RESUMO
PREMISE: Bracken (Pteridium, Dennstaedtiaceae) is a cosmopolitan genus of aggressive disturbance colonizers that are toxic to agricultural livestock. The taxonomy of Pteridium has been treated in multiple schemes, ranging from one to six species worldwide, with numerous subspecies and varieties. Recent work has focused on the worldwide distribution and systematics of the bracken fern, but South America has been poorly represented. We present the first continent-wide sampling and analysis of Pteridium esculentum, a Southern Hemisphere diploid species. METHODS: Within South America, P. esculentum has several morphotypes, distinguished into subspecies by variation in indument and lamina architecture. We used double digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRADSeq) to assess the phylogenetic relationships of P. esculentum subspecies. RESULTS: We found a striking genetic homogeneity in the species, being able to support only two morphotypes from molecular data: P. e. arachnoideum and P. e. campestre. We had high confidence for shallow and deep phylogenetic relationships, but less support for relationships among crown groups. CONCLUSIONS: We describe an east-west geographic pattern that would explain the relationships between populations; and, in contrast to previous studies, we detected differences with P. esculentum from Australia. These results will lay the foundations for studying variations in this species' behavior as a weed, as well as its impact on the production of agricultural livestock in South America.
Assuntos
Filogenia , Pteridium , América do Sul , Pteridium/genética , Variação Genética , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Three new flavonoid glycosides, (S)-4',6,8-trihydroxyflavanone-7-C-glucoside (1), (R)-4',6,8- trihydroxyflavanone-7-C-glucoside (2) and distenin-7-O-ß-D-glucoside (3), along with nine known flavonoids (4-12) were isolated from the aerial of Pteridium acquilinum. Their structures were elucidated by the analysis of spectroscopy data and their comparison with the reported values. The two C-glycosyl flavanones (1 and 2), were isolated from this specie, which might be chemotaxonomic markers of this specie. In addition, three new flavonoids were preliminarily examined for their anti-inflammatory activity. Compounds 1-3 inhibited the NF-κB induction by 46.3%, 59.6% and 29.2%, respectively.
RESUMO
Bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn) is ubiquitous and acts as a cosmopolitan weed in pastures and similar environments. Despite its historical uses, it presents risks due to toxicity. This study, conducted in the second half of 2023, aimed to assess the environmental and health hazards of P. aquilinum, primarily focusing on its carcinogenic compound, ptaquiloside. The literature was comprehensively reviewed using diverse databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Information was synthesized from original research articles, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and relevant animal studies. Animals grazing on bracken fern face annual production losses due to toxin exposure. The substantial impact on biodiversity, animal health, and human well-being arises from the presence of ptaquiloside and related compounds in milk, meat, and water, along with the increasing global prevalence of P. aquilinum and its swift colonization in acidic soil and fire-damaged areas. The objectives were to identify major bioactive compounds and explore their effects at molecular, cellular, pathological, and population levels. Various cooking techniques were considered to mitigate toxin exposure, although complete elimination remains unattainable. Therefore, the findings emphasize the need for cautious consumption. In conclusion, continued research is necessary to better understand and manage its environmental and health implications.
RESUMO
Aim To identify chemical constituents of supercritical extract from Pteridium aquilinum (Linn.) Kuhn (SFEPA) and investigate its antiadipogenic effect and underlying mechanism. Methods The chemical constituents of SFEPA were identified by GCMS. The differentiation of 3T3L1 preadipocytes was induced to establish cell model. MTT assay was employed to detect cell viability. Oil Red 0 staining was used to analyze the effect of SFEPA on the differentiation of 3T3L1 preadipocytes. qRTPCR was performed to examine the expression of genes related with adipogenesis and lipogenesis. Results Ten compounds of SFEPA were identified. The major constituents were 4, 4, 5, 7, 8pentamethyldihydrocoumarin (36. 0 7 %), ßsitosterol (25. 6 6 %), 4amino7diethylaminochromen2one (8 . 2 6 %) and palmitic acid (5. 0 5 %). SFEPA suppressed 3T3L1 adipocyte differentiation and reduced fat accumulation in a dosedependent manner. Treatment of SFEPA significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of PPARy, C/ EBPa, SREBPlc, as well as FAS and ACC. Conclusions SFEPA can inhibit the adipogenesis and differentiation of 3T3L1 cells, and its mechanism may be closed related to its inhibition of genes expression regulating adipogenesis and lipogenesis. Phenols and alcohols might be potential bioactive components.
RESUMO
A infestação de pastagens por Pteridium arachnoideum é um problema que afeta a pecuária em diversas partes do mundo, ocasionando perdas produtivas e mortalidades nos rebanhos, bem como a redução das áreas de pastagens. Devido aos prejuízos na bovinocultura, foi proposto o acompanhamento de uma propriedade no Rio Grande do Sul com perdas por Pteridium arachnoideum. Realizou-se um levantamento das mortes associadas à intoxicação por samambaia na propriedade durante o período de janeiro de 2007 a janeiro de 2015. Adicionalmente, testou-se a viabilidade de ovinos como ferramenta de controle biológico de samambaia e se acompanhou as tentativas de controle da planta através do uso dos herbicidas metilsulfuron-metil e picloram, os quais eram associados ou não à roçada prévia. Das mortes por intoxicação natural acompanhadas na propriedade, observou-se 22 casos de quadro agudo de diátese hemorrágica e seis de quadro crônico de carcinomas do trato digestório superior. Em cinco bovinos jovens com diátese hemorrágica, além de hemorragias disseminadas e infartos, observou-se acentuado edema laríngeo, que cursava, clinicamente, com dispneia e estertores respiratórios característicos. Os carcinomas do trato digestório superior, apesar de menos frequentes, causaram perdas expressivas, devido à mortalidade anual de reprodutoras. Notou-se que a introdução de bovinos jovens em áreas recentemente roçadas pode resultar no consumo de grandes quantidades de samambaia e na ocorrência de surtos da enfermidade aguda. O controle das populações de samambaia pelo pastejo por ovinos não foi eficiente, devido ao baixo consumo observado com a lotação de quatro ovinos por hectare, embora mortalidade de ovinos por consumo da planta não tenha sido registrada. Após a retirada do potreiro infestado por samambaia, ao final do experimento, oito dos ovinos foram acompanhados, clinicamente, por três anos e não apresentaram nenhuma alteração. A utilização dos herbicidas resultou em uma redução da cobertura de P. arachnoideum. No entanto, essa prática necessita de estudos adicionais, já que algumas áreas não tiveram recuperação satisfatória da pastagem e o seu uso pode causar impactos ambientais e aquisição de resistência de P. arachnoideum aos herbicidas.(AU)
The infestation of pastures by populations of Pteridium arachnoideum has been a considerable and global problem to the livestock production, due to animal mortality and pasture coverage reduction. Given the impact of P. arachnoideum on cattle production, it has been proposed to monitor a beef cattle farm in Rio Grande do Sul, to assess some of the losses associated with the plant consumption and the methods employed for the plant control. A survey of cattle deaths associated with fern poisoning on the farm was carried out from January 2007 to January 2015. In addition, the viability of sheep as a biological control tool was tested. Attempts to control the plant through the use of the herbicides methylsulfuron-methyl and picloram associated or not with previous mowing were monitored. Cases of natural poisoning observed in the farm included the acute form (22), known as hemorrhagic diathesis as well as the chronic form, consisting in digestive carcinomas (6). Five cases of hemorrhagic diathesis in young cattle went along with marked laryngeal edema, which was clinically manifested as dyspnea and roaring, in addition to the classic pathological changes of widespread hemorrhages and infarcts. Even though less frequent, upper digestive tract carcinomas caused significant losses, due to annual mortality of mature cows. In occasions, when cattle were moved to newly mowed infested areas, outbreaks of acute poisoning were observed. The attempted control by sheep introduction showed to be unpractical, due to the little consumption seen at a stocking rate of four sheep per hectare. However, sheep mortality due to P. arachnoideum consumption was not recorded. The plant control method applied at the farm is based on both, the mowing of densely populated areas and the use of herbicides, namely metylsulfuron-methyl and picloram, in all paddocks. The reduction of P. arachnoideum coverage showed to be varied in different paddocks, however allowed the recovery of some grazing areas. This practice needs further studies, as some areas have not had satisfactory pasture recovery, and its indiscriminate use could lead to environmental impacts and resistance of P. arachnoideum to herbicides.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Intoxicação/diagnóstico , Bovinos/anormalidades , Pteridium/toxicidadeRESUMO
Bracken fern or "Helecho Macho" (Pteridium aquilinum) is one of the most common weeds in the meadows of the mountain ranges of Colombia. Consumption of this palatable plant by bovines causes a disease known as bovine enzootic hematuria and esophageal neoplasia. The toxic effect of the plant in bovines is caused by the ptaquiloside, main carcinogenic toxin of this plant. In this study, eight samples of Bracken fern in different phenologic stages and 16 milk samples collected in two towns of Tolima, Líbano and Murillo, were analized. In both cases, Highperformance liquid cromatography (HPLC) coupled with Mass Spectrometry (MS) was used. In all Bracken fern samples analized, detectable levels of ptaquilosides were observed, ranging from 23 to 1194 µg/g, with a 342 µg/g mean. No detectable levels of ptaquilosides were found in the milk samples. The results show a great variation in the content of ptaquilosides depending on the phenologic stage and collection site of the plant. It is posible that the reported instability of the ptaquiloside and the processing given to the milk samples could have caused the lack of detection of the compound in milk
El "helecho macho" (Pteridium aquilinum) es una de las malezas más comunes en praderas de la región de cordillera en Colombia. El consumo de esta planta palatable por parte de los bovinos causa una enfermedad conocida como hematuria enzoótica bovina y neoplasias de esófago. El efecto tóxico de la planta en los bovinos es causado por el ptaquilósido, principal toxina carcinogénica de esta planta. En el presente estudio se analizaron ocho muestras en diferentes estados fenológicos del helecho obtenidas en dos municipios del departamento del Tolima (Líbano y Murillo) y 16 muestras de leche de la misma zona. En ambos casos se utilizó como técnica analítica cromatografía líquida de alta eficiencia (HPLC) acoplada a espectrometría de masas (MS). En todas las muestras analizadas se observaron niveles detectables de ptaquilósido, con un rango de 23 a 1.194 µg/g y un promedio de 342 µg/g. No se encontraron niveles detectables de ptaquilósido en ninguna de las muestras de leche. Los resultados del estudio muestran la gran variación en el contenido de ptaquilósido dependiendo del estado fenológico de la planta y del sitio de colecta. Es posible que la reportada inestabilidad del ptaquilósido y el tipo de procesamiento dado a las muestras de leche haya ocasionado la no detección del compuesto en las mismas.
A samambaia (Pteridium aquilinum) é uma das ervas daninhas mais comuns nas pastagens na região de cordilheira na Colômbia. O consumo desta planta palatável para os bovinos, causa uma doença conhecida como hematúria enzoótica bovina e neoplasias de esôfago. O efeito tóxico da planta nos bovinos é causado pelo ptaquilosídeo, principal toxina carcinogênica desta planta. No presente estudo foram analisadas oito amostras em diferentes estágios fenológicos da samambaia e 16 amostras de leite obtidas em dois municípios do departamento de Tolima (Líbano e Murillo). Em ambos os casos foi utilizada como técnica analítica a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) acoplada a espectrometria de massas (MS). Em todas as amostras analisadas foram observados níveis detectáveis de ptaquilosídeo, com um rango de 23 a 1.194 µg/g e uma média de 342 µg/g. Não foram encontrados níveis detectáveis de ptaquilosídeo em nenhuma das amostras de leite. Os resultados do estudo mostram a grande variação no conteúdo de ptaquilosídeo dependendo do estágio fenológico da planta e do local da coleta. É possível que a reportada instabilidade do ptaquilosídeo e o tipo de processamento dado às amostras de leite seja a causa da falta de detecção do composto nas amostras de leite analisadas.
RESUMO
Objective: To seek the flavonoids with the unique structure and to investigate the chemical ingredients in the flavonoid-rich plant- Pteridium aquilinum. Methods: The 80% EthOH extract from the degreased powder of P. aquilinum was partitioned by petroleum ether, CHCl3, EtOAc, n-butanol, and water, respectively. The EtOAc fraction was sequentially subjected to silica gel column, repeated Sephadex LH-20 column, and preparative TLC to give a new compound. The antitumor activity of the novel flavonoid was primarily evaluated by MTT. Results: Compound 1, a biflavonoid with the unique structure named as pteridium III with an unprecedented bihomoflavanonol skeleton, was isolated from P. aquilinum. Compound 1 showed the in vitro antitumor activity against lung cancer cell NCI-H46, melanoma cell A375, and glioma cell U-7MG corresponding to the IC50 values of 22.9, 106.7, and 1540.5 μmol/L, respectively. No inhibition on gastric carcinoma SGC-7901 and prostatic carcinoma PC-3 was observed in the experiment. Conclusion: A rare bihomoflavononol derivative, pteridium III, is obtained from the plant, which could enrich our knowedge on the chemical structures of flavonoids and bioactive constituents in P. aquilinum. © 2013 Tianjin Press of Chinese Herbal Medicines.
RESUMO
Papilomavírus bovino tipo 4 (BPV-4) é responsável pelo desenvolvimento de papilomas no trato alimentar superior (TAS) de bovinos. Os passos necessários para o crescimento, o desenvolvimento e a regressão dos papilomas estão intimamente relacionados com o estado imunológico do animal. A ingestão de samambaia (Pteridium aquilinum) tem sido relacionada como o principal fator envolvido na persistência da infecção pelo BPV-4 no TAS. A teoria que estabelece a relação entre papilomatose alimentar e a formação de CCEs sugere a produção de um estado imunossupressivo crônico pela planta, permitindo a persistência dos papilomas no TAS. Os papilomas serviriam então como sítios de desenvolvimento dos CCEs através da interação entre as proteínas do BPV-4 e os carcinógenos da samambaia. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a relação entre a quantidade de linfócitos circulantes e a papilomatose alimentar em casos de intoxicação espontânea crônica por P. aquilinum em bovinos com CCE no TAS. Quarenta bovinos com CCEs no TAS foram avaliados quanto à idade, à intensidade da papilomatose alimentar no TAS e ao leucograma. Três bovinos tinham leucopenia e um apresentava neutrofilia. A média de linfócitos foi de 5.395 (±1.696) na papilomatose leve, 4.560 (±1.561) na moderada e 5.007 (±1.786) na acentuada. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre o grau de papilomatose, a idade e a quantidade de linfócitos circulantes. Imunossupressão por linfopenia foi um achado esporádico (três casos) neste estudo. Os resultados indicam que a persistência da papilomatose alimentar em casos espontâneos de intoxicação crônica por samambaia em bovinos não tem relação com a quantidade de linfócitos circulantes e que talvez esteja relacionada a outros fatores imunológicos.
Bovine papillomavirus type-4 (BPV-4) is responsible for the development of papillomas in the upper digestive tract (UDT) of cattle. The necessary steps for the development, growth and regression of papillomas are intimately related with the immunological status of the animal. The consumption of bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) has been pointed out as the major factor involved in the persistence of BPV-4 infection of the UDT. The theory involving the relationship between alimentary papillomas and the formation of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) suggests the persistence of alimentary papillomatosis through a chronic immunosupressive lymphopenic state induced by bracken fern. The papillomas would serve then as a development site of SCCs through the interaction of BPV-4 oncoproteins and bracken carcinogens. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between lymphopenia and alimentary papillomatosis in spontaneous cases of chronic bracken fern poisoning of cattle. The age, intensity of papillomatosis and the leukon were evaluated of 40 cattle with SCCs of the UDT. Three animals had leukopenia and one had neutrophilia. The mean lymphocyte count (and standart deviation) of mild, moderate and severe papillomatosis was 5,395(±1,696)/mm³, 4,560(±1,561)/mm³ and 5,007(±1,786)/mm³, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between the intensity of alimentary papillomasis, age and the lymphocyte count. Immunosupression by lymphopenia was a sporadic finding (three cases) in the present study. The results demonstrate that the persistence of alimentary papilomatosis in spontaneous cases of bracken fern-related SCCs of the UDT is not related to lymphopenia and it may be related to other immunological factors.
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Bovinos , Papiloma/veterináriaRESUMO
A samambaia Pteridium aquilinum encontra-se amplamente distribuída no planeta, sendo considerada um problema ambiental, além de representar perigo para a saúde tanto de animais quanto da espécie humana. A taxonomia do gênero Pteridium tem sido objeto de discussão e novas propostas de classificação elevam variedades à categoria de espécies ou subespécies. Ao longo da história muito já se aprendeu sobre suas características biológicas, o que permitiu a adoção de medidas de prevenção de sua habilidade invasora e de seus efeitos tóxicos. Não obstante, ainda há aspectos a serem esclarecidos sobre como tais efeitos são exercidos, sobre seu(s) princípio(s) ativo(s) e respectivo mecanismo de ação, com o ptaquilosídeo sendo o composto mais estudado. Importantes efeitos desta substância foram demonstrados no nível molecular. Estudos epidemiológicos realizados com consumidores do vegetal revelaram elevação do risco para câncer de esôfago e estômago em associação à sua ingestão.
Bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) is present in practically all parts of Earth's surface, being considered a serious environmental problem besides representing a hazard for both animals and human beings. The taxonomy of the genus Pteridium has been discussed and former varieties are now proposed to be considered as species or subspecies. Along history much has been learnt about its biological characteristics, what has allowed the adoption of preventive measures against its encroaching ability and its toxic effects. Nevertheless there are still aspects to be clarified about how these effects are exerted, about its active principle(s) and respective mechanism of action, with ptaquiloside being the most studied compound. Important effects of this substance have been demonstrated at the molecular level. Epidemiological studies performed with consumers of the plant revealed an increase of the risk for esophageal and stomach cancer associated with its ingestion
Assuntos
Saúde , Pteridium , Pteridium/toxicidadeRESUMO
A hematúria enzoótica bovina (HEB) é uma doença crônica que tem causado grandes perdas econômicas aos proprietários da microrregião do Caparaó, na região Sul do Estado do Espírito Santo (ES). O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter a prevalência e os achados hematológicos de bovinos com hematúria enzoótica decorrente de intoxicação natural por Pteridium aquilinum (samambaia) no período de março de 2007 a abril de 2008, na microrregião do Caparaó, ES. Foram visitadas 50 propriedades onde foi constatada a presença da planta em todos os 10 municípios avaliados. Cento e oitenta e um bovinos foram examinados e 39 estavam doentes. Dentre os afetados, 22 (56,4 por cento) apresentavam HEB, todos provenientes dos Municípios de Guaçuí, Divino de São Lourenço, Iúna, Ibatiba e Ibitirama. Os bovinos tinham macrohematúria, e os valores do hematócrito mostraram-se baixos, variando de 8 por cento a 31 por cento. A leucometria total teve valor médio de 132 x 10³ mm-3, revelando leucocitose. A temperatura e o tempo de preenchimento capilar (TPC) estavam dentro da normalidade. Quatro bovinos (18,2 por cento) tinham mucosas anêmicas. Nota-se que a prevalência de HEB, na microrregião do Caparaó, ES, é alta e que há a necessidade de novos estudos para diminuir as perdas econômicas causadas por essa doença.
Bovine enzootic hematuria (BEH) is a chronic disease that has been causing great economic losses to farmers of the Caparaó microregion, southern Espírito Santo State. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of cattle naturally affected by poisoning by Pteridium aquilinum (bracken fern) with clinical hematuria between 2007 and 2008 and establish the hematologic findings of these animals. Fifty facilities were visited and the plant was observed in all of the ten evaluated municipal districts. One hundred and eighty one bovines were examined and 39 animals were sick. Among the affected cattle, 22 (56.4 percent) presented BEH. Affected animals were from Guaçuí, Divino de São Lourenço, Iúna, Ibatiba and Ibitirama districts. The animals had macrohematuria and the values of the hematocrit were low, ranging between 8 and 31 percent. The total leukometry had the mean value of 132 x 10³mm-3, showing leukocytosis. The temperature and capillary refill time were normal. Four animals (18.2 percent) had pale mucosal surfaces. It was noted that the BEH prevalence in the Caparaó microregion, ES, is high and there is a great necessity of new studies to reduce the economic losses caused by this disease.
RESUMO
Este experimento foi delineado para investigar os seguintes pontos em relação à intoxicação aguda por samambaia (Pteridium aquilinum) em bovinos: 1) a intensidade da trombocitopenia em diferentes momentos da intoxicação e sua relação com possíveis déficits na hemostasia secundária, 2) a relação da neutropenia com as manifestações morfológicas de septicemia ocasionalmente observadas na necropsia, e 3) o mecanismo da anemia e sua relação com a perda de sangue, a vida média eritróide e a evolução da doença. As hastes superiores mais verdes de P. aquilinum foram administradas a quatro bovinos sem raça definida, com idade média de 1,5 ano e pesos entre 190-215 kg. Um bovino de idade e peso semelhantes foi usado como controle e, exceto por não ter recebido P. aquilinum, foi mantido nas mesmas condições que os outros quatro. Os quatro bovinos que receberam a planta morreram com quadro característico da intoxicação aguda por samambaia após receberem durante 53-58 dias, doses diárias de 8,0, 8,6, 10,2 e 10,6g/kg de peso corporal, que totalizaram, ao final do experimento, respectivamente, 112,7, 107,6, 85,7, 90,15 kg da planta, o que corresponde, respectivamente, a 59,3 por cento, 63,3 por cento, 47,4 por cento, 47,5 por cento da planta em relação ao peso dos bovinos. A doença caracterizou-se por febre de até 42,5 graus C e diversos graus de hemorragias observadas clinicamente, na necropsia e na histopatologia. A morte ocorria 6-7 dias após o início do quadro febril. As alterações hematológicas revelaram trombocitopenia e neutropenia acentuadas. Em dois dos quatro bovinos havia anemia leve. Não houve variações significativas nos tempos de coagulação dos bovinos intoxicados, quando avaliados os fatores de coagulação (secundária), excluindo-se assim a possibilidade da participação de distúrbios da hemostasia secundária na patogênese das hemorragias nessa intoxicação. A determinação dos produtos da degradação da fibrina no soro revelou dados conflitantes...
This experiment was design to address the following points in relation to the acute poisoning by bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) in cattle: 1) the severity of the thrombocytopenia in different stages of the intoxication and its relationship to possible deficits in the secondary hemostasis, 2) the relationship between neutropenia and the morphological signs of septicemia occasionally found at necropsy, and 3) the mechanism of anemia and its relationship with blood loss, medium life of erythrocytes and the progress of the disease. The fresh green upper parts of P. aquilinum were fed to four mixed breed calves with average age of 18 months and weights ranging from 190 to 215 kg. A calf of similar age and weight was kept together with the other four under the same conditions, except for the ingestion of P. aquilinum. The four fern-fed calves died with typical features of acute bracken fern poisoning after being fed with the plant for 53-58 days daily doses of 8.0, 8.6, 10.2, and 10.6g/kg body weight totaling at the end of the experiment, respectively, 59.3 percent, 63.3 percent, 47.4 percent, and 47.5 percent of bracken fern in relation to their body weight. The disease was characterized by fever up to 42.5 grades C and varying degrees of hemorrhages observed clinically, at necropsy and on histological examination. Death occurred 6-7 days after the onset of fever. The hematological changes consisted mainly of marked thrombocytopenia and neutropenia. Two of the four affected calves had mild anemia. The deficits in secondary hemostasis were mild in each case. There were no significant changes thus permitting to rule out the role of secondary hemostasis in the pathogenesis of the hemorrhages in the bracken fern poisoning. The measurement of fibrin degradation products in the serum showed conflicting results and did no allow for a solid conclusion regarding the role of disseminated intravascular coagulation in the pathogenesis of the hemorrhages...
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Intoxicação/patologia , Hemostasia/fisiologia , Intoxicação por Plantas/complicações , Pteridium/intoxicação , Sepse/complicações , Hematúria/patologia , Intoxicação por Plantas/patologia , Neutropenia/diagnóstico , Pteridium/toxicidade , Trombocitopenia/diagnósticoRESUMO
Foram estudados casos espontâneos de intoxicação crônica por samambaia (Pteridium aquilinum) em bovinos nas formas clinicopatológicas de carcinoma de células escamosas (CCE) no trato alimentar superior (TAS) e de hematúria enzoótica bovina (HEB), provenientes da Mesorregião Centro Ocidental Rio-Grandense e encaminhados ao Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Para o estudo clínico foram avaliados os sinais clínicos de bovinos com CCEs no TAS e com HEB e realizados hemogramas na fase terminal da doença. Os principais sinais clínicos nos bovinos com CCEs no TAS foram emagrecimento progressivo, atonia ruminal, tosse, disfagia, timpanismo e regurgitação. Nos bovinos com HEB, hematúria foi o principal sinal, observado em todos os casos, seguido de emagrecimento progressivo. No exame hematológico, 33,33 por cento dos bovinos com CCEs no TAS e 66,67 por cento dos bovinos com HEB apresentaram anemia arregenerativa. Alterações no leucograma ocorreram em alguns casos, mas linfopenia foi um achado infreqüente em ambas as formas de intoxicação. Para o estudo morfológico, foram avaliadas as bexigas de 46 bovinos com CCEs no TAS e de 11 bovinos com HEB. Macroscopicamente, 16/46 bexigas dos casos de CCEs no TAS apresentaram alterações macroscópicas, que consistiam nódulos vermelhos ou pálidos, hemorragia e papilomas; urina vermelha foi observada na necropsia de apenas três casos). Nos casos de HEB, os achados macroscópicos vesicais foram nódulos vermelhos, massas neoplásicas focalmente extensas, urina vermelha, papilomas, hemorragias e ruptura de bexiga; pielonefrite e hidronefrose foram observados em poucos casos. Histologicamente, 44/46 (95,65 por cento) bexigas de bovinos com CCEs no TAS apresentaram 22 tipos diferentes de alterações morfológicas, que foram classificadas em alterações neoplásicas (5/22) e alterações não-neoplásicas (17/22); essas últimas foram divididas em alterações epiteliais não-neoplásicas ...
Spontaneous cases of chronic poisoning by Pteridium aquilinum in cattle were studied. The clinical forms of the disease were squamous cell carcinoma (SCCs) of the upper digestive tract (UDT) and bovine enzootic hematuria (BEH). The cases were from the midland Region of the Midwest of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, and were submitted to the Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Clinical signs and blood work were evaluated at terminal phase of disease. Cattle with UDT SCCs had progressive weigth loss, ruminal atony, cough, dysphagia, bloating, and regurgitation. In cattle with BEH, hematuria was observed in all cases, followed by progressive weight loss. Non-regenerative anemia was detected in 33.33 percent of the cattle with UDT SCCs form and in 66.66 percent of the cattle with BEH form. Changes in white blood count occurred in some cases but drop in lymphocyte numbers was uncommon in both forms of disease. For the morphological study, urinary bladders from 46 cattle with UDT SCCs and 11 cattle with BEH were analyzed. Grossly, 16/46 bladders from the UDT SCCs form had gross lesions (red or pale vesical nodules, hemorrhages, and papilomas; red urine was detected at necropsy of only three cases). In BEH form, the bladder had nodules, large neoplastic masses, red urine, papilomas, and hemorrhages. Pyelonephritis and hydronephrosis were seen in a few cases. Microscopically, in the UDT SCCs form, 44/46 (95.65 percent) bladders had 22 different types of morphological changes, characterized by neoplastic lesions (5/22) and non-neoplastic lesions (17/22); the latter were subdivided in non-neoplastic epithelial changes (6/17), general changes of the lamina propria (6/17), and inflammatory changes (5/17). The bladder changes in BEH form were of 19 different types, characterized by neoplastic lesions (5/19) and non-neoplastic lesions (14/19), which were subdivided in non-neoplastic epitelial changes (9/14), ...
RESUMO
Foram revisados casos de intoxicação por samambaia (Pteridium aquilinum) em bovinos de 10 pequenas propriedades rurais de sete municípios da Região Central do Rio Grande do Sul. O estudo abrangeu 6.256 necrospias de bovinos realizadas num período de 43 anos e incluiu 15 necropsias de bovinos que morreram em conseqüência da intoxicação aguda por samambaia. As taxas de morbidade e mortalidade foram 17,9 por cento e a letalidade era virtualmente de 100 por cento. Em 40 por cento das propriedades a doença ocorreu em pequenos surtos afetando vários bovinos; em 60 por cento das propriedades apenas um bovino era afetado. Os principais sinais clínicos incluíam febre (40-42ºC), apatia, salivação e hemorragias, principalmente pelas gengivas, pela cavidade nasal e pelo trato gastrintestinal. Múltiplas petéquias eram observadas nas mucosas e na pele. Ocasionalmente observou-se hematúria e sangue no leite. A doença era invariavelmente fatal após um curso clínico de dois dias. Alterações hematológicas consistiam de leucopenia por neutropenia, anemia normocítica normocrômica e trombocitopenia arregenerativa. Os achados de necropsia incluíam hemorragias de intensidade variável em vários órgãos e infartos no fígado. Tanto as hemorragias quanto os infartos foram confirmados histologicamente; agregados de bacilos e vasos trombosados foram observados em associação com os infartos. Aplasia da medula óssea era um achado consistente nos quatro casos em que esse órgão foi examinado.(AU)
Cases of acute poisoning by bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) in cattle from 10 small farms of seven municipalities of the Central Region of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, were reviewed. The study encompassed 6,256 necropsies of cattle considering a 43-year period and included 15 necropsies of cattle dying from acute bracken poisoning. Morbidity and mortality were 17.9 percent and lethality was virtually 100 percent. In 40 percent of the farms the disease occurred in small outbreaks affecting several cattle per farm and in 60 percent only one bovine was affected in each farm. Main clinical signs include fever (40-42ºC), apathy, drooling, and hemorrhages; the latter were mainly from the gums, nostrils, and gastrointestinal tract. Multiple petechiae were observed in several mucosae and in the skin. Occasionally hematuria and blood in the milk were reported. The disease was invariably fatal after a course of approximately two days. Hematological changes included severe neutropenia, non-regenerative normocytic normochromic anemia and thrombocytopenia. Necropsy findings include hemorrhages o varying degrees in several organs and infarcts in the liver. Both hemorrhages and hepatic infarcts were confirmed histologically; clusters of bacterial rods and thrombosed vessels were associated with the infarcts. Marked bone marrow aplasia was a consistent finding in the four cases in which the marrow was evaluated.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Intoxicação , Pteridium/toxicidade , Trato Gastrointestinal , Hemorragia , MortalidadeRESUMO
The purpose is to obtain optimal cultural conditions for Ganoderma lucidum in the solid medium mainly containing the residual of Pteridium aquilinum,and to provide theoretical foundation for the further use of this material from Pteridium aquilinum.Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the main culture conditions including proportion of the residual compound in medium,water content in medium and culture temperature.The results showed that proportion of residual of Pteridium aquilinum in medium,water content in medium and cultural condition had noticeably significant effects on daily average growth rate of mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum(p