Learning Outcomes of e-Learning in Psychotherapy Training and Comparison With Conventional Training Methods: Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Mental disorders pose a major public health problem in most western countries. The demand for services for common mental health disorders has been on the rise despite the widespread accessibility of medication. Especially, the supply and demand for evidence-based psychotherapy do not align. Large-scale increase of modern psychotherapy is difficult with current methods of training which are often expensive, time consuming, and dependent on a small number of top-level professionals as trainers. E-learning has been proposed to enhance psychotherapy training accessibility, quality, and scalability. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aims to provide an overview of the current evidence regarding e-learning in psychotherapy training. In particular, the review examines the usability, acceptability, and learning outcomes associated with e-learning. Learning outcomes are assessed in different modalities including trainee experiences, knowledge acquisition, skill acquisition, and application of trained content in daily practice. Furthermore, the equivalence of web-based training and conventional training methods is evaluated. METHODS: Following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, a search from Ovid, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Scopus databases between 2008 and June 2022 was conducted. Inclusion criteria required studies to describe e-learning systems for psychotherapy training and assess acceptability, feasibility, or learning outcomes. The risk of bias was evaluated for both randomized and nonrandomized studies. Learning outcomes were categorized using the Kirkpatrick model. Effect sizes comparing e-learning and traditional methods were calculated. RESULTS: The search yielded 3380 publications, of which 34 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Positive learning outcomes are generally associated with various e-learning programs in psychotherapy training including trainee satisfaction, knowledge, and skill acquisition, and in application of trained content in clinical practice. Learning outcomes generally show equivalence between e-learning and conventional training methods. The overall effect size, indicating this disparity, was 0.01, suggesting no significant difference. This literature displays a high level of heterogeneity in e-learning solutions and assessment methods. CONCLUSIONS: e-Learning seems to have good potential to enhance psychotherapy training by increasing access, scalability, and cost-effectiveness while maintaining quality in terms of learning outcomes. Results are congruent with findings related to e-learning in health education in general where e-learning as a pedagogy is linked to an opportunity to carry out learner-centric practices. Recommendations for conducting psychotherapy training programs in blended settings supported by activating learning methods are presented. However, due to the heterogeneity and limitations in the existing literature, further research is necessary to replicate these findings and to establish global standards for e-learning, as well as for the assessment of training outcomes in psychotherapy education. Research is especially needed on the effects of training on patient outcomes and optimal ways to combine e-learning and conventional training methods in blended learning settings.

Comparative validity of three simulation platforms for objective assessment of otoscopy skills.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the face, construct and content validity of three different platforms for otoscopy skills assessment, using a traditional otoscope with manikin, digital otoscope (Tympahealth) with manikin, and traditional otoscope with a low-cost model ear (SimEar). DESIGN: Prospective mixed methods study. SETTING: Tertiary hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Postgraduate trainees and expert assessors. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Face and Content validity based on expert assessor ranking on each model and their feedback from semi-structured interviews. Construct validity based on Objective Structured Clinical Examination scores. RESULTS: Each platform differed in face, construct and content validity scores, with no one platform consistently outperforming others. Three main themes were identified during thematic analysis of expert assessor interviews: ability to assess what is seen, anatomical reality, and ease of use. The low-cost model showed greatest potential, where modification to include a silicone ear could lead to high validity with marginal increase in cost. CONCLUSION: Several modalities for assessing otoscopy skills exist, each with advantages and disadvantages. Modifications to a low-cost model, for use with either a traditional or digital otoscope, could prove to be the best model.

Developing pre-service teachers' computational thinking: a systematic literature review.

Recently, computational thinking (CT) has gained importance in education systems worldwide, specifically the CT training of pre-service teachers. This study conducted a systematic literature analysis (2011-2021) of 38 works on pre-service teachers' CT based on Web of Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases. The results were as follows: (1) Six training methods were found, (2) CT training effectively improved pre-service teachers' CT, (3) A positive relationship was found between pre-service teachers' CT ability and the five factors affecting the ability, (4) A mode of training to improve CT ability of pre-service teachers and the relationship between CT ability and teaching methods were considered. This study suggested ideas for designing training modules of CT ability and a reference for realizing the best training effect. Finally, future research trends and a general model of training were presented as references for researchers, instructors, and policy makers to promote the CT of pre-service teachers.

CPMF-Net: Multi-Feature Network Based on Collaborative Patches for Retinal Vessel Segmentation.

As an important basis of clinical diagnosis, the morphology of retinal vessels is very useful for the early diagnosis of some eye diseases. In recent years, with the rapid development of deep learning technology, automatic segmentation methods based on it have made considerable progresses in the field of retinal blood vessel segmentation. However, due to the complexity of vessel structure and the poor quality of some images, retinal vessel segmentation, especially the segmentation of Capillaries, is still a challenging task. In this work, we propose a new retinal blood vessel segmentation method, called multi-feature segmentation, based on collaborative patches. First, we design a new collaborative patch training method which effectively compensates for the pixel information loss in the patch extraction through information transmission between collaborative patches. Additionally, the collaborative patch training strategy can simultaneously have the characteristics of low occupancy, easy structure and high accuracy. Then, we design a multi-feature network to gather a variety of information features. The hierarchical network structure, together with the integration of the adaptive coordinate attention module and the gated self-attention module, enables these rich information features to be used for segmentation. Finally, we evaluate the proposed method on two public datasets, namely DRIVE and STARE, and compare the results of our method with those of other nine advanced methods. The results show that our method outperforms other existing methods.

The effect of training given using three different methods on genital hygiene behaviours after medical curettage.

This research was conducted to determine the effect of genital hygiene training given with three different methods after medical curettage on genital hygiene behaviours. A randomised semi-experimental study was performed with 90 patients who underwent medical curettage at a university hospital in Turkey. The participants were divided into three equal groups: verbal training, training with written materials, and demonstration only. Data was collected using the Patient Information Form and the Genital Hygiene Behaviour Scale. There was no difference between mean pre-training and post-training Genital Hygiene Behaviours Scale total and sub-dimension scores in the verbal group (p > .05). There was a difference between the groups after the training between the mean total and sub-dimensions of the Genital Hygiene Behaviour Scale scores (p < .05). The study findings showed that the demonstration method in genital hygiene training given to participants who underwent medical curettage was more effective in improving genital hygiene behaviours than other methods.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? It is seen that verbal education alone is not effective in providing and developing genital hygiene behaviours. Although studies are investigating the effectiveness of education on genital hygiene behaviours of women, there is no study investigating the effectiveness of education methods.What do the results of this study add? The demonstration method for the development of genital hygiene behaviours is more effective than verbal and written education methods.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? This study provides evidence for the effectiveness of training methods for the development of genital hygiene behaviours. Nurses' preference for demonstration methods in genital hygiene education programs may contribute to the protection and development of health by facilitating the teaching of correct health behaviours.

Interactive tools for safety 4.0: virtual ergonomics and serious games in real working contexts.

This paper presents an innovative safety training method based on digital ergonomics simulations and serious games, which are games that focus on education. Digital ergonomics is intended to disseminate the culture of safety among workers, while serious games are used to train the operators on specific safety procedures and verify their skills. The results of the experimentation in a real industrial environment showed that, compared to the traditional training methodology, multimedia contents and quantitative ergonomic analyses improve the level of attention and the awareness of the workers about their own safety. However, serious games turned out to be promising training tools with regard to standard operating procedures that are usually difficult or dangerous to simulate in a real working scenario without stopping production. Practitioner summary: Digital ergonomics and serious games are used to disseminate the culture of safety among the workers and for safety training. Our results show that the proposed methodology improves the level of attention and provides a better feedback about the actual skills of the workers than the standard educational strategies. Abbreviations.

Behavioral training of marmosets and electrophysiological recording from the cerebellum.

The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a promising new model for study of neurophysiological basis of behavior in primates. Like other primates, it relies on saccadic eye movements to monitor and explore its environment. Previous reports have demonstrated some success in training marmosets to produce goal-directed actions in the laboratory. However, the number of trials per session has been relatively small, thus limiting the utility of marmosets as a model for behavioral and neurophysiological studies. In this article, we report the results of a series of new behavioral training and neurophysiological protocols aimed at increasing the number of trials per session while recording from the cerebellum. To improve the training efficacy, we designed a precisely calibrated food regulation regime that motivates the subjects to perform saccade tasks, resulting in ~1,000 reward-driven trials on a daily basis. We then developed a multichannel recording system that uses imaging to target a desired region of the cerebellum, allowing for simultaneous isolation of multiple Purkinje cells in the vermis. In this report, we describe 1) the design and surgical implantation of a computer tomography (CT)-guided, subject-specific head post, 2) the design of a CT- and MRI-guided alignment tool for trajectory guidance of electrodes mounted on an absolute encoder microdrive, 3) development of a protocol for behavioral training of subjects, and 4) simultaneous recordings from pairs of Purkinje cells during a saccade task.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Marmosets present the opportunity to investigate genetically based neurological disease in primates, in particular, diseases that affect social behaviors, vocal communication, and eye movements. All of these behaviors depend on the integrity of the cerebellum. We present training methods that better motivate the subjects, allowing for improved performance, and we also present electrophysiological techniques that precisely target the subject's cerebellum, allowing for simultaneous isolation of multiple Purkinje cells.

[Cardiac rehabilitation and its sporty face]. / A szívbetegek rehabilitációjának sportos arca.

The prognosis of cardiac and other diseases is highly determined by the level of cardiopulmonary fitness (aerobic capacity). The main purposes of rehabilitative activities include the restoration and increase of VO2max. The "classic" method is the continuous aerobic exercise (moderate-intensity continuous exercise). The higher increase of aerobic capacity in a shorter time can be developed by interval loads: shorter or longer active periods are interspersed by low-intensity rest periods. A recent form is the high-intensity interval training: 0.5-4 minutes on 70-90% of the aerobic capacity followed by a rest or low-intensity biking/walking/jogging/any activity. The sprint interval training uses a few ten seconds of maximal intensity bursts changed with longer low-intensity activities. The advantages of the interval methods are shorter training time, less monotony, higher efficiency with not more risks. Interval training methods are applied also in other pathologies without disadvantages. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(33): 1346-1352.

Comparison of muscle activity and tissue oxygenation during strength training protocols that differ by their organisation, rest interval between sets, and volume.

PURPOSE: The acute effects of a single training session on muscle activity and oxygenation were compared between a new strength training method (3/7 protocol) and a more classical method (4 × 6 and 8 × 6 protocols). METHOD: All protocols consisted of lifting and lowering a load (70 % 1RM) with the elbow-flexor muscles. The 3/7 protocol involved 5 sets of increasing number of repetitions during successive sets (from 3 to 7 repetitions), and brief rest interval between sets (15 s). The other two protocols consisted of either 4 or 8 sets of 6 repetitions with a rest interval between sets of 2.5 min. Surface electromyogram (EMG) of biceps brachii, brachioradialis, and triceps brachii, and tissue oxygenation index (TOI) of the two elbow flexors were recorded. RESULT: For all muscles, EMG increased similarly (50-60 %) during each set in the 4 × 6 and 8 × 6 protocols but gradually during the successive sets in the 3/7 protocol. At protocol completion, EMG reached greater value (p < 0.003) in the 3/7 protocol. TOI decreased during each set in all protocols but contrary to 4 × 6 and 8 × 6 protocols, it did not return to resting values between sets in the 3/7 protocol. The deficit in TOI per repetition was greater (p < 0.001) in the 3/7 (-142.5 ± 48.8 %) than 4 × 6 (-113.1 ± 48.8 %) and 8 × 6 (-105.9 ± 59.2 %) protocols for biceps brachii but not brachioradialis. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that brief rest interval between sets and incremental number of repetitions in successive sets induced greater muscle activity and metabolic changes compared with method of constant repetitions per set and longer rest interval.

Real-time feedback on knee abduction moment does not improve frontal-plane knee mechanics during jump landings.

Excessive knee abduction loading is a contributing factor to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a double-leg landing training program with real-time visual feedback improves frontal-plane mechanics during double- and single-leg landings. Knee abduction angles and moments and vertical ground reaction forces (GRF) of 21 recreationally active women were quantified for double- and single-leg landings before and after the training program. This program consisted of two sessions of double-leg jump landings with real-time visual feedback on knee abduction moments for the experimental group and without real-time feedback for the control group. No significant differences were found between training groups. In comparison with pre-training data, peak knee abduction moments decreased 12% post-training for both double- and single-leg landings; whereas peak vertical GRF decreased 8% post-training for double-leg landings only, irrespective of training group. Real-time feedback on knee abduction moments, therefore, did not significantly improve frontal-plane knee mechanics during landings. The effect of the training program on knee abduction moments, however, transferred from the double-leg landings (simple task) to single-leg landings (more complex task). Consequently, ACL injury prevention efforts may not need to focus on complex tasks during which injury occurs.

Perceived effectiveness of teaching methods for point of care ultrasound.

BACKGROUND: Point of care ultrasound (POCUS) is a rapidly expanding aspect of both the practice and education of emergency physicians. The most effective methods of teaching these valuable skills have not been explored. OBJECTIVE: This project aimed to identify those methods that provide the best educational value as determined by the learner. METHODS: Data was collected from pre- and post-course surveys administered to students of the introductory POCUS course provided to emergency medicine residents each year at our facility. Data were collected in 2010 and 2011. Participants were asked to evaluate the effectiveness of small- vs. large-group format, still images vs. video clips, and PowerPoint slides vs. live demonstration vs. hands-on scanning. RESULTS: Students felt the most effective methods to be small-group format, video-clip examples, and hands-on scanning sessions. Students also rated hands-on sessions, still images, and video images as more effective in post-course surveys as compared with pre-course surveys. CONCLUSIONS: The methods perceived as most effective for POCUS education are small-group format, video-clip examples, and hands-on scanning sessions.

Asian elephant calf physiology and mahout perspectives during taming in Myanmar.

A quarter of Asian elephants are captive, with greater than 90% of these tamed and cared for by handlers (mahouts) in Asia. Although taming is a much-discussed welfare issue, no studies to our knowledge have empirically assessed its impact on calves, and dialogue surrounding taming often lacks perspectives of those involved. Here, we interviewed mahouts involved in taming and monitored five physiological measures (faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGMs), serum cortisol, glucose, creatine kinase (CK) and heterophil:lymphocyte (H:L)) over the first 10 days of taming and following six months in 41 calves undergoing taming and 16 control individuals. These measures assess the duration and intensity of stress during taming. Interviews suggested mahouts had major concerns for their safety when discussing changing taming practices, an important consideration for future management. Calf physiological measures were elevated by 50-70% (FGMs/cortisol/glucose), 135% (H:L) and greater than 500% (CK) over the first few days of taming, indicative of elevated stress, not seen to the same extent in control adults. Some measures stabilized sooner (glucose/cortisol/CK/FGM: 7-10 days) than others (H:L: one-two months), indicating mostly acute stress. Our findings inform the welfare of approximately 15 000 captive elephants around the world. Future studies should compare taming in different populations and consider calf and mahout welfare.

Effects of Perceptual-Cognitive Training on Anticipation and Decision-Making Skills in Team Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Team sports require athletes' exceptional perceptual-cognitive skills, such as anticipation and decision-making. Perceptual-cognitive training in laboratories aims to enhance these abilities. However, its effectiveness in real-game performance remains controversial, necessitating a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine optimal training methods. Following the PRISMA guidelines, we searched databases (e.g., PubMed, WOS, Scopus, and EBSCO) for relevant studies published before November 2023, assessed study quality, extracted important characteristics, and conducted a meta-analysis using Stata 15.1. This study was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023494324). A total of 22 quantitative studies involving 45 effect sizes were included. Perceptual-cognitive training positively influenced elite athletes' anticipation and decision-making. However, its transfer effect on real-game performance improvement (ES = 0.65) was inferior to laboratory performance improvement (ES = 1.51). Sub-group analyses indicated that the effects of training interventions varied based on stimulus presentation and intervention duration. Based on our findings, we concluded that while perceptual-cognitive training improved on-court performance, its transfer effects were limited. To maximize effectiveness, future interventions should use virtual reality to present training stimuli and incorporate participants' sport-specific responses to reflect real-game scenarios.

Teaching hypospadias repair by utilising a novel 3D-printed silicon model: An initial assessment using structured trainee and trainer feedback.

INTRODUCTION: Simulated paediatric surgical training is inherently advantageous and flourishing. Moreover, several working conditions resulted in reduced training hours, index and subspecialty cases encountered, and the COVID-19 pandemic affected elective surgery backlogs, hence training opportunities. Hypospadias repair is technically-demanding and requires a spectrum of dissective and reconstructive skills. We therefore aimed to test a 3D-printed silicon model for hypospadias repair, in the context of hands-on surgical training. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-Seven trainees, under the supervision of 15 instructors, completed the activity. They were given a seminar to show the relevant anatomy, and 8 key steps of the exercise: (1)-degloving; (2)-urethral plate marking; (3)-incision; (4)-tubularisation; (5)-glansplasty/glanuloplasty; (6)-dartos layer preparation; (7)-preputioplasty and (8)-skin closure. Each trainee completed a structured feedback assessment. An on-site trainer supervised and evaluated each exercise. Trainees and trainers rated the model through the above steps from unsatisfactory-(1/5) to excellent-(5/5), presented herein via cross-sectional analysis. RESULTS: Eleven-(40.7 %) trainees were in years:1-3 of specialist training, 10-(37 %) were in years:4-6, and 6-(22.2 %) were beyond year-6. Two-(7.4 %) trainees had nil-hypospadias experience, 16-(59.2 %) previously assisted in procedures or performed steps, 5-(18.5 %) performed whole procedures supervised and 4-(14.8 %) independently. Twenty-(74 %) trainees and 15-(100 %) instructors judged the model to resemble the anomaly. Seventeen-(63 %) trainees and 13-(86.6 %) instructors rated the material needle-penetrability ≥3/5, compared to human tissue. Sixteen-(59 %) trainees and 13-(86.6 %) instructors rated the material suture holding ≥3/5. Eleven-(73.3 %) trainees and 13-(86.6 %) instructors rated sutures' evenness and edge coaptability ≥3/5. DISCUSSION: Hypospadias is an index operation, which requires precision skills. Simulated training in Paediatric Surgery and Urology is gaining importance. 3D-printed models are gaining a key role in simulated training. The study presents a novel 3D-printed high-fidelity silicon-based hypospadias model designed for hands-on training. A structured pathway to divide a standard hypospadias repair into key steps is displayed to ensure skill acquisition and stabilisation. CONCLUSION: This 3D-printed silicon-based hypospadias model is proven useful for hands-on training. The fidelity can still improve, especially regarding suture holding of the material. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: LEVEL III.

Enhancing volleyball training: empowering athletes and coaches through advanced sensing and analysis.

Modern sensing technologies and data analysis methods usher in a new era for sports training and practice. Hidden insights can be uncovered and interactive training environments can be created by means of data analysis. We present a system to support volleyball training which makes use of Inertial Measurement Units, a pressure sensitive display floor, and machine learning techniques to automatically detect relevant behaviours and provides the user with the appropriate information. While working with trainers and amateur athletes, we also explore potential applications that are driven by automatic action recognition, that contribute various requirements to the platform. The first application is an automatic video-tagging protocol that marks key events (captured on video) based on the automatic recognition of volleyball-specific actions with an unweighted average recall of 78.71% in the 10-fold cross-validation setting with convolution neural network and 73.84% in leave-one-subject-out cross-validation setting with active data representation method using wearable sensors, as an exemplification of how dashboard and retrieval systems would work with the platform. In the context of action recognition, we have evaluated statistical functions and their transformation using active data representation besides raw signal of IMUs sensor. The second application is the "bump-set-spike" trainer, which uses automatic action recognition to provide real-time feedback about performance to steer player behaviour in volleyball, as an example of rich learning environments enabled by live action detection. In addition to describing these applications, we detail the system components and architecture and discuss the implications that our system might have for sports in general and for volleyball in particular.

Dog Training, Keeping and Selection around 1300, Using the Example of Albertus Magnus and Petrus de Crescentiis.

Historical dog training methods reveal that dog training then and now might not have been that different. While some methods that would be considered unacceptable today have vanished over time, much of what we do today has been practiced historically for a long time. Albertus Magnus' De animalibus and Petrus de Crescentiis' Ruralia commodia deliver us historical evidence on how dogs were perceived, kept and trained by our ancestors. Not only were they already kept as pets, but they were also used in a wide range of professions. Dogs were utilized as guard and watchdogs, for hunting and for herding and livestock protection. Dogs are still trained in many of those professions today. From these historical records, we can learn how the perception and use of dogs has been similar or very different from our view on dogs today. We see how certain training methods have persisted over time, giving us an opportunity to ponder on new training and handling methods for man's best friend.

Effectiveness of blended versus fully digital training in primary care psychiatry: A retrospective comparison from India.

Objectives: We compared effectiveness of blended mode (consisting of traditional classroom teaching and e-learning sessions) and fully digital mode (e-learning sessions alone) of primary care psychiatry training for primary care doctors in Chhattisgarh. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively compared the engagement in training, knowledge (K), attitude (A), and practice (P) in primary care psychiatry, and patient identification by primary care doctors (n = 941) from Chhattisgarh region who underwent training through either blended training mode (n = 546) or fully digital training mode (n = 395) for 16 h each, using Clinical Schedules for Primary Care Psychiatry based modules between June 2019 and November 2020 with a tertiary care center (NIMHANS, Bengaluru) as hub. Statistical Analysis: The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 27 was used to analyze the data. Continuous variables were analyzed using the independent samples t-test, and discrete variables were analyzed using the Chi-square test. A repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) (two-way mixed design) was used to see the interaction of training type and time of pre- and post-KAP measurement while controlling for years of experience. The number of patients identified by both training groups over 8 months was also compared using the repeated measures ANOVA (two-way mixed design). Results: Engagement inferred by the number of participants completing pre-KAP forms (75%), post-KAP forms (43%), post-session assessments (37- 47%), case presentation (33.9%), and certification (32.1%) was better in the blended group (P < 0.05). The mean gain in KAP scores was significantly higher in the blended group controlling for the years of experience as primary care doctor (PCD) (F = 30.36, P < 0.001). PCDs in the blended training group consistently identified a higher number of patients with mental illness over 8 months of follow-up (F = 6.21, P < 0.001). Conclusion: The blended mode yielded better results in primary care psychiatry training compared to fully digital mode. In-person interactions while provided for a very brief proportion of the training seem to have an unmistakable imprint on the outcomes and seem critical for better consolidation and assimilation of information, which translates into better practice.

The effectiveness of empathy training in health care: a meta-analysis of training content and methods.

OBJECTIVES: The meta-analysis examined the question of whether empathy training is effective in health care and whether specific training content and methods can be found to account for its effectiveness. METHODS: We included 13 out of 50 studies (total N = 1315) that fulfilled the search criteria. R version 4.0.5 with the esc, meta, metafor, and dmetar packages and SPSS28 were used to conduct the meta-analysis based on the random-effects model. The effect sizes were calculated using Hedge`s g, and heterogeneity was tested using Cochran's Q. In addition, the multicollinearity of the moderators was checked. RESULTS: The overall effect size (Hedge´s g = 0.58, s = 0.10, p = 0.00) indicated a moderate effect of empathy training. There was a significant heterogeneity (I2 = 76.9%, Q = 84.82, p=0.00), thus we examined whether individual training methods have influenced effect sizes, which could not be confirmed (F (8,4) = 0.98, p = 0.55). The same applied to the training contents (F (6,6) = 0.27, p = 0.93). CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that empathy training could be effective. This confirmed previous findings and supported the use of such training. However, according to our results, no significant moderators could be found, i.e., the training contents or methods did not contribute to the effect sizes. For meaningful findings, a comparison of different training components should definitely be made, and it should be investigated whether empathy training spread over a period of time is more effective and sustainable than one-time training.

Testing the knowledge of Alzheimer's disease via an intervention study among community health service center staff in Jiaxing, China.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the knowledge status of Alzheimer's disease (AD) among community health service center (CHSC) staff in Jiaxing, China, and to compare the effects of online with offline training. Methods: A total of 763 people from 12 community health service centers were investigated using a self-created general situation questionnaire and the Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Scale (ADKS). Among the participants, 261 people who were willing to receive training were randomly divided into two groups according to the institution in which they worked to receive online or offline training, respectively. Results: The average ADKS score was 19.77, and the awareness rate was 65.92%; the results for every field were as follows: treatment and management (81.32%); life impact (77.76%); disease course (75.23%); assessment and diagnosis (68.94%); risk factors (65.05%); symptoms (57.90%); caregiving (44.06%). Education and profession had impacts on the total ADKS scores (P < 0.05). A total of 261 people participated in the training, and there were significant differences in ADKS scores before and after training (P < 0.05). Before the training, there was no significant difference in ADKS score between the two groups; after the training, either (P > 0.05). There were significant differences in the ADKS scores after training in both groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Community health service center staff in Jiaxing had limited knowledge of AD, particularly in the "symptom" and "caregiving" dimensions. One instance of training on AD-related knowledge to some degree helped to improve this but still fell short of meeting the national requirements. No significant differences were found between offline and online training effects.

Resistance Training Variables for Optimization of Muscle Hypertrophy: An Umbrella Review.

This umbrella review aimed to analyze the different variables of resistance training and their effect on hypertrophy, and to provide practical recommendations for the prescription of resistance training programs to maximize hypertrophy responses. A systematic research was conducted through of PubMed/MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses statement guidelines. A total of 52 meta-analyses were found, of which 14 met the inclusion criteria. These studies were published between 2009 and 2020 and comprised 178 primary studies corresponding to 4,784 participants. Following a methodological quality analysis, nine meta-analyses were categorized as high quality, presenting values of 81-88%. The remaining meta-analyses were rated as moderate quality, with values between 63-75%. Based on this umbrella review, we can state that at least 10 sets per week per muscle group is optimal, that eccentric contractions seem important, very slow repetitions (≥10 s) should be avoided, and that blood flow restriction might be beneficial for some individuals. In addition, other variables as, exercise order, time of the day and type of periodization appear not to directly influence the magnitude of muscle mass gains. These findings provide valuable information for the design and configuration of the resistance training program with the aim of optimizing muscle hypertrophy.