05. The pH of the samples were found to be mildly acidic to alkaline (6.5 to 8.3) with varying total hardness (149 to 719 mg L-1), total dissolved solids (341 to 953 mg L-1), and electrical conductivity (568 to 1389 µS cm-1), reflecting heterogeneity in underlying hydrosystems, variations in geological formations, and the influence of lithogenic and anthropogenic processes on the water chemistry of the region, which was corroborated by the principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) of the minewater samples. Two major water types of the region were identified, viz., Ca-Mg-HCO3 and Ca-Mg-Cl-SO4. This multiparametric approach gives a holistically accurate assessment of the minewater quality, overcoming the limitations of traditional water quality indices and facilitating time-saving and effective water management practices, and sets the foundation for augmenting minewater for potable purposes to meet increasing demands.

Applicability of statistical analysis for performance and reliability evaluation of large-scale water treatment plants with direct filtration systems.

Water treatment plants (WTPs) are extremely important in basic sanitation services because of their association with human health by producing safe drinking water. Thus, their proper operation is of utmost relevance and has led to the development of distinct performance evaluation methodologies. Direct filtration is a leading technology applied in WTPs. However, although it costs less than conventional treatment, it might also be less flexible and robust. To evaluate performance with data from real-scale WTPs with direct filtration systems, the use of a statistical analysis methodology for turbidity, apparent color, and pH data from raw and effluent water is proposed. Reliability analysis, a probabilistic-based methodology, was applied for turbidity alongside evaluating the compliance of the treated water with different potability standards. The parameters pH (between 6.0 and 8.0) and apparent color (< 15 HU) showed almost complete compliance (> 99%). Reliability analysis could not be applied for apparent color and pH, while apparent color did not adhere to the lognormal distribution frequency. The turbidity results show high variability in the coefficients of variation and reliability among various plants and a general difficulty in complying with stricter standards, such as the 0.1 and 0.3 NTU defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. All WTP studies show a 95% compliance with the World Health Organization standard of 5.0 NTU. A higher value for the coefficient of reliability and a lower value for the variation coefficient could indicate a more stable process, regardless of the treated water quality, highlighting the relevance of applying combined methods for performance evaluation, such as compliance with established standards.

Avaliação da qualidade microbiológica da água potável em Centro Universitário de Ribeirão Preto, SP / Evaluation of the microbiological quality of drinking water in Centro Universitário de Ribeirão Preto, SP

Avaliar a qualidade microbiológica da água potável consumida no Centro Universitário Barão de Mauá, em Ribeirão Preto-SP foi o objetivo deste artigo. Para determinação de bactérias heterotróficas foi realizada a técnica de Pour Plate e a identificação de Coliformes totais e termotolerantes por meio do reagente substrato cromogênico Colilert®. As análises foram realizadas nos dias 18 e 25 de setembro e 02 de outubro de 2017. Dos sete pontos analisados, um bebedouro apresentou valores de bactérias heterotróficas, superiores a 500 UFC/mL e não está de acordo com a Portaria nº 2914/2011, que dispõe sobre os procedimentos de controle e de vigilância da qualidade da água para consumo humano e seu padrão de potabilidade. As análises de Coliformes totais e termotolerantes apresentaram resultados ausentes em 100 mL de acordo com a Portaria. Este estudo reforça a necessidade de um constante monitoramento da qualidade microbiológica da água, visando os padrões adequados de potabilidade para consumo humano e então, prevenindo-se possíveis doenças.

Evaluating the microbiological quality of drinking water consumed at the Centro Universitário Barão de Mauá, in Ribeirão Preto, SP was the objective of this article. The determination of heterotrophic bacteria was carried out using the "Pour Plate" technique and the identification of total and thermotolerant Coliforms through the Colilert® chromogenic substrate reagent. The analyzes were carried out on September 18 and 25 and October 2, 2017. Of the seven points analyzed points analyzed, a drinking fountain had heterotrophic bacteria values higher than 500 CFU/ mL of heterotrophic bacteria and is not in accordance with Administrative Rule 2914/2011, which provides on the procedures for controlling and monitoring the quality of water for human consumption and its drinking water standard. The analyzes of total and thermotolerant Coliforms presented absent results in 100 mL according to the Ordinance. This study reinforces the need for a constant monitoring of the microbiological quality of the water, aiming at the appropriate standards of potability for human consumption and then, preventing possible diseases.

Qualidade da água de nascentes do Assentamento Paraíso / Quality of the water from the springs of the Paraíso settlement

RESUMO Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a influência de diferentes usos do solo no entorno de nascentes sobre alguns parâmetros de qualidade das águas de oito nascentes localizadas no Assentamento Paraíso, Alegre, Espírito Santo. As nascentes avaliadas consistiram em uma em meio à floresta remanescente de Mata Atlântica; seis cercadas e em diferentes estágios de recomposição florestal; e uma sem cerca e com acesso livre dos animais de criação. Três amostras de água foram coletadas em cada nascente entre 2011 e 2012, sendo analisados 17 parâmetros. Os valores determinados foram comparados com os padrões normativos para qualidade da água e correlacionados linearmente por meio do coeficiente de correlação. As águas das nascentes se mostraram aptas para o consumo, desde que previamente tratadas, e, quanto maior foram os trabalhos de proteção às nascentes, melhores foram os valores de qualidade de água.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of land use in the surrounding of the springs on some of the parameters of water quality in eight springs located in the Paraíso settlement in the city of Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil. The springs evaluated were: one in the Atlantic forest remnant; six fenced ones and in different stages of forest recovery; and one without a fence and with free livestock access. Three samples of water were collected in each spring in 2011 and 2012, and 17 parameters were analyzed. The determined values were compared to the normative standards for water quality and linearly correlated through the correlation coefficient. Water from the springs showed to be consumable, if previously treated, and the more protected the springs, the better the water quality values.

Qualidade da água subterrânea obtida de poços em áreas urbanas na cidade de JI-Paraná ­ RO / Groundwater of quality obtained from wells in urban areas in the city of JI-Parana - RO

Foram realizadas análises microbiológicas de 45 amostras da água subterrânea em poços de áreas urbanas na cidade de Ji-Paraná - RO. As amostras foram analisadas para Coliformes totais e Escherichia coli, ambos com resultados expressos em número mais provável (NMP/100mL), com a finalidade de avaliar as condições de potabilidade dessas águas de poços. Os resultados das 45 amostras de águas coletadas foram comparados aos valores máximos permissíveis para consumo humano nas legislações federais vigentes no Brasil. Foram encontrados Coliformes totais em 42,22% das amostras e E. coli em 89,47% das amostras com presença de Coliformes totais, ou seja, os resultados não apresentaram conformidade comparando-se aos padrões preconizado na Portaria 2914/MS, representando um risco à saúde dos consumidores das águas destes poços. Em todo o Brasil, 22% das crianças morrem antes de completarem 6 anos de idade devido a males provocados por regiões sem água tratada. Além de que, 65% das internações de crianças com até 10 anos de idade são devido à ingestão de água não tratada.

Microbiological analyzes were performed of 45 samples of groundwater in urban areas wells in the city of Ji-Paraná-RO. The samples were analyzed for Total coliforms and Escherichia coli, both with results expressed in most probable number (MPN / 100ml) for the purpose of evaluating the potability of these conditions well water. The results of the 45 samples collected water were compared to the maximum permissible values for human consumption under federal laws in force in Brazil. Coliform bacteria were found in samples of 42.22% and 89.47% E. coli in the samples with the presence of Total Coliforms, or non-compliance results presented up to the recommended comparing the Ruling 2914 standards / MS, representing a risk to consumer health from the waters of these wells. In Brazil, 22% of children die before reaching the age of 6 due to ailments caused by regions without clean water. Apart from that, 65% of hospitalizations of children under 10 years of age are due to ingestion of water untreated.

Padrão físico-químico e microbiológico da água de nascentes e poços rasos de propriedades rurais da região sudoeste do Paraná / Physico-chemical and microbiological standards of water springs and shallow wells on rural properties in the southwest region of Paraná

Este trabalho avalia a qualidade da água em propriedades rurais do município de Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, por meio de analises físico-químicas e microbiológicas. Foram analisadas 90 amostras, sendo 45 provenientes de nascentes e 45 de poços rasos, quanto aos parâmetros pH, temperatura, turbidez, coliformes totais e termotolerantes. Das 90 amostras analisadas, 23 atenderam à legislação vigente, enquanto que 67 estavam em desacordo, logo, inapropriadas para o consumo humano e animal, representando fator de risco à saúde.(AU)

This study evaluates the quality of water in rural farms of Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brazil, by physico-chemical and microbiological analyses. A total of 90 samples were analysed, 45 from water springs and 45 from shallow wells, regarding the following parameters: pH, temperature, turbidity, total and thermotolerant coliforms. Of the 90 samples analysed, 23 met the current legislation, while 67 disagreeded with it, being unsuitable for human and animal consumption and a health risk factor.(AU)

Perfil da potabilidade de água para consumo humano no município de Dourados - MS, 2007 / Profile of drinking water for human consumption in the city of Dourados - MS, 2007

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o perfil de potabilidade através dos indicadores microbiológicos coliformes totais. termotolerantes, Escherichia coli e contagem padrão de bactérias heterotróficas; e dos físico-químicos: pH, cor, turbidez e cloro residual, da água para consumo humano do programa VIGÁGUA no município de Dourados -MS, no ano de 2007, através de dados secundários obtidos no LACEN/MS. Foram analisadas 635 amostras de água, sendo 424 (68%) do Sistema Público, 183 (29%) do Sistema Alternativo Coletivo (SAC) e 28 (4%) do Sistema Alternativo Individual (SAI). Os resultados indicaram não potabilidade das águas da rede pública no cavalete de 12,4% e as intradomiciliar 17%, do SAC no poço 23% e intradomiciliar 42%; e do SAI no poço 33% e intradomiciliar 54%. Conclui-se que todos os sistemas apresentaram redução dos índices de potabilidade nas amostras intradomiciliares, apresentando risco de veiculação de doenças hídricas e necessitam de uma vigilância mais eficaz e orientação de educação em saúde para a população.

The objective of the study is assess the profile of potability through the microbiological indicators: total coliform, thermotolerant, Escherichia coli and standard heterotrophic bacteria counting; and of chemical physical indicators: pH, color, turbidez and residual chlorine, of the water for human consumption of the VIGAGUA program in the city of Dourados - MS in 2007, through secondary data obtained in Central Laboratory of Public Health of Mato Grosso do Sul. Were analyzed 635 samples of water subdivided in: 424 (68%) of the public system, 183 (29%) of the collective alternative solution (CAS) and 28 (4%) of the individual alternative solution (IAS). The results showed not potability of the tap waters from the public system of 12,4 % and intradomiciliary 17% of the CAS in the well-water 23 % and intradomiciliary 42 %, and the IAS in the well water 33% and intradomiciliary 54%. Concluding that the all systems of water supply had reduction of intradomiciliary potability presenting risk lead diseases and need a more effective surveillance and orientation in health education for the population.

Quality of water for human consumption in two public supply systems in the municipality of Oriximiná-PA, Brazil / Calidad del agua para consumo humano en dos sistemas de abastecimiento público en el municipio de Oriximiná-PA, Brasil / Qualidade da água para consumo humano em dois sistemas de abastecimento público no município de Oriximiná-PA, Brasil

Water is an indispensable component for life on the planet, today it is known that most of the planet earth is composed of water. However, only 3% is water with potential for human use, the rest is salt water. When it comes to the quality of water for human consumption, it must be understood that it is not limited to being sweet or salty, good water for human consumption does not pose risks to the health of those who consume it, and its basic parameters such as color, taste, turbidity, pH and microbiological are within the portability standards established by legislation. Water with characteristics outside of potability standards and distributed for human supply is a potential vehicle for disease transmission. Therefore, given the importance of water quality for human consumption, it is necessary to maintain its control and surveillance, as well as new research and studies on this subject, which can contribute to improving information, techniques, and development. general related to the topic. In this context, through water collection and laboratory analysis of basic parameters such as pH, apparent color, temperature, turbidity, chlorine, and coliforms, this study aimed to establish a diagnosis of the quality of water distributed for human consumption in two systems of distribution in the urban area of Oriximiná-Pará, taking as a criterion a system that provided previously treated water (Cosanpa) and another that did not perform any type of treatment before distribution (Residencial Tia Ana). Also, this study aimed to compare the results between the systems studied, and their variations according to the region's seasonality (rain and drought). The results obtained during the study period showed that the two points studied presented, for the most part, unsatisfactory results in terms of drinking water, such as pH, which in most samples was in a range outside the standards established by legislation both in Residential Tia Ana and at Cosanpa. Was also observed, alarming results regarding the microbiological quality of the water consumed in one of the studied points, of the total of 12 analyzed 3 samples, 11 presented positive results for bacteria of the total Coliforms group, and 3 presented positive results for Escherichia coli. Also, through laboratory and statistical analysis, this study was able to show the influence of seasonality in the region on some water quality parameters, such as pH, turbidity, and microbiology. Thus, as established by the Ministry of Health, through Ordinance No. 888 of May 4, 2021, it can be said that the population supplied by Residencial Tia Ana frequently consumes water of an inappropriate quality for human consumption. On the other hand, Cosanpa, despite carrying out some water treatment steps before distribution, is still ineffective, since many of the laboratory results of the waters from this system showed values outside of what is required by the Ministry of Health.

A água é um componente indispensável para a vida no planeta, hoje sabe-se que a maior parte do planeta terra é composto por água. Contudo, apenas 3% é água com potencial de utilização humana, o restante é água salgada. Quando se trata de qualidade de água para consumo humano, deve-se entender que esta não se limita apenas em ser doce ou salgada, uma água boa para o consumo humano é aquela que não oferece riscos à saúde de quem a consome, que seus parâmetros básicos como cor, gosto, turbidez, pH e microbiológico estejam dentro dos padrões de potabilidade estabelecidos pela legislação. A água com características fora dos padrões de potabilidade e distribuída para abastecimento humano se configura em potencial veículo de transmissão de doenças. Portanto, tendo em vista a importância da qualidade da água para consumo humano, faz-se necessário manter o controle e vigilância da mesma, assim como novas pesquisas e estudos acerca deste assunto, os quais possam contribuir para o aprimoramento de informações, técnicas e desenvolvimento geral relacionados ao tema. Neste contexto, por meio de coletas de águas e análises laboratoriais dos parâmetros básicos como pH, cor aparente, temperatura, turbidez, cloro e coliformes, este estudo teve como objetivo estabelecer um diagnóstico da qualidade da água distribuída para consumo humano em dois sistemas de distribuição na zona urbana de Oriximiná-Pará, levando como critério um sistema que disponibilizasse de água previamente tratada (Cosanpa) e outro que não realizasse nenhum tipo de tratamento antes da distribuição (Residencial Tia Ana). Também, este estudo visou realizar um comparativo dos resultados entre os sistemas estudados, e suas variações conforme a sazonalidade da região (chuva e seca). Os resultados obtidos durante o período de estudo mostraram que os dois pontos estudados apresentaram, em sua maioria, resultados insatisfatórios em termos de água potável, como por exemplo o pH, que na maioria das amostras esteve numa faixa fora dos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação tanto no Residencial Tia Ana quanto na Cosanpa. Observou-se também, resultados alarmantes quanto à qualidade microbiológica da água consumida em um dos pontos estudados, que do total de 12 amostras analisadas, 11 apresentaram resultados positivos para bactérias do grupo coliformes totais, e 3 apresentaram resultados positivos para Escherichia coli. Ainda, por meio das análises laboratoriais e estatísticas, este estudo conseguiu mostrar a influência da sazonalidade da região sobre alguns parâmetros de qualidade da água, como pH, turbidez e microbiologia. Com isso, conforme o estabelecido pelo Ministério da Saúde, por meio da Portaria N° 888 de 04 de maio de 2021, pode-se afirmar que a população abastecida pelo Residencial Tia Ana consome frequentemente águas com qualidade imprópria ao consumo humano. Já a Cosanpa, apesar desta realizar algumas etapas de tratamento da água antes da distribuição, ainda está sendo ineficaz, visto que muitos dos resultados laboratoriais das águas deste sistema, apresentaram valores fora do que é exigido pelo Ministério da Saúde.

Padräo físico-químico da água de abastecimento público da regiäo de Campinas / Physical - chemical standards of the drinking water in the Campinas area

Foram analisadas amostras de águas de abastecimento público da regiäo de Campinas, localizada no estado de Säo Paulo, entre os anos de 1991 e 1999, procedentes da rede pública de abastecimento (água näo tratada, 10 por cento). Das 8174 (90 por cento) amostras de água analisadas que sofreram tratamento convencional, 41 por cento estavam em desacordo com a legislaçäo vigente. Das 519 (6 por cento) amostras provenientes de nascentes, o índice de condenaçäo foi de 14 por cento, e das 385 (4 por cento) de cloro residual, nitratos, ferro, sulfatos, clorestos, sólidos totais dissovidos e fluoretos. A maioria das amostras estava em descordo com a legislaçäo vigente devido ao teor de fluoreto (59 por cento. A condenaçäo pelo cloro residual aparece em segundo lugar (29 por cento). A partir dos reultados obtidos, concluiu-se que o bastante importante como medida de saúde pública. Os parâmetros atualmente contemplados neste programa säo adequados para a garantia da qualidade das águas de abastecimento, porém verificou-se que é importante que se avalie os resultados de análises físico-químicas realizadas anteriormente, para que o controle da qualidade das águas de consumo humano contemple às características locais da região. (AU)

Drinking water samples from the public supply in the Campinas region, located in the stateof São Paulo were analysed from 1991 to 1999. Ninety percent of the samples were from the public supplysystem (treated water) and 10% were from wells and fountains (non-treated water). Of the 8,174 treatedwater samples analysed , 41% did not meet current legal standards. Of the 519 (6%) samples originatingfrom fountains the contamination index was 14% and of the 385 (4%) from wells, 7.1% were not in compliance.The physical-chemical criteria analysed were: colour, turbidity, pH, total hardness, residual chlorine, nitrates,iron, sulphides, chlorides, total dissolved solids and fluorides. The majority of samples were not incompliance with current legislation due to fluoride contents and residual chlorine. These results led to theconclusion that the continuous monitoring of the public water supply proposed by " Programa PRO-ÁGUA" is important as a public health measure. The criteria under current use by this program aresufficient to identify inadequately treated water. However it is important to evaluate the physical andchemical analyses already performed in other areas of São Paulo state in order to select appropriate testingcriteria specific for each region. (AU)