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OBJECTIVE: To know the level of anxiety and knowledge of childcare and lactation of the current pregnant women, and the clinical-demographic variables with which they are related. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Seven health centers of Area V (Asturias). PARTICIPANTS: First-time pregnant women who completed preparatory courses from 01.06.2015 to 31.10.2015, excluding multiple gestation, risk pregnancy, contraindicated breastfeeding and language problems. INTERVENTIONS: Sociodemographic variables questionnaire, STAI state anxiety questionnaire and 23 questions about childcare and lactation. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: We performed descriptive and multivariate analysis (program R) of the variables of the questionnaire. RESULTS: We captured 104 pregnant women; average age 34.2(SD: 4.5), 94.2% Spanish, 61.5% university, 17.3% smokers in pregnancy, 23.1% with psychopathological antecedents; 88.4% planned to give breastfeeding. The mean STAI-S was 18.1(SD: 7.4) and scored 4.5(SD: 2.3) mean errors. The most faulty ones were on causes of fever (56.7%), fever measurement (54.8%) and physiological stools (55.7%). The multivariate analysis between knowledge and profile showed statistically significant associations with: being foreign, university, pregnancy planning and matron. In relation to the STAI-S was significant for being a smoker, receiving breastfeeding, psychopathological antecedents and matron. CONCLUSIONS: The current pregnant women who complete preparatory courses are mainly mature, university and Spanish. They have good concepts about breastfeeding but many are unaware of basic concepts of fever and stool of the infant. Foreign mothers with unwanted pregnancy and primary education seem to have more confusing concepts. Smoking mothers with psychopathological antecedents and who have not received breastfeeding present more anxiety. The matron significantly influences anxiety and acquired concepts.
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Ansiedade/etiologia , Aleitamento Materno/psicologia , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Cuidado do Lactente/psicologia , Lactação/psicologia , Poder Familiar/psicologia , Complicações na Gravidez/etiologia , Adulto , Ansiedade/diagnóstico , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Mães/psicologia , Gravidez , Complicações na Gravidez/diagnóstico , Complicações na Gravidez/psicologia , Cuidado Pré-Natal , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Fatores de Risco , EspanhaRESUMO
Resumen Objetivo: Describir consumo, precio, elasticidad de la demanda de cigarrillos y relación con normativas legales dirigidas a reducir el tabaquismo 1980 - 2020. Material y métodos: Estudio convencional, observacional descriptivo, transversal, mixto, en dos etapas. La primera identifica normativas legales; la segunda, describe consumo per cápita de cigarrillo, precio y la elasticidad de la demanda. Resultados: Se han establecido 37 instrumentos jurídicos relacionados con tabaquismo, se encuentra insertado en seis normativas sobre salud en general, 31 especificas. Ocho tienen alcance nacional; 28 alcance limitado a Organismos de la Administración Central del Estado y un Grupo Empresarial; y el Acuerdo No.5570/05 que es el de mayor rango. Gran parte de las normativas que promulga el Convenio Marco de Control del Tabaco de la Organización Mundial de la Salud, se encuentran insertadas en normativas jurídicas vigentes, pero las de mayor impacto para reducir el tabaquismo, solo cumplen con las que no poseen carácter legal y económico. De 1980 al 2019, el consumo per cápita de cigarrillos en la población cubana de 15 años y más ha decrecido 65.44 %; el precio promedio de la cajetilla de 20 cigarrillos, no ha permitido establecer correlación entre ambas variables, solo en momentos puntuales; igual la elasticidad producto - precio. Se han mantenido oscilaciones en el consumo, que parecen estar relacionadas con situaciones sociales y económicas, que han producido aumentos o disminuciones derivadas de elasticidad cruzada no estudiada. Conclusiones. Las normativas legales dirigidas a reducir el consumo de cigarrillos en Cuba resultan insuficientes, tanto en su contenido expreso, como en su cumplimiento para lograr tal propósito.
Abstract Objective: To describe cigarette consumption, price, elasticity and its relation to legal norms directed to reduce tabaquism from 1980 to 2020. Material and methods: Conventional, observational descriptive, transversal, mixt study in two stages. The first stage identifies legal norms and the second, describes cigarette per capita consumption, price and elasticity. Results: There are established 37 legal norms related to tabaquism, that are inserted in six general health norms and 31 specific. Eight have national effect, twenty-eight limited to ministries and one to an enterprise group. Agreement No.5570/05 is of the highest level. Great part of what it is quoted in the Tobacco Control Frame Agreement by the International Health Organization, it is inserted in the legal norms established, but the ones of major impact to reduce tabaquism, it is only applied to those with no legal nor economic effect.From 1980 to 2019, cigarette per capita consumption of the cuban population of 15 years and older, has decreased 65.44%; average price of 20-unit pack, has not allowed to establish a correlation between both variables, only in punctual moments; same with elasticity product - price. There have been consumption oscillations, that seem to be related to social and economic situations, that have produced increases and decreases derived from non-studied cross elasticity. Conclusions. The legal norms directed to the reduction of cigarette consumption in Cuba are insufficient, as of its expressed content as of its enforcement to achieve such purpose.
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Abstract Background The Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII) guidelines aim to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In Ecuador, 20% of people have high LDL cholesterol levels, and 39% have high triglyceride levels. Objective To analyze lipid-lowering regimens in Ecuadorian patients and determine the achievement rate of the ATPIII goals for lipid profile. Methods Using a retrospective analysis, 385 subjects older than 30 years, who received pharmacological treatment for dyslipidemia for at least three months was randomly selected from institutions at two large cities in Ecuador. Data were collected from patients' medical records and analyzed by chi-square test or paired t-test; p-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results Baseline total cholesterol values were above 200 mg/dL in 75% of subjects, LDL-c values above 129 mg/dL in 83% of subjects and triglycerides values above 150 mg/dL in 79% of subjects. Most (n = 253, 95.8%) patients at very high cardiovascular risk were taking statins, 50% of them atorvastatin. Considering the ATPIII guidelines' goals, only 24 subjects (19%) at high CV risk achieved an LDL-c < 100 mg/dl, while a significantly lower percentage (p = 0.04) of patients at very high risk reached an LDL-c < 70mg/dl (11%; n = 30). Conclusion These data indicate a low rate of compliance with the ATPIII guidelines, independent of the medication used or duration of the treatment. This may be attributed to the prescription of low doses of medication and a therapy targeting isolated lipid fractions rather than a complete lipid profile. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2020; 33(4):371-376)
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Hipolipemiantes/uso terapêutico , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Colesterol/sangue , Estudos Retrospectivos , Equador , Dislipidemias/epidemiologia , Fatores de Risco de Doenças CardíacasRESUMO
Introducción: Entre las enfermedades gastrointestinales más comunes se encuentran las gastritis. Objetivo: Determinar los factores de riesgo asociados a dicha afección. Método: Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles, que incluyó a pacientes mayores de 18 años, atendidos en el Servicio de Medicina Familiar del Hospital del Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social de Ambato, Ecuador, durante el 2016. Dichos pacientes fueron incluidos de forma aleatoria con una relación de 1:2 (100 casos por cada 200 controles). El análisis estadístico se basó en una estrategia multivariada, el odds ratio, el riesgo relativo, los intervalos de confianza al 95 % y la prueba de Ji al cuadrado con un nivel de significación estadística de P < 0,05. Resultados: Los factores de riesgo más frecuentes fueron: infección por Helicobacter pylori, edad menor de 50 años, tabaquismo, alcoholismo y estrés. Conclusiones: Se deben detectar precozmente los factores de riesgo para disminuir la incidencia y prevalencia de gastritis.
Introduction: Among the most common gastrointestinal diseases there is the gastritis. Objective: To determine the risk factors associated with this disorder. Method: A cases and controls study was carried out which included patients older than 18 years, assisted in the Family Medicine Service of the hospital from the Ecuadorian Institute of Social security in Ambato, during 2016. These patients were randomly included with a relationship of 1:2 (100 cases every 200 controls). The statistical analysis was based on a multivariate strategy, odds ratio, relative risk, the confidence intervals to 95 % and the Chi squared test with a level of statistical significance of P <0,05. Results: The most frequent risk factors were: infection due to Helicobacter pylori, age lower than 50 years, tabaquism, alcoholism and stress. Conclusions: Risk factors should be early detected to diminish the incidence and prevalence of gastritis.
Assuntos
Fatores de Risco , Gastrite , Estresse Psicológico , Tabagismo , Helicobacter pylori , AlcoolismoRESUMO
Resumen: Introducción: El consumo de tabaco es considerado por la Organización Mundial de la Salud la primear causa de muerte evitable a nivel mundial. En Uruguay, 22,2% de los adultos son fumadores, siendo mayor la prevalencia en mujeres que en varones en el rango etario entre 15 y 18 año. Así mismo, durante el embarazo, hay una frecuencia de tabaquismo del 9,8% en las pacientes que se atienden en instituciones privadas, y del 26,3% en instituciones públicas. Se han descripto un conjunto de mitos y desconocimientos que actúan como barreras a la cesación tabáquica en las poblaciones más vulnerables. Objetivo: Determinar el grado de conocimiento sobre enfermedades tabaco-dependientes en general y propias de la mujer, en pacientes hospitalizadas en servicios de ginecología-obstetricia de hospitales públicos de Montevideo, Uruguay en el periodo comprendido entre julio - agosto de 2017. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, de tipo observacional descriptivo, recolectando datos a través de formularios preestablecidos. Se incluyeron todas las pacientes mayores de 18 años ingresadas en los hospitales públicos seleccionados, que accedieron participar en el estudio. Resultados: Se incluyeron 196 participantes en el estudio con una media de edad de 35,38 años. Un 59% de la población tenía estudios secundarios incompletos, mientras que el 17% habían completado solamente primaria. La prevalencia de tabaquismo fue de 30,6%. Las pacientes vinculan el tabaquismo a malos resultados obstétricos en el 96,4%. Solo un 50% relacionó el tabaquismo al cáncer de cuello uterino, 47,4% a la infertilidad y 56,1% a la osteoporosis, mientras que un 86,2% lo reconoce como factor en el envejecimiento cutáneo. En general, no hubo diferencias significativas de conocimiento entre tabaquistas y no tabaquistas. De entre las participantes, 34,2% consideraron que fumar tabaco de armar, es menos nocivo que el cigarrillo. Se encontró que una minoría de la población recibió consejería adecuada para el cese durante la internación. Conclusiones: Las pacientes desconocen en parte el vínculo entre el consumo de tabaco y problemas de salud propios de la mujer. Se requiere mayor difusión entre pacientes y equipos de salud de estas áreas, de información y estrategias de consejería, así como derivación para la cesación tabáquica.
Abstract: Background: Tobacco use is considered as the leading cause of preventable death worldwide by the World Health Organization. In Uruguay, 22.2% of adults are current smokers. Between 15 and 18 year-old- people prevalence of tobacco use is greater among women. Likewise, during pregnancy, current use stands in 9.8% in private institutions, and reaches 26,3% in women assisted in public healthcare services. A combination of myths and lack of awareness had been described as barriers to tobacco cessation in vulnerable populations. Objective: To determine the level of knowledge of tobacco-related diseases among hospitalized patients in public gynecological-obstetric services from Montevideo, Uruguay, during July-August 2017. Materials and methods: . Descriptive observational study, obtaining data by means of a survey composed by multiple choice and open-ended questions. Results: 196 patients where included in the study, with a mean of age of 35.38 years. 59% of the population had incomplete secondary school studies, while 17% had only completed primary. Tobacco use had a prevalence of 30,6%. Patients related tobacco use to adverse pregnancy results in a 96,4% of cases. Only 50% of the population related tobacco use to cervix cancer, 47.4% to infertility and 56.1% to osteoporosis. However 86.2% recognize it as a factor to accelerate skin aging. Generally, there were no significant differences of knowledge between smokers and no smokers. Participants considered chopped tobacco less harmful than cigarettes in 34.2% of cases. It was found that only a minority of the population received counselling for cessation during hospitalization. Conclusions: Patients are not aware of the link between tobacco use and health problems concerning women. Greater diffusion between patients and health care professionals is required to achieve better results as well as proper referral to cessation clinics.
Resumo: Introdução: O consumo de tabaco é considerado pela Organização Mundial de Saúde a primeira causa de morte evitável em todo o mundo. No Uruguai, 22,2% dos adultos são fumantes, sendo a prevalência maior nas mulheres do que nos homens na faixa etária entre 15 e 18 anos. Além disso, durante a gravidez, há uma frequência de tabagismo de 9,8% em pacientes que frequentam instituições privadas e 26,3% em instituições públicas. Foi descrito um conjunto de mitos e ignorâncias que atuam como barreiras à cessação do tabagismo nas populações mais vulneráveis. Objetivo: Determinar o grau de conhecimento sobre as doenças dependentes do tabaco em geral e das mulheres, em pacientes internados em serviços de ginecologia obstétrica de hospitais públicos em Montevidéu, Uruguai, no período de julho a agosto de 2017. Materiais e métodos: Foi realizado um estudo descritivo observacional prospectivo, coletando dados através de formulários pré-estabelecidos. Todos os pacientes com idade superior a 18 anos admitidos nos hospitais públicos selecionados, que concordaram em participar do estudo, foram incluídos. Resultados: Incluímos 196 participantes no estudo com uma idade média de 35,38 anos. 59% da população possuía ensino médio incompleto, enquanto 17% completaram apenas o primário. A prevalência de tabagismo foi de 30,6%. Pacientes associaram o tabagismo a desfechos obstétricos ruins em 96,4%. Apenas 50% relacionaram o tabagismo ao câncer do colo do útero, 47,4% à infertilidade e 56,1% à osteoporose, enquanto 86,2% o reconheceram como fator de envelhecimento da pele. Em geral, não houve diferenças significativas no conhecimento entre fumantes e não fumantes. Entre os participantes, 34,2% consideraram o tabaco como menos prejudicial do que o cigarro. Verificou-se que uma minoria da população recebeu aconselhamento adequado para a cessação durante a hospitalização. Conclusões: Os pacientes desconhecem parcialmente a ligação entre o uso do tabaco e os problemas de saúde da mulher. Maior divulgação é necessária entre os pacientes e equipes de saúde nessas áreas, estratégias de informação e aconselhamento, bem como encaminhamento para cessação do tabagismo.
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Resumen Objetivo: Determinar el consumo per cápita de cigarrillos; estimar el precio promedio de la cajetilla; caracterizar el mercado; establecer la elasticidad de la demanda y valorar aspectos económicos y sociales asociados al consumo en el año 2016. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo y transversal, utilizando fuente de datos agregados de series temporales empleando: análisis de información secundaria, entrevista individual a informantes clave, observación no participante y consulta a expertos. Resultados: En el año 2016, el consumo per cápita en la población cubana de 15 años y más, fue de 1 657 cigarrillos, incremento de 1,09 % en relación al 2015. El precio promedio estimado de la cajetilla fue 9,70 pesos cubanos, 10,85 % más que 2015. De cada 100 cigarrillos que se vendieron, 76 fueron adquiridos en pesos cubanos y 24 en pesos cubanos convertibles. El coeficiente de elasticidad de la demanda fue 0,1, que ratifica la inelasticidad del precio con relación a la demanda. Conclusiones: El consumo per cápita de cigarrillos en el 2016, corroboró la presencia de una tendencia creciente; el incremento del precio promedio de la cajetilla de cigarrillos no resultó suficiente para reducir el consumo y ratificó el precio como elemento central para lograr tal propósito; el mercado se caracterizó por la preferencia de la oferta de menor precio; los factores sociales y económicos no produjeron elasticidad cruzada, la demanda inelástica implica que es posible, a través de impuestos alcanzar metas de salud pública y aumentar la recaudación fiscal de manera simultánea.
Abstract Objective: To determine the per capita consumption of cigarettes, to estímate the average price of the cigarette pack, to characterize the market according to commerce forms; to establish the elasticity of demand and to evaluate the economic and social aspects associated to 2016 consumption. Materials and Methods: It was made an observational descriptive study, using alternative source time series added data with: secondary analysis information, individual key informer, no participant observation and expert consult. Results: In 2016, the consumption per capita of 15 years and older cuban population, was 1 657 cigarettes, there was an increment of 1,09 % in relation to 2015. The average price estimated of a pack of cigarettes was of 9,70 cuban pesos, an increment of 10,85 % related to the year 2015. 24 over 100 cigarettes sold, were bought in Cuban pesos and 76 in Cuban convertible pesos. The coefficient of elasticity of the demand was 0,1, greater than -1, which ratifies the inelasticity of price in relation to demand. Conclusions: In 2016 the consumption per capita of cigarettes in the cuban population ratifies the presence of an increasing tendency. The average price increment of a cigarette pack was not enough to stop the consumption, it ratified the price as a central element to achieve its purpose. The market characterized to be preferred to acquire cigarettes in the lowest price. The social and economic factors did not produce the cross elasticity, the inelastic demand involves that it is possible to reach the Public Health goals and increasing tax collection through taxes in a simultaneous way.
Resumo Objetivo: Determinar o consumo per capita de cigarros, a estimativa do preçõ médio de cada pacote de cigarros, caracterizar o mercado de cordo com as formas de comércio; estabelecer a elasticidade da procura e avaliar os aspetos económicos e sociais associados ao consumo no ano de 2016. Materiais e métodos: Estudo descritivo observacional, usando dados alternativos de séries temporais. Foi utilizada análise de informação secundária, entrevista individual a informadores chave, observação náo participante e consulta de especialistas. Resultados: No ano de 2016 o consumo per capita na população cubana de 15 e mais anos, foi de 1 657 cigarrillos, tendo aumentado 1,09 % em relação a 2015. O preço estimado de cada pacote foi de 9,70 pesos cubanos, 10,85 % mais do que em 2015. Por cada 100 cigarros que se venderam, 76 foram adquiridos em pesos cubanos y 24 en pesos cubanos convertíveis. O coeficiente de elasticidade da procura foi de 0,1, ratificando a inexistencia de elasticidade do preço relativamente a procura. Conclusões: O consumo per capita de cigarros em 2016, corroborou a presera de uma tendencia crescente; o aumento do preço médio do pacote de cigarros náo foi suficiente para reducir o consumo e ratificou o preço como elemento central para conseguir tal propósito; o mercado caraterizou-se pela preferencia da oferta de menor preço; os fatores sociais e económicos náo produziram uma elasticidade cruzada. A procura náo elástica implica que é possível, através de impostos alcafar metas de saúde pública e aumentar, em simultáneo, a arrecadação de imposto.
Résumé Objectif: Déterminer la consommation de cigarettes per capita; estimer le prix moyen d'un paquet de cigarettes; caractériser le marché; établir l'élasticité de la demande et évaluer les aspects économiques et sociaux associés a la consommation durant l'année 2016. Matériaux et méthodes: Étude observationnelle, descriptive et transversale, utilisant des sources de données agrégées de séries temporaires: analyse d'information secondaire, entretien individuel avec des informateurs clés, observation non participante et consultation d'experts. Résultats: En 2016, la consommation per capita dans la population cubaine de 15 ans et plus a été de 1 657 cigarettes, une augmentation de 1,09% par rapport a 2015. Le prix moyen estimé du paquet a été de 9,70 pesos cubains, 10,85% de plus qu'en 2015. Pour 100 cigarettes vendues, 76 ont été acquises en pesos cubains et 24 en pesos cubains convertibles. Le coefficient d'élasticité de la demande a été de 0,1, ce qui ratifie l'inélasticité du prix en relation a la demande. Conclusions: La consommation de cigarettes per capita en 2016 a confirmé une tendance a l'augmentation; la hausse du prix moyen du paquet de cigarettes n'a pas suffit a réduire la consommation mais le prix a été ratifié en tant qu'élément central pour atteindre cet objectif; le marché s'est caractérisé par la préférence pour les prix les plus bas; les facteurs sociaux et économiques n'ont pas produit d'élasticité croisée, la demande inélastique signifie qu'il est possible, gráce a des impóts, d'atteindre des objectifs de santé publique et d'augmenter en meme temps les recettes fiscales.
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El tabaquismo es la adicción al tabaco provocada principalmente por diversos componentes activos y tóxicos como la nicotina. El consumo de cigarrillo durante la gestación puede provocar desprendimiento de placenta, placenta previa, embarazo ectópico y aborto espontáneo, como también inducir alteraciones en el feto. En la presente revisión de la literatura se recopiló información en bases de datos como Pub-Med, Embase y Google Académico, concerniente a los posibles efectos del tabaquismo materno durante la gestación sobre el desarrollo de la obesidad infantil. Fueron seleccionados 38 artículos escritos en el idioma inglés y español, publicados a partir de año de 1988 hasta el año 2015, que incluyeron metaanálisis, artículos originales, y revisiones de tema. Se encontró que la exposición al humo del tabaco durante la gestación ha sido ampliamente descrita como un factor de riesgo para la manifestación de alteraciones en el desarrollo fetal como retardo del crecimiento intrauterino y bajo peso al nacer. Además, se ha asociado ampliamente con trastornos del desarrollo infantil en etapas avanzadas, como preescolares y escolares, manifestados en un aumento del índice de masa corporal con respecto al percentil adecuado para la edad; incremento de la incidencia de sobrepeso y obesidad en el infante. Se concluye que la exposición al humo del cigarrillo durante la gestación se relaciona con alteraciones en el crecimiento del niño y en el desarrollo de enfermedades prevalentes asociadas a la obesidad.
Most smokers use tobacco regularly because they are addicted to various active and toxic compounds such as nicotine. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy can cause abruption, placenta previa, ectopic pregnancy and spontaneous abortion, as well as induce alterations in the fetus. In this review, information was collected in databases such as PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar, concerning the possible effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy on the development of childhood obesity. Thirty-eigth articles written in English and Spanish published from year 1988 to 2015, which included meta-analysis, original articles and reviews were selected topic. It was found that exposure to cigarette smoke during pregnancy has been widely described as a risk factor for alterations in fetal development such as intrauterine growth retardation and low birth weight. In addition, it has been widely associated with disorders of child development in advanced stages, preschool and school age: increased body mass index regarding the appropriate percentile for age, and increase in childhood overweight and obesity. It is concluded that exposure to cigarette smoke during pregnancy is associated with changes in child growth and development of prevalent diseases associated with obesity.
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Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/epidemiologia , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Obesidade/etiologia , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/etiologia , Poluição por Fumaça de Tabaco/efeitos adversos , Tabagismo/complicaçõesRESUMO
El tabaquismo es un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de lesiones vasculares y glomeruloesclerosis. La glomerulopatía nodular relacionada con el tabaquismo es una entidad bien reconocida que simula clínica y patológicamente a la nefropatía nodular diabética. El humo del tabaco altera la hemodinamia intrarrenal por activación simpática y contiene radicales libres que inducen estrés oxidativo, incrementando la matriz extracelular glomerular. Presentamos un caso de esclerosis glomerular focal y segmentaria e hialinosis arteriolar severa en un hombre de 63 años, con proteinuria en rango nefrótico, hipertensión leve y función renal normal, con una historia de tabaquismo de larga data. La ausencia de otros factores de riesgo y los hallazgos clinicopatológicos sugieren en este caso, el posible rol del tabaquismo en la patogenia de la esclerosis glomerular focal y segmentaria
Smoking is a risk factor for the development of vascular lesions and glomerulosclerosis. Nodular glomerulopathy associated with this habit is well known and resembles diabetes nephropathy clinically and pathologically. Tobacco smoke affects intrarenal hemodynamics through sympathetic activation and contains free radicals inducting oxidative stress, which increases glomerular extracellular matrix. We report the case of a 63-year-old man with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, severe arteriolar hyalinosis, nephrotic-range proteinuria, mild hypertension, normal renal function and a long-term smoking history. The absence of other risk factors and the clinicopathologic findings suggest that in this case smoking may play a role in the pathogenesis of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis