Assessment of Popcorn's Bioactive Status in Response to Popping.

Popcorn is a specialty maize variety with popping abilities. Although considered a snack, popcorn flakes provide a variety of benefits for the human diet. To evaluate the change in content of bioactive compounds in response to microwave popping, the kernels and flakes of twelve popcorn hybrids were assayed. Accordingly, the content of phytic acid, glutathione, phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and tocopherols, as well as the antioxidant activity, were evaluated. In all evaluated popcorn hybrids, the most pronounced significant average decrease of 71.94% was observed for GSH content, followed by 57.72% and 16.12% decreases for lutein + zeaxanthin and phytic acid content, respectively. In response to popping, in the majority of the evaluated hybrids, the most pronounced significant average changes of a 63.42% increase and a 27.61% decrease were observed for DPPH, followed by a 51.52% increase and a 24.48% decrease for ß-carotene, as well as, a 48.62% increase and a 16.71% decrease for α-Tocopherol content, respectively. The applied principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses revealed the distinct separation of popcorn hybrids' kernels and flakes, indicating the existence of a unique linkage of changes in bioactive compound content in response to popping.

Chemical Data and Relationships for a Scoring Algorithm of Extra Virgin Olive Oil's Nutritional Value.

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is a valuable product and is highly appreciated by consumers for its great nutritional value. However, to date, there has been a lack of uniform systems capable of ranking the nutritional value of EVOO based on its chemical composition in terms of macro- and micronutrients (including phenolic compounds and tocopherols). The aim of this study was to propose a scoring algorithm to rank the nutritional value of EVOO samples, considering their chemical composition in macro- and micronutrients and their sensitivity to oxidation phenomena. Data from more than 1000 EVOO samples were used to assess the variability of the data, considering the selected negative parameters (free acidity, peroxide value, spectrophotometric indices) and positive components (composition in tocopherols via HPLC-DAD, phenolic compounds via HPLC-DAD, and fatty acids via GC-MS) so as to ensure the universal validity of the scoring algorithm. The dataset included samples from the main producing countries worldwide, in addition to Australia, across several production years; data were selected to represent different production realities. A mathematical model was set up for each chemical component, resulting in six variable values. By combining these values with a dimensionless constant value, the algorithm for computing the nutritional value score (NVS) was defined. It allows the nutritional value of an oil to be ranked on a scale of 0 to 100 based on its chemical composition. The algorithm was then successfully tested using chemical data from about 300 EVOO samples obtained from laboratories from different Italian regions. The proposed NVS is a simple and objective tool for scoring the nutritional value of an EVOO, easy to understand for both producers and consumers.

Transcriptional and protein structural characterization of homogentisate phytyltransferase genes in barley, wheat, and oat.

BACKGROUND: Homogentisate phytyltransferase (HPT) is the critical enzyme for the biosynthesis of tocopherols (vitamin E), which are the major lipid-soluble antioxidants and help plants adapt to various stress conditions. HPT is generally strictly conserved in various plant genomes; however, a divergent lineage HPT2 was identified recently in some Triticeae species. The molecular function and transcriptional profiles of HPT2 remain to be characterized. RESULTS: In this study, we performed comprehensive transcriptome data mining of HPT1 and HPT2 in different tissues and stages of barley (Hordeum vulgare), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and oat (Avena sativa), followed by qRT-PCR experiments on HPT1 and HPT2 in different tissues of barley and wheat. We found that the common HPT1 genes (HvHPT1, TaHPT1s, and AsHPT1s) displayed a conserved transcriptional pattern in the three target species and were universally transcribed in various tissues, with a notable preference in leaf. In contrast, HPT2 genes (HvHPT2, TaHPT2, and AsHPT2) were specifically transcribed in spike (developmentally up-regulated) and shoot apex tissues, displaying a divergent tissue-specific pattern. Cis-regulatory elements prediction in the promoter region identified common factors related to light-, plant hormone-, low temperature-, drought- and defense- responses in both HPT1s and HPT2s. We observed the transcriptional up-regulation of HvHPT1 and HvHPT2 under various stress conditions, supporting their conserved function in environmental adaption. We detected a clear, relaxed selection pressure in the HPT2 lineage, consistent with the predicted evolution pattern following gene duplication. Protein structural modelling and substrate docking analyses identified putative catalytic amino acid residues for HvHPT1 and HvHPT2, which are strictly conserved and consistent with their function in vitamin E biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed the presence of two lineages of HPT in Triticeae and Aveninae, including hexaploid oat, and characterized their transcriptional profiles based on transcriptome and qRT-PCR data. HPT1s were ubiquitously transcribed in various tissues, whilst HPT2s were highly expressed in specific stages and tissue. The active transcription of HPT2s, together with its conserved cis-elements and protein structural features, support HPT2s' role in tocopherol production in Triticeae. This study is the first protein structural analysis on the membrane-bound plant HPTs and provides valuable insights into its catalytic mechanism.

How do barley plants with impaired photosynthetic light acclimation survive under high-light stress?

MAIN CONCLUSION: WHIRLY1 deficient barley plants surviving growth at high irradiance displayed increased non-radiative energy dissipation, enhanced contents of zeaxanthin and the flavonoid lutonarin, but no changes in α-tocopherol nor glutathione. Plants are able to acclimate to environmental conditions to optimize their functions. With the exception of obligate shade plants, they can adjust their photosynthetic apparatus and the morphology and anatomy of their leaves to irradiance. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L., cv. Golden Promise) plants with reduced abundance of the protein WHIRLY1 were recently shown to be unable to acclimatise important components of the photosynthetic apparatus to high light. Nevertheless, these plants did not show symptoms of photoinhibition. High-light (HL) grown WHIRLY1 knockdown plants showed clear signs of exposure to excessive irradiance such as a low epoxidation state of the violaxanthin cycle pigments and an early light saturation of electron transport. These responses were underlined by a very large xanthophyll cycle pool size and by an increased number of plastoglobules. Whereas zeaxanthin increased with HL stress, α-tocopherol, which is another lipophilic antioxidant, showed no response to excessive light. Also the content of the hydrophilic antioxidant glutathione showed no increase in W1 plants as compared to the wild type, whereas the flavone lutonarin was induced in W1 plants. HPLC analysis of removed epidermal tissue indicated that the largest part of lutonarin was presumably located in the mesophyll. Since lutonarin is a better antioxidant than saponarin, the major flavone present in barley leaves, it is concluded that lutonarin accumulated as a response to oxidative stress. It is also concluded that zeaxanthin and lutonarin may have served as antioxidants in the WHIRLY1 knockdown plants, contributing to their survival in HL despite their restricted HL acclimation.

Genotypic variation of tocopherol content in a representative genetic population and genome-wide association study on tocopherol in rapeseed (Brassica napus).

Tocopherols (Tocs) are a kind of lipid-soluble substance required for the normal physiological function of mammals, particularly their antioxidant capacity. Rapeseed (Brassica napus) oil is an important source of exogenous Tocs. However, the genotypic differences in the total Toc contents, the Toc composition in the seeds, and the molecular markers associated with the seed Toc remain largely unknown. Here, we selected 290 rapeseed accessions based on the resequencing of 991 genomes in a worldwide collection of rapeseed germplasm. The contents of the four Toc isoforms, namely, α-, ß-, γ-, and δ-Tocs, were also measured. Results show that the total Toc content and the γ-/α-Toc ratio varied greatly across the accessions from 85.34 to 387.00 mg/mg and 0.65 to 5.03, respectively. Furthermore, we conducted genome-wide association studies on the Tocs, which identified 28 and 73 single nucleotide polymorphisms significantly associated with the variation of total Toc content and γ-/α-Toc ratio, respectively. Bna.C02.VTE4, a putative orthologue of Arabidopsis VITAMIN E DEFICIENT 4, was tightly associated with the γ-/α-Toc ratio. This study recommends specific genetic materials with particularly high total Toc and/or low γ-/α-Toc ratio and the molecular markers and haplotypes associated with these quality traits for rapeseed breeding. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-023-01394-0.

Low expression of lipoxygenase 3 (LOX3) enhances the retention of kernel tocopherols in maize during storage.

BACKGROUND: Deficiency of vitamin E results in several neurological and age-related disorders in humans. Utilization of maize mutants with favourable vte4-allele led to the development of several α-tocopherol (vitamin E) rich (16-19 µg/g) maize hybrids worldwide. However, the degradation of tocopherols during post-harvest storage substantially affects the efficacy of these genotypes. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied the role of lipoxygenase enzyme and Lipoxygenase 3 (LOX3) gene on the degradation of tocopherols at monthly intervals under traditional storage up to six months in two vte4-based contrasting-tocopherol retention maize inbreds viz. HKI323-PVE and HKI193-1-PVE. The analysis revealed significant degradation of tocopherols across storage intervals in both the inbreds. Lower retention of α-tocopherol was noticed in HKI193-1-PVE. HKI323-PVE with the higher retention of α-tocopherol showed lower lipoxygenase activity throughout the storage intervals. LOX3 gene expression was higher (~ 1.5-fold) in HKI193-1-PVE compared to HKI323-PVE across the storage intervals. Both lipoxygenase activity and LOX3 expression peaked at 120 days after storage (DAS) in both genotypes. Further, a similar trend was observed for LOX3 expression and lipoxygenase activity. The α-tocopherol exhibited a significantly negative correlation with lipoxygenase enzyme and expression of LOX3 across the storage intervals. CONCLUSIONS: HKI323-PVE with high tocopherol retention, low -lipoxygenase activity, and -LOX3 gene expression can act as a potential donor in the vitamin E biofortification program. Protein-protein association network analysis also indicated the independent effect of vte4 and LOX genes. This is the first comprehensive report analyzing the expression of the LOX3 gene and deciphering its vital role in the retention of α-tocopherol in biofortified maize varieties under traditional storage.

Pentoxifylline and tocopherol as prophylaxis for osteonecrosis of the jaw due to bone-modifying agents in patients with cancer submitted to tooth extraction: a case series.

PURPOSE: To assess the prophylaxis effect of pentoxifylline and tocopherol (PENTO) on the frequency and severity of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) diagnosed at three months in patients with cancer submitted to tooth extractions during the treatment with bone-modifying agents. METHODS: This case series was conducted at the outpatient dental clinic of the Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP) between April 2021 and April 2022. Patients ≥ 18 years old were included; those with maxillary metastasis or who performed head or neck radiotherapy were excluded. The PENTO protocol was prescribed two weeks before and two weeks after the tooth extraction, and patients were reassessed one week, one month, and three months after the extraction. The main outcome was the development of MRONJ. RESULTS: Of the 114 screened patients, 17 were included; they were aged between 43 and 73 years and were mostly female (88.2%). Thirty-two tooth extractions were performed (22 in the maxilla and 10 in the mandible). Breast cancer was the most predominant neoplasm (70.6%), being metastatic in 35.3% of patients. Also, all patients used intravenous bisphosphonates. Stage 1 MRONJ was diagnosed in three patients (17.6%), representing three (9.4%) of all tooth extractions. The repair of MRONJ was achieved 30 days after the PENTO protocol. CONCLUSION: The prophylaxis use of PENTO reduced the severity of injuries, was well-tolerated, and showed patient compliance.

Response Surface Methodology-Based Optimized Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction and Characterization of Selected High-Value Components from Gemlik Olive Fruit.

This article presents an optimized ultrasound-assisted ethanolic extraction (UAEE) and characterization of selected high-value components from Gemlik olive fruit (GOF) harvested from Potohar region of Pakistan. Response surface methodology (RSM), involving central composite design (CCD), was applied to optimize the extraction variables i. e., temperature (25-65 °C), extraction time (15-45 min) and aqueous ethanol concentration (60-90 %) for optimal recovery of bioactives extract, total phenolic contents (TPC) and DPPH free radical scavengers. Under the optimized set of conditions such as 43 °C temperature, 32 min extraction time and 80 % aqueous ethanol, the best extract yield (218.82 mg/g), TPC (19.87 mg GAE/g) and DPPH scavenging activity (63.04 %) were recorded. A quadratic polynomial model was found to be reasonably fitted to the observed results for extract yield (p<0.0001 and R2 =0.9941), TPC (p<0.0001 and R2 =0.9891), and DPPH radical scavenging activity (p<0.0001 and R2 =0.9692). Potent phenolic compounds were identified by GC/MS in GOF extract and considerable amount of essential fatty acids were also detected. The current findings support the use of UAEE as an effective green route for optimized recovery of high-value components from GOF and hence its applications can be extended to functional food and nutra-pharmaceutical developments.

Elucidating the Mesocarp Drupe Transcriptome of Açai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.): An Amazonian Tree Palm Producer of Bioactive Compounds.

Euterpe oleracea palm, endemic to the Amazon region, is well known for açai, a fruit violet beverage with nutritional and medicinal properties. During E. oleracea fruit ripening, anthocyanin accumulation is not related to sugar production, contrarily to grape and blueberry. Ripened fruits have a high content of anthocyanins, isoprenoids, fibers, and proteins, and are poor in sugars. E. oleracea is proposed as a new genetic model for metabolism partitioning in the fruit. Approximately 255 million single-end-oriented reads were generated on an Ion Proton NGS platform combining fruit cDNA libraries at four ripening stages. The de novo transcriptome assembly was tested using six assemblers and 46 different combinations of parameters, a pre-processing and a post-processing step. The multiple k-mer approach with TransABySS as an assembler and Evidential Gene as a post-processer have shown the best results, with an N50 of 959 bp, a read coverage mean of 70x, a BUSCO complete sequence recovery of 36% and an RBMT of 61%. The fruit transcriptome dataset included 22,486 transcripts representing 18 Mbp, of which a proportion of 87% had significant homology with other plant sequences. Approximately 904 new EST-SSRs were described, and were common and transferable to Phoenix dactylifera and Elaeis guineensis, two other palm trees. The global GO classification of transcripts showed similar categories to that in P. dactylifera and E. guineensis fruit transcriptomes. For an accurate annotation and functional description of metabolism genes, a bioinformatic pipeline was developed to precisely identify orthologs, such as one-to-one orthologs between species, and to infer multigenic family evolution. The phylogenetic inference confirmed an occurrence of duplication events in the Arecaceae lineage and the presence of orphan genes in E. oleracea. Anthocyanin and tocopherol pathways were annotated entirely. Interestingly, the anthocyanin pathway showed a high number of paralogs, similar to in grape, whereas the tocopherol pathway exhibited a low and conserved gene number and the prediction of several splicing forms. The release of this exhaustively annotated molecular dataset of E. oleracea constitutes a valuable tool for further studies in metabolism partitioning and opens new great perspectives to study fruit physiology with açai as a model.

Evaluation of the Efficacy and Synergistic Effect of α- and δ-Tocopherol as Natural Antioxidants in the Stabilization of Sunflower Oil and Olive Pomace Oil during Storage Conditions.

Tocopherols are natural bioactive compounds with several health benefits. This study evaluated the effect of different ratios of α- and δ- tocopherol homologs to protect sunflower oil (SO) and olive pomace oil (OPO) against oxidation. A synergistic effect was recorded when the two tocopherols were combined at a ratio of 7:1 (α-T/δ-T). The oil samples were exposed to accelerated oxidation conditions using a Rancimat (90 °C and airflow of 15 L/h for 24 h) and protection from tocopherols was compared with that from butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Assessment of oil stability was examined using well-known parameters such as peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), p-anisidine value (p-AV), conjugated dienes (CD) and trienes (CT), and total oxidation (Totox) value, which were all significantly reduced when tocopherols were added at a ratio of 7:1 α-T/δ-T. Primary oxidative compounds measured according to PV were only reduced in SO samples (6.11%). Off-flavor compounds measured via TBARS assay in SO samples were reduced by above 20%, while p-AV was also reduced. CDvalue was correlated with PV in SO samples, while the 7:1 mixture was more effective than BHT for CTvalue. Total oxidation values in SO samples and OPO samples were reduced by 6.02% and 12.62%, respectively. These values in SO samples also provided a remarkable correlation (R2 > 0.95) with incubation time. Moreover, the synergistic effect was not only effective in reducing the oxidation values of oil samples, but also in lowering the degradation rate of tocopherols. Protective effects from tocopherols were mainly observed in SO samples, as OPO samples were more resistant to oxidation processes. This effect was even observed in fatty acid analysis, where the 7:1 mixture provided better results than BHT-spiked samples. Thus, it is suggested that tocopherol mixtures might be used as a natural preservative in the food industry to restrain lipid oxidation processes.

Lupin as a Source of Bioactive Antioxidant Compounds for Food Products.

Four species of lupin (white lupin, yellow lupin, blue lupin and Andean lupin) are widely cropped thanks to the excellent nutritional composition of their seeds: high protein content (28-48 g/100 g); good lipid content (4.6-13.5 g/100 g, but up to 20.0 g/100 g in Andean lupin), especially unsaturated triacylglycerols; and richness in antioxidant compounds like carotenoids, tocols and phenolics. Particularly relevant is the amount of free phenolics, highly bioaccessible in the small intestine. However, the typical bitter and toxic alkaloids must be eliminated before lupin consumption, hindering its diffusion and affecting its nutritional value. This review summarises the results of recent research in lupin composition for the above-mentioned three classes of antioxidant compounds, both in non-debittered and debittered seeds. Additionally, the influence of technological processes to further increase their nutritional value as well as the effects of food manufacturing on antioxidant content were scrutinised. Lupin has been demonstrated to be an outstanding raw material source, superior to most crops and suitable for manufacturing foods with good antioxidant and nutritional properties. The bioaccessibility of lupin antioxidants after digestion of ready-to-eat products still emerges as a dearth in current research.

Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Composition of Nut Bars with Addition of Various Edible Insect Flours.

Edible insects represent a new functional source of nutrients that can contribute to solving nutritional deficiency problems. The antioxidant potential and bioactive compounds of nut bars with the addition of three edible insects were evaluated. Acheta domesticus L., Alphitobius diaperinus P. and Tenebrio molitor L. flours were used. A 30% share of insect flour in the bars resulted in significantly greater antioxidant activity (TPC increased from 190.19 for standard bars to 309.45 mg catechin/100 g for bars with 30% addition of cricket flour). Insect flour contributed significantly to an increase in 2,5-dihydrobenzoic acid (from 0.12 for bars with a 15% share of buffalo worm flour to 0.44 mg/100 g in the case of bars with a 30% share of cricket flour) and chlorogenic acid in all bars (from 0.58 for bars with a 15% share of cricket flour to 3.28 mg/100 g for bars with a 30% addition of buffalo worm flour), compared to the standard. The highest content of tocopherols was found in bars with cricket flour, compared to standard bars (43.57 and 24.06 mg/100 g of fat, respectively). The dominant sterol in bars enriched with insect powder was cholesterol. The highest amount of it was found in cricket bars, and the lowest in mealworm bars (64.16 and 21.62 mg/100 g of fat, respectively). The enrichment of nut bars with insect flours raises the levels of valuable phytosterols in the final product. The addition of edible insect flours reduced the perception of most sensory attributes of the bars, compared to the standard bar.

Wheat Roll Enhanced by Buckwheat Hull, a New Functional Food: Focus on the Retention of Bioactive Compounds.

Wheat roll enhanced by buckwheat hull was used as a model for determining the retention of bioactive compounds during technological steps. The research included analysis of the formation of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) and retention of bioactive compounds such as tocopherols, glutathione, or antioxidant capacity. About a 30% decrease in the content of available lysine in the roll was observed compared to the value obtained for fermented dough. Free FIC, FAST index, and browning index were highest for the final products. The increase of analyzed tocopherols (α-, ß-,γ-, and δ-T) was noticed during the technological steps, with the highest values found for the roll with 3% of buckwheat hull. A significant reduction in GSH and GSSG content occurred during the baking process. The observed increase in the value of the antioxidant capacity after the baking process may be the result of the formation of new antioxidant compounds.

The Effect of Mineral Fertilization on the Content of Bioactive Compounds in Hemp Seeds and Oil.

The popularity of hemp cultivation for industrial purposes has been steadily growing for many years. With the addition of products derived from these plants to the Novel Food Catalogue, maintained by the European Commission, a significant increase in interest in hemp food is also expected. The aim of the study was to determine the characteristics of hempseed, oil, and oil cake samples produced from experimental plots grown in different conditions. The research was conducted on the Henola variety, one of the newest and most popular varieties of hemp, recently bred for grain and oil. The content of bioactive compounds in grain and oil has been subjected to detailed chemical analyses in order to determine the effect of fertilization, the method of plant cultivation, and processing conditions on their quantity. The test results and the statistical analysis carried out showed a significant impact of the tested factors on the content of some of the tested bioactive compounds. The obtained results will help in the development of an effective method of cultivation for this hemp variety in order to maximize the content of the desired bioactive compounds per unit of cultivation area.

Effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on tocochromanol and carotenoid biofortification in maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings.

BACKGROUND: Maize is a sought-after food crop because it is micronutrient-rich and affordable. It is an excellent source of carotenoids and tocochromanols. To investigate ways to enhance the micronutrients in maize, we grew maize seedlings with ultrasonic pretreatment to study the effect of ultrasound pretreatment on the biofortification of tocochromanols and carotenoids using high-performance liquid chromatography and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Four tocopherol isomers, three tocotrienol isomers and six carotenoid components were measured in maize seedlings. Compared with the untreated maize seedlings, carotenoid content increased and reached the highest level at 8 min ultrasonic pretreatment (19.21 ± 0.44 µg g-1 fresh weight (FW)), but tocotrienol content evidently decreased. Tocopherol dropped at first but began to rise after 8 min ultrasonic pretreatment (258.1 ± 6.4 µg g-1 FW). In particular, zeaxanthin in maize seedlings doubled after pre-sonication, while lutein was boosted to 11.81 ± 0.20 µg g-1 FW. Ultrasonic pretreatment changed the predominant component of tocochromanols in maize seedlings from γ-tocotrienol to α-tocopherol, with the latter content being 1.3 times higher than in the untreated group. Up-regulation of key genes involved in the biosynthesis of tocopherols and carotenoids in maize seedlings occurred as a result of both 2 min and 6 min sonication pretreatment. In particular, Zm HPPD, Zm ZE, Zm ZDS and Zm MPBQ-MT could partly explain the changes in these phytochemicals. CONCLUSION: Wet ultrasonic pretreatment could increase tocopherol and carotenoid accumulation in maize seedlings but decrease tocotrienol synthesis. Some up-regulating genes are related to relevant syntheses, such as Zm HPPD, Zm ZE, Zm ZDS and Zm MPBQ-MT, which could influence the accumulation of tocopherols and carotenoids after ultrasonic pretreatment. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Vitamin E protects from lipid peroxidation during winter stress in the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa.

MAIN CONCLUSION: Adjustments in the antenna size and α-tocopherol contents provide protection from sustained damage in leaves of a seagrass, while low vitamin E contents appear to be enough to protect rhizomes (which appear to be more cold tolerant than leaves). Despite low temperatures can adversely affect the proper growth and development of marine angiosperms, by, among other processes, increasing reactive oxygen species production and causing oxidative damage to lipid membranes, the role of vitamin E in seagrasses, such as Cymodocea nodosa has not been explored thus far. Here, we aimed to better understand the possible role of this chain-breaking (peroxyl radical-trapping) antioxidant in response to low temperatures, and most particularly in relation to the occurrence of photo-inhibition and lipid peroxidation. Low temperatures caused an important desiccation of leaves, but not of rhizomes, which were much more tolerant to cold stress than leaves. Cold stress during winter was associated with chlorophyll loss and transient photo-inhibition, as indicated by reversible reductions in the Fv/Fm ratio. Adjustments in pigment antenna size and vitamin E contents per unit of chlorophyll during winter may help protect the photosynthetic apparatus from sustained photo-inhibitory damage and lipid peroxidation events in leaves. Rhizomes also accumulated significant amounts of vitamin E, although to a much lesser extent than leaves, and kept protected from lipid peroxidation during winter, as indicated by malondialdehyde contents, a product from secondary lipid peroxidation. It is concluded that vitamin E can help protect both leaves and rhizomes from lipid peroxidation, although cold stress during winter can cause transient photo-inhibition of the photosynthetic apparatus, in C. nodosa.

How should we judge edible oils and fats? An umbrella review of the health effects of nutrient and bioactive components found in edible oils and fats.

Dietary guidelines for many Western countries base their edible oil and fat recommendations solely on saturated fatty acid content. This study aims to demonstrate which nutritional and bioactive components make up commonly consumed edible oils and fats; and explore the health effects and strength of evidence for key nutritional and bioactive components of edible oils. An umbrella review was conducted in several stages. Food composition databases of Australia and the United States of America, and studies were examined to profile nutrient and bioactive content of edible oils and fats. PUBMED and Cochrane databases were searched for umbrella reviews, systematic literature reviews of randomized controlled trials or cohort studies, individual randomized controlled trials, and individual cohort studies to examine the effect of the nutrient or bioactive on high-burden chronic diseases (cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, cancer, mental illness, cognitive impairment). Substantial systematic literature review evidence was identified for fatty acid categories, tocopherols, biophenols, and phytosterols. Insufficient evidence was identified for squalene. The evidence supports high mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acid compositions, total biophenol content, phytosterols, and possibly high α-tocopherol content as having beneficial effects on high-burden health comes. Future dietary guidelines should use a more sophisticated approach to judge edible oils beyond saturated fatty acid content.

Nutritional, phytochemical and diverse health-promoting qualities of Cleome gynandra.

Cleome gynandra (Syn. Gynandropsis gynandra) is fast emerging as one of the most widely consumed leafy vegetables due to its nutrition and health-promoting properties. In addition to its high nutritional content, the plant has a rich pool of diverse antioxidant phytochemicals. The current review provides a critical appraisal on the increasing nutritional significance of Cleome gynandra due to its rich pool of natural bioactive compounds and beneficial health-promoting qualities. The rich nutritional content especially the high levels of macro- and micronutrients is an indication of its potential to mitigate malnutrition and the increasing incidence of diet-related obesity and non-communicable diseases. The presence of health-promoting natural compounds, notably polyphenols, glucosinates and terpernoids has been confirmed in Cleome gynandra using different analytical methods. Cleome gynandra possesses high levels of α-tocopherol, ß-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, α-carotene, ß-carotene, lutein, violaxanthin, and ß-cryptoxanthin. These nutritional compounds could be useful in food applications as supplements, colorants and extending shelf-life of food products. Cleome gynandra extracts have demonstrated promising effects in several biological assays using in vitro and in vivo systems. Clearly, diversified diets that include a regular intake of dark green leafy vegetables including Cleome gynandra, holds great promise in ensuring food and nutrition security.

Plant-Derived Antioxidants: Significance in Skin Health and the Ageing Process.

Natural substances have traditionally been used in skin care for centuries. There is now an ongoing search for new natural bioactives that not only promote skin health but also protect the skin against various harmful factors, including ultraviolet radiation and free radicals. Free radicals, by disrupting defence and restoration mechanisms, significantly contribute to skin damage and accelerate ageing. Natural compounds present in plants exhibit antioxidant properties and the ability to scavenge free radicals. The increased interest in plant chemistry is linked to the growing interest in plant materials as natural antioxidants. This review focuses on aromatic and medicinal plants as a source of antioxidant substances, such as polyphenols, tocopherols, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, and macromolecules (including polysaccharides and peptides) as well as components of essential oils, and their role in skin health and the ageing process.

Antioxidant Constituents and Activities of the Pulp with Skin of Korean Tomato Cultivars.

Tomato is a widely distributed, cultivated, and commercialized vegetable crop. It contains antioxidant constituents including lycopene, tocopherols, vitamin C, γ-aminobutyric acid, phenols, and flavonoids. This study determined the contents of the antioxidant components and activities of the pulp with skin of ten regular, six medium-sized, and two small cherry tomato cultivars at red ripe (BR + 10) stage cultivated in Korea. The relationships among the Hunter color coordinates, the content of each component, and antioxidant activities were measured by Pearson's correlation coefficients. As the a* value increased, the carotenoid and vitamin C contents increased, while the L* value, hue angle and tocopherol content decreased. As the b* value increased, the lycopene and total carotenoid contents decreased, and the flavonoid content in the hydrophilic extracts increased. The contents of vitamin C and total carotenoids including lycopene showed high positive correlations with the DPPH radical scavenging activities of both the lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts. Tocopherols and total phenolics in the hydrophilic and lipophilic extracts were not major positive contributors to the antioxidant activity. These findings suggest the quality standards for consumer requirements and inputs for on-going research for the development of better breeds.