Ideonella oryzae sp. nov., isolated from soil, and Spirosoma liriopis sp. nov., isolated from fruits of Liriope platyphylla.

Gram-negative, aerobic, motile by means of two or more polar or subpolar flagella, rod-shaped strain NS12-5T and Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, yellow-coloured, rod-shaped strain RP8T were isolated from rice rhizosphere soil and fermented fruits of Liriope platyphylla in the Republic of Korea, respectively. The result of phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain NS12-5T was most closely related to Ideonella aquatica 4Y11T with 99.79 % sequence similarity. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between strain NS12-5T and species of the genus Ideonella were 75.6-91.7 % and 20.3-43.9 %, respectively. Growth occurred at 15-40 °C and pH 5-11, and NaCl was not needed for growth. The major fatty acids of strain NS12-5T were summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c) and C16 : 0, and the major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. The DNA G+C content of strain NS12-5T was 69.03 mol%. The result of phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain RP8T was most closely related to Spirosoma aureum BT328T with 96.01 % sequence similarity. The ANI and dDDH values between strain RP8T and reference strains of the genus Spirosoma were 72.9-76.4 % and 18.6-20.0 %, respectively. Growth occurred at 15-37 °C and pH 5-11, and NaCl was not needed for growth. The major fatty acids of strain RP8T were summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c), C16 : 1 ω5c and iso-C15 : 0. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. The DNA G+C contents of strain RP8T were 54.9 mol%. Based on phenotypic, genomic and phylogenetic results, strains NS12-5T and RP8T represent novel species in the genus Ideonella and Spirosoma, respectively, and the names Ideonella oryzae sp. nov. and Spirosoma liriopis sp. nov. are proposed. The type strain of I. oryzae sp. nov. is NS12-5T (=KACC 22691T=TBRC 16346T) and the type strain of S. liriopis is RP8T (=KACC 22688T=TBRC 16345T).

Spirosoma oryzicola sp. nov., isolated from dried rice husk.

Strain RHs26T is an aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-flagellated and rod- or filamentous-shaped (1.0-1.1×2.3-50 µm) bacterium that was isolated from dried rice husk. It was positive for oxidase and catalase, hydrolysed starch and Tween 80, and weakly hydrolysed CM-cellulose. The strain grew at temperatures between 10 and 37 °C (optimum, 28 °C), in 0-1 % NaCl (optimum, 0 %) and at pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0-8.0). The predominant membrane fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c), C16 : 1 ω5c, iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminolipid, two unidentified aminophospholipids and two unidentified lipids. The predominant quinone was menaquinone MK-7. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain RHs26T belongs to the genus Spirosoma, presenting the highest sequence similarity to Spirosoma agri S7-3-3T (95.8 %). The genomic DNA G+C content of strain RHs26T was 49.5 %. Strain RHs26T showed the highest orthologous average nucleotide identity (OrthoANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of 76.4 % and 20.0 % with S. agri KCTC 52727T while sharing OrthoANI and dDDH values of 74.6 % and 19.2 % with Spirosoma terrae KCTC 52035T, the closest relative in the phylogenomic tree. Based on the results of a polyphasic taxonomic study, strain RHs26T represents a novel species in the genus Spirosoma, for which the name Spirosoma oryzicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RHs26T (=JCM 35224T=KACC 17318T).

Spirosoma rhododendri sp. nov., isolated from a flower of royal azalea (Rhododendron schlippenbachii).

A Gram-negative, non-motile, strictly aerobic and rod- or filamentous-shaped strain, CJU-R4T, was isolated from a flower of royal azalea (Rhododendron schlippenbachii) collected in the Republic of Korea. Strain CJU-R4T was catalase-positive and oxidase-negative, and grew at 15-33 °C (optimum, 28-20 °C), at pH 5.0-8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0-8.0), and in the presence of 0-1 % NaCl (w/v; optimum, 0 %). Strain CJU-R4T had the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Spirosoma oryzae RHs22T (96.6 %), revealing less than 93 % sequence similarity to other type strains. Phylogenetic and phylogenomic analysis also revealed strain CJU-R4T formed a robust cluster with S. oryzae RHs22T. The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c; 33.0 %), C16 : 1 ω5c (22.1 %), iso-C15 : 0 (12.6 %) and C16 : 0 (10.7 %). The polar lipids were composed of phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified aminophospholipids, one unidentified phospholipid and four unidentified lipids. Menaquinone-7 was detected as the sole respiratory quinone. The genomic DNA G+C content was 55.2 mol%. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain CJU-R4T and Spirosoma oryzae DSM 28354T were 81.5 and 23.9 %, respectively. Based on the results of the phenotypic and genotypic analyses, strain CJU-R4T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Spirosoma, for which the name Spirosoma rhododendri sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CJU-R4T (=KACC 21264T=NBRC 114513T).

Spirosoma endbachense sp. nov., isolated from a natural salt meadow.

A Gram-stain-negative bacterium, designated I-24T, was isolated from soil of a natural salt meadow. Strain I-24T was aerobic, non-motile, rod-shaped, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive and grew optimally at pH 7 and 25 °C. Comparative 16S rRNA gene analysis indicated that strain I-24T has closest similarities to Spirosoma agri KCTC 52727T (95.9 %) and Spirosoma terrae KCTC 52035T (95.5 %). Strain I-24T contained summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c/C16 : 1 ω6c) and C16 : 1 ω5c as the major fatty acids, the predominant respiratory quinone was menaquinone MK-7, and the major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine as well as an unidentified phosphoaminolipid. The draft genome of strain I-24T consists of 10 326 072 base pairs with 9153 predicted coding sequences and a G+C content of 47.7 mol%. Clear distinctions between strain I-24T and S. agri KCTC 52727T or S. terrae KCTC 52035T were shown in the pairwise average nucleotide identity results with values of 76.71 and 74.01 %, respectively. Moreover, the digital DNA-DNA relatedness values to these strains were 20.8 and 19.0 %. Based on its phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain I-24T represents a novel species of the genus Spirosoma, for which the name Spirosoma endbachense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is I-24T (DSM 111055T=KCTC 72613T).

Spirosoma profusum sp. nov., and Spirosoma validum sp. nov., radiation-resistant bacteria isolated from soil in South Korea.

Two novel Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterial strains BT702T and BT704T were isolated from soil collected in Jeongseon (37° 22' 45″ N, 128° 39' 53″ E), Gangwon province, South Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strains BT702T and BT704T belong to distinct lineage within the genus Spirosoma (family Cytophagaceae, order Cytophagales, class Cytophagia and phylum Bacteroidetes). The strain BT702T was closely related to Spirosoma flavus 15J11-2T (96.7% 16S rRNA gene similarity) and Spirosoma metallilatum TX0405T (93.3%). The strain BT704T was closely related to Spirosoma koreense 15J8-5T (94.6%), Spirosoma endophyticum DSM 26130T (93.8%) and Spirosoma humi S7-4-1T (93.8%). The genome sizes of type strains BT702T and BT704T are 8,731,341 bp and 8,221,062 bp, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids of strains BT702T and BT704T were C16:1 ω5c and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c/C16:1 ω7c). The strains were found to have the same quinone system, with MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids of strain BT702T was identified to be phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), aminophospholipid (APL) and aminolipid (AL), while that of strain BT704T consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and aminophospholipid (APL). Based on the polyphasic analysis (phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and biochemical), strains BT702T and BT704T can be suggested as two new bacterial species within the genus Spirosoma and the proposed names are Spirosoma profusum and Spirosoma validum, respectively. The type strain of Spirosoma profusum is BT702T (= KCTC 82115T = NBRC 114859T) and type strain of Spirosoma validum is BT704T (= KCTC 82114T = NBRC 114966T).

Spirosoma taeanense sp. nov., a radiation resistant bacterium isolated from a coastal sand dune.

An aerobic, Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, and pale yellow-colored bacterial strain, designated TS118T, was isolated from a sand sample obtained from a coastal sand dune after exposure to 3 kGy of gamma radiation. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the isolate was a member of the genus Spirosoma and most closely related to Spirosoma metallicum PR1014kT (95.1% similarity). The genome of strain TS118T is constituted by one chromosome (5,691,492 bp) and one plasmid (28,440 bp) and has a G + C content of 52.7%. The genome contains 4641 protein coding sequences (CDSs), 38 tRNAs, and 11 rRNAs. The predominant fatty acids of strain TS118T were C16:1 ω5c, iso-C15:0, C16:0, summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c and/or C16:1 ω7c), and iso-C17:0 3-OH. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified amino lipid and an unidentified aminophospholipid. The main respiratory quinone was menaquinone-7 (MK-7). The novel strain showed resistance to gamma radiation with a D10 value (i.e., the dose required to reduce the bacterial population by tenfold) of 4.3 kGy. Based on the phylogenetic, physiological, and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain TS118T represents a novel species, for which the name Spirosoma taeanense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TS118T (=KCTC 72898T =JCM 34024T).

Spirosoma telluris sp. nov. and Spirosoma arboris sp. nov. isolated from soil and tree bark, respectively.

Two novel strains (HMF3257T and HMF4905T), isolated from freshwater and bark samples, were investigated to determine their relationships within and between species of the genus Spirosoma by using a polyphasic approach. They were aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-motile and rod-shaped bacteria. The major fatty acids (>10%) in both strains were identified as summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c) and C16 : 1 ω5c, while strains HMF3257T and HMF4905T contained a moderately high amount of C16 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0, respectively. The predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7 for both strains. In addition to phosphatidylethanolamine and one unidentified glycolipid, the polar lipid profile of strain HMF3257T consisted of three unidentified aminophospholipids, one unidentified aminolipid and two unidentified polar lipids, and that of strain HMF4905T consisted of one unidentified aminophospholipid, two unidentified aminolipids and three unidentified polar lipids. The DNA G+C contents of strains HMF3257T and HMF4905T were 47.2 and 46.4 mol%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains HMF3257T and HMF4905T are closely related to Spirosoma migulaei 15J9-8T (97.0 % sequence similarity), while sharing 97.4 % sequence similarity with each other. The average nucleotide identity value between strains HMF3257T and HMF4905T was 81.1 %, and the digital DNA-DNA hybridization value between these two strains was 24.4 %. Based on the above data, strains HMF3257T and HMF4905T represent two novel members within the genus Spirosoma, for which the names Spirosoma telluris sp. nov. and Spirosoma arboris sp. nov. are proposed, respectively. The type strain of S. telluris is HMF3257T (=KCTC 62463T=NBRC 112670T) and type strain of S. arboris is HMF4905T (=KCTC 72779T=NBRC 114270T).

Spirosoma aureum sp. nov., and Hymenobacter russus sp. nov., radiation-resistant bacteria in Cytophagales order isolated from soil.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, nonmotile, yellow-colored strain BT328T and Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, red-colored strain BT18T were isolated from the soil collected in Korea. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain BT328T formed a distinct lineage within the family Spirosomaceae (order Cytophagales, class Cytophagia) and was most closely related to a member of the genus Spirosoma, Spirosoma terrae 15J9-4T (95.9% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). Optimal growth occurred at 25 °C, pH 7.0 and in the absence of NaCl. The predominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c/C16:1 ω7c) and C16:1 ω5c. The major respiratory quinone was MK-7. The major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain BT18T formed a distinct lineage within the family Hymenobacteraceae (order Cytophagales, class Cytophagia, phylum Bacteroidetes) and was most closely related to members of the genus Hymenobacter, Hymenobacter knuensis 16F7C-2T (97.0% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). Optimal growth occurred at 25 °C and pH 7.0 without NaCl. The major fatty acids were iso-C15:0 and anteiso-C15:0. The major menaquinone was MK-7. The major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. Biochemical, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses indicated that strains BT328T and BT18T represents a novel bacterial species within the genus Spirosoma and Hymenobacter, respectively. For which the name Spirosoma aureum and Hymenobacter russus is proposed. The type strain of S. aureum is BT328T (=KCTC 72365T = NBRC 114506T) and the type strain of H. russus is BT18T (=KCTC 62610T = NBRC 114380T).

Spirosoma utsteinense sp. nov. isolated from Antarctic ice-free soils from the Utsteinen region, East Antarctica.

Between 2014 and 2016, 16 Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and yellow-orange pigmented bacteria were isolated from exposed soils from the Utsteinen region, Sør Rondane Mountains, East Antarctica. Analysis of their 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the strains form a separate cluster in the genus Spirosoma, with Spirosoma rigui KCTC 12531T as its closest neighbour (97.8 % sequence similarity). Comparative genome analysis of two representative strains (i.e. R-68523T and R-68079) of the new group with the type strains of Spirosoma rigui (its closest neighbour) and Spirosoma linguale (type species of the genus), yielded average nucleotide identity values of 73.9-78.7 %. Digital DNA-DNA reassociation values of the two strains and these type strains ranged from 20.3 to 22.0 %. The predominant cellular fatty acids of the two novel strains were summed feature 3 (i.e. C16 : 1 ω7c and/or iso-C15 2-OH), C16 : 1 ω5c, C16 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0. The new Spirosoma strains grew with 0-0.5 % (w/v) NaCl, at pH 6.5-8.0 and displayed optimum growth between 15 and 25 °C. Based on the results of phenotypic, genomic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic analyses, the new strains represent a novel species of the genus Spirosoma for which the name Spirosoma utsteinense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is R-68523T (=LMG 31447T=CECT 9925T).

Spirosoma sordidisoli sp. nov., a propanil-degrading bacterium isolated from a herbicide-contaminated soil.

A novel Gram-stain negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, asporogenous, propanil-degrading bacterial strain, TY50T, was isolated from a herbicide-contaminated soil in Nanjing, China. Strain TY50T was found to grow optimally at pH 9.0, 30 °C and in the absence of NaCl. The G + C content of the total DNA was determined to be 55.5 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain TY50T shows high identity to that of Spirosoma lacussanchae CPCC 100624T (99.3%), Spirosoma metallicum PR1014kT (94.8%) and Spirosoma soli MIMBbqt12T (94.6%). DNA-DNA hybridization indicated that the isolate had relatively low levels of DNA-DNA relatedness with S. lacussanchae CPCC 100624T (48.3%). Average nucleotide identity and the digital DNA-DNA hybridizations for draft genomes between strain TY50T and S. lacussanchae CPCC 100624T were 93.2% and 51.0%, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids of strain TY50T were identified as C16:1ω5c (24.5%) and summed feature 3 (C16:1ω6c/C16:1ω7c, 40.7%). MK-7 was found to be the predominant respiratory quinone. The major polar lipid profile includes phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified lipid and an unidentified aminolipid. These chemotaxonomic data support the affiliation of strain TY50T with the members of the genus Spirosoma. Strain TY50T can be distinguished from its close phylogenetic neighbours based on its phenotypic, genotypic, and chemotaxonomic features. Therefore, strain TY50T represents a novel member of the genus Spirosoma, for which the name Spirosoma sordidisoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TY50T (= KCTC 62494T = CCTCC AB 2018041T).

Spirosoma jeollabukense sp. nov., isolated from soil.

A Gram-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterial strain, designated S2-3-6T, was isolated from soil in Jeollabuk-do province, South Korea, and was characterized taxonomically using a polyphasic approach. According to a comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain S2-3-6T belonged to the family Cytophagaceae and was most closely related to Spirosoma endophyticum EX36T (98.2%), Spirosoma fluviale MSd3T (96.0%), and Spirosoma linguale DSM 74T (95.7%). Strain S2-3-6T contained summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c/C16:1 ω6c), C16:1 ω5c, and C16:0 N alcohol as major cellular fatty acids, MK-7 as the predominant respiratory quinone, and phosphatidylethanolamine as the main polar lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain S2-3-6T was 47.8%. Phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data supported the affiliation of strain S2-3-6T to the genus Spirosoma. However, the DNA-DNA relatedness between strain S2-3-6T and Spirosoma endophyticum KACC 17920T was 27%, clearly showing that the isolate constitutes a new genospecies. Strain S2-3-6T could be clearly differentiated from its closest neighbors based on its phenotypic, genotypic, and chemotaxonomic features. Therefore, strain S2-3-6T represents a novel species of the genus Spirosoma, for which the name Spirosoma jeollabukense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S2-3-6T (= KCTC 52725T = JCM 32129T).

Spirosoma metallum sp. nov., isolated from an automobile air conditioning system.

A Gram-stain-negative and yellow-pigmented bacterial strain, designated TX0653T, was isolated from an automobile evaporator core collected in Korea. The cells were aerobic and rod-shaped. The strain grew at 10-28 °C (optimum, 25 °C), at pH 6.0-7.5 (optimum, 6.5), and in the presence of 0-1% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0%). Phylogenetically, the strain was related to members of the genus Spirosoma (95.1-90.8% 16S rRNA sequence similarity) and distantly related to Spirosoma pulveris JSH5-14T (95.1%), Spirosoma fluviale MSd3T (95.0%), Spirosoma endophyticum DSM 26130T (94.8%), and Spirosoma linguale DSM 74T (94.6%). The major fatty acids of the strain were summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c and/or C16:1 ω7c), C16:1 ω5c, iso-C15:0, iso-C17:0 3-OH, and C16:0. MK-7 was identified as the predominant menaquinone. The polar lipids profile indicated the presence of one phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminolipid, one unidentified aminophospholipid, two unidentified phospholipids, and three unidentified lipids. On the basis of the phenotypic, genotypic, and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain TX0653T represents a novel species in the genus Spirosoma, for which the name Spirosoma metallum sp. nov. (= KACC 19278T = NBRC 112495T) is proposed.

Spirosoma metallilatum sp. nov., isolated from an automotive air conditioning system.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and yellow-pigmented bacterial strain, designated TX0405T, was isolated from an automotive air conditioning system. Colonies were circular, convex, semi-translucent, smooth and yellow. The strain grew at 20-28°C (optimum, 28°C), at pH 6.0-7.5 (optimum, pH 6.5) and in the presence of 0-1 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that the strain was grouped with the members of the genus Spirosoma, with the sequence similarities of 93.0 and 92.3 % with Spirosoma panaciterrae DSM 21099T and Spirosoma swuense JBM2-3T, respectively. The major fatty acids of the strain were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) (33.2 %), C16 : 1ω5c (25.4 %), iso-C15 : 0 (15.0 %), C16 : 0 (6.5 %) and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH (6.2 %). The predominant menaquinone was MK-7. The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminolipid, two unidentified aminophospholipids and three unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content of the type strain was 51.9 mol%. On the basis of the data presented, strain TX0405T represents a novel species of the genus Spirosoma, for which the name Spirosomametallilatum sp. nov. (=KACC 19012T=NBRC 112493T) is proposed.

Spirosoma horti sp. nov., isolated from apple orchard soil.

A Gram-negative, motile by gliding, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterium, designated S7-3-19T, was isolated from apple orchard soil in Gyeongsangnam-do Province, Republic of Korea, and characterized taxonomically by using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that strain S7-3-19T belonged to the family Cytophagaceae and was most closely related to Spirosoma linguale DSM 74T (96.38 %), Spirosoma fluviale MSd3T (96.38 %), Spirosoma pulveris JSH5-14T (96.35 %) and Spirosoma radiotolerans DG5AT (96.24 %). Chemotaxonomic characteristics supported the classification of strain S7-3-19T within the genus Spirosoma. Summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c; 46.7 %) and C16 : 1ω5c (23.8 %) were the major fatty acids. Phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified phospholipid and two unidentified lipids were the major polar lipids. Menaquinone with seven isoprene units was the predominant respiratory quinone. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain S7-3-19T was 48.6 mol%. On the basis of its phenotypic properties, genotypic distinctiveness and chemotaxonomic features, strain S7-3-19T represents a novel species of the genus Spirosoma, for which the name Spirosomahorti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S7-3-19T (=KCTC 52728T=JCM 32131T).

Spirosoma pollinicola sp. nov., isolated from pollen of common hazel (Corylus avellana L.).

A Gram-negative bacterium, strain HA7T, was isolated from the microhabitat of common hazel (Corylus avellana L.) pollen. HA7T was found to be an aerobic, rod-shaped, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative bacterium with an optimum growth temperature of 25 °C and pH of 7. The nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequence of HA7T strain showed the closest similarities to Spirosoma linguale DSM 74T (97.4 %) and Spirosoma fluviale DSM 29961T (97.43 %). The major fatty acids (>5 %) were C16 : 1ω5c, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH), iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH. The major polar lipids were an unidentified aminophospholipid and phosphatidylethanolamine. The major respiratory quinone detected was menaquinone MK-7 (95 %). The draft genome sequence included 8 794 837 bases, which contained 3665 predicted coding sequences and had a G+C content of 47.9 mol%. The genome-based comparison between HA7T and S. linguale DSM 74T and S. fluviale DSM 29961T with pairwise average nucleotide identity indicated a clear distinction, between 76.2-76.3 %. Moreover, the digital DNA-DNA relatedness of HA7T to these strains was 26.5 and 25.1 %. Based on the differential genotypic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic properties to closely related type strains, strain HA7T ought to be assigned with the status of a new species, for which the name Spirosomapollinicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HA7T (DSM 105799T=LMG 30282T).

Spirosoma harenae sp. nov., a Bacterium Isolated from a Sandy Beach.

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterium, designated 15J8-9T, was isolated from a sandy beach in Jeju Island, South Korea. The isolate was able to grow between 10 and 30 °C, pH 5-8, and in presence of 0-1% (w/v) NaCl. Based on 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analysis, the novel strain was closely related to members of the genus Spirosoma (96.1-90.9% similarities) and showed highest sequence similarity to Spirosoma panaciterrae DSM 21099T (96.1%). The G + C content of the genomic DNA of strain 15J8-9T was 45.1 mol%. The isolate contained menaquinone MK-7 as the predominant respiratory quinone, phosphatidylethanolamine as the major polar lipid, and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c/C16:1 ω7c; 28.0%), C16:1 ω5c (23.4%), iso-C15:0 (13.5%), and C16:0 (11.5%) as the major fatty acids that supported the affiliation of strain 15J8-9T to the genus Spirosoma. The isolate could be differentiated clearly from recognized Spirosoma species on the basis of several phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic features. Therefore, strain 15J8-9T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus the genus Spirosoma, for which the name Spirosoma harenae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 15J8-9T (= KCTC 52030T = JCM 31993T).

Spirosoma koreense sp. nov., a species of the family Cytophagaceae isolated from beach soil.

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterium, designated 15J8-5T, was isolated from beach soil on Jeju Island, Republic of Korea. The isolate grew at 10-37 °C (optimal 25 °C), pH 6-8 (optimal pH 7) and in the presence of 0-1 % (w/v) NaCl. The results of comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain 15J8-5T represented a member of the family Cytophagaceae, phylum Bacteroidetes and was most closely related to Spirosoma knui 15J8-12T (93.1 % similarity), Spirosoma spitsbergense SPM-9T (93.1 %) and Spirosoma endophyticum EX36T (93.1 %). The G+C content of the genomic DNA of the novel strain was 48.0 mol%. The isolate contained menaquinone MK-7 as the predominant respiratory quinone, phosphatidylethanolamine as the major polar lipid, and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c; 32.8 %), C16 : 1ω5c (24.8 %) and C16 : 0 (11.7 %) as the major fatty acids, which supported the affiliation of strain 15J8-5T to the genus Spirosoma. The results of physiological and biochemical tests allowed genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain 15J8-5T from members of the genus Spirosoma. Based on its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain 15J8-5T represents a novel species of the genus Spirosoma, for which the name Spirosomakoreense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 15J8-5T (=KCTC 52027T=JCM 31992T).

Spirosoma litoris sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from beach soil.

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterium, designated 15J16-2T3AT, was isolated from beach soil on Jeju Island, South Korea. Strain 15J16-2T3AT grew at 10-37 °C (optimum growth at 25 °C) and pH 6.5-8.5 (optimum growth at pH 7). Based on 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analysis, the novel strain was closely related to members of the genus Spirosoma(94.8-89.9 % similarities) and formed a separate branch within the genus together with Spirosoma luteolum 16F6ET in neighbour-joining, maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony phylogenetic trees. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain 15J16-2T3AT was 47.6 mol%. The detection of menaquinone MK-7 as the predominant respiratory quinone, a fatty acid profile with summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c; 35.5 %), C16 : 1ω5c (26.6 %), and iso C15 : 0 (10.1 %) as the major components, phosphatidylethanolamine and unidentified aminophospholipid as the major polar lipids also support the affiliation of strain 15J16-2T3AT with the genus Spirosoma. The results of physiological and biochemical tests allowed genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain 15J16-2T3AT from members the genus Spirosoma. On the basis of its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain 15J16-2T3AT represents a novel species of the genus Spirosoma, for which the name Spirosoma litoris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 15J16-2T3AT (=KCTC 52029T=JCM 31999T).

Spirosoma flavum sp. nov., isolated from Arctic tundra soil.

A yellow-pigmented strain, designated Y4AR-5T, was characterized by using a polyphasic approach. The strain was isolated from a tundra soil from near Longyearbyen, Svalbard Islands, Norway. The cells were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and non-motile. Growth occurred at 4-28 °C (optimum 20 °C) and pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum pH 8.0) and with 0-0.5 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 0 %). The major respiratory quinone was MK-7. The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), an aminophospholipid (APL), a phospholipid (PL), an unidentified aminolipid (AL) and two unidentified lipids. The results of analysis of the 16S rRNA gene indicated that the novel strain was most closely related to members of the genus Spirosoma (96.2 % sequence similarity with Spirosoma endophyticum). The genomic DNA G+C content was 45.9 mol%. The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), C16 : 1ω5c, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C15 : 0. On the basis of its phenotypic and genotypic properties, strain Y4AR-5T should be classified as representing a novel species of the genus Spirosoma, for which the name Spirosomaflavum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Y4AR-5T (=CCTCC AB 2015352T=KCTC 52490T).

Spirosoma carri sp. nov., isolated from an automobile air conditioning system.

A Gram-stain-negative and yellow-pigmented bacterial strain, designated TX0406T, was isolated from an automobile evaporator core collected in Korea. The cells were non-motile, aerobic and rod-shaped. The strain grew at 15-37 °C (optimum, 25 °C), at pH 6.0-7.0 (optimum, 6.5) and in the presence of 0-1.5 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetically, the strain was related to members of the genus Spirosoma(93.7-90.7 % 16S rRNA sequence similarities) and showed the highest sequence similarity of 93.7 % to Spirosomapulveris JSH5-14T. The major fatty acids of the strain were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), C16 : 1ω5c and C16 : 0. The predominant menaquinone was MK-7. The polar lipid profile revealed the presence of phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminolipid, unidentified aminophospholipids and unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content of the strain was 58.7 mol%. Based on phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic data, strain TX0406T represents a novel species in the genus Spirosoma, for which the name Spirosoma carri sp. nov. (=KACC 19013T=NBRC 112494T) is proposed.