The complete mitochondrial genome of Clepsis pallidana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) with phylogenetic implications.

The leaf roller, Clepsis pallidana (Fabricius, 1776) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is an important pest of many crops in China. The circular genome is 15,679 bp in length, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and a non-coding AT-rich region. The base composition of the whole mitogenome is 41.2% A, 40.1% T, 11.1% C, and 7.7% G, which shows a strong AT bias. Phylogenetic analysis based on 13 PCGs showed that C. pallidana was closely related to Epiphyas postvittana and clustered within Archipini clade, which was consistent with the traditional classification.

Immigrant Tortricidae: Holarctic versus Introduced Species in North America.

In support of a comprehensive update to the checklist of the moths of North America, we attempt to determine the status of 151 species of Tortricidae present in North America that may be Holarctic, introduced, or sibling species of their European counterparts. Discovering the natural distributions of these taxa is often difficult, if not impossible, but several criteria can be applied to determine if a species that is present in both Europe and North America is natively Holarctic, introduced, or represented by different but closely related species on each continent. We use DNA barcodes (when available), morphology, host plants, and historical records (literature and museum specimens) to make these assessments and propose several taxonomic changes, as well as future areas of research. The following taxa are raised from synonymy to species status: Acleris ferrumixtana (Benander, 1934), stat. rev.; Acleris viburnana (Clemens, 1860), stat. rev.; Acleris pulverosana (Walker, 1863), stat. rev.; Acleris placidana (Robinson, 1869), stat. rev.; Lobesia spiraeae (McDunnough, 1938), stat. rev.; and Epiblema arctica Miller, 1985, stat. rev. Cydia saltitans (Westwood, 1858), stat. rev., is determined to be the valid name for the "jumping bean moth," and Phiaris glaciana (Möschler, 1860), comb. n., is placed in a new genus. We determine that the number of Holarctic species has been overestimated by at least 20% in the past, and that the overall number of introduced species in North America is unexpectedly high, with Tortricidae accounting for approximately 23-30% of the total number of Lepidoptera species introduced to North America.