Predictors of mechanical ventilation and mortality in critically ill patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if potential predictors for invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) are also determinants for mortality in COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (C-ARDS). DESIGN: Single center highly detailed longitudinal observational study. SETTING: Tertiary hospital ICU: two first COVID-19 pandemic waves, Madrid, Spain. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS: 280 patients with C-ARDS, not requiring IMV on admission. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Target: endotracheal intubation and IMV, mortality. PREDICTORS: demographics, hourly evolution of oxygenation, clinical data, and laboratory results. RESULTS: The time between symptom onset and ICU admission, the APACHE II score, the ROX index, and procalcitonin levels in blood were potential predictors related to both IMV and mortality. The ROX index was the most significant predictor associated with IMV, while APACHE II, LDH, and DaysSympICU were the most with mortality. CONCLUSIONS: According to the results of the analysis, there are significant predictors linked with IMV and mortality in C-ARDS patients, including the time between symptom onset and ICU admission, the severity of the COVID-19 waves, and several clinical and laboratory measures. These findings may help clinicians to better identify patients at risk for IMV and mortality and improve their management.

Association of dead space fraction to mortality in patients with COVID-19-related ARDS: A historical cohort observational study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the correlation of dead space fraction (VD/VT) measured through time capnography, corrected minute volume (CMV) and ventilation ratio (VR) with clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. DESIGN: Observational study of a historical cohort. SETTING: University hospital in Medellin, Colombia. PARTICIPANTS: Patients aged 15 and above with a confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis admitted to the ICU and requiring mechanical ventilation. INTERVENTIONS: Measurement of VD/VT, CMV, and VR in COVID-19 patients. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: VD/VT, CMV, VR, demographic data, oxygenation indices and ventilatory parameters. RESULTS: During the study period, 1047 COVID-19 patients on mechanical ventilation were analyzed, of whom 446 (42%) died. Deceased patients exhibited a higher prevalence of advanced age and obesity, elevated Charlson index, higher APACHE II and SOFA scores, as well as an increase in VD/VT ratio (0.27 in survivors and 0.31 in deceased) and minute ventilation volume on the first day of mechanical ventilation. The multivariate analysis revealed independent associations to in-hospital mortality, higher VD/VT (HR 1.24; 95%CI 1.003-1.525; p = 0.046), age (HR 1.024; 95%CI 1.014-1.034; p < 0.001), and SOFA score at onset (HR: 1.036; 95%CI: 1.001-1.07; p = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS: VD/VT demonstrated an association with mortality in COVID-19 patients with ARDS on mechanical ventilation. These findings suggest that VD/VT measurement may serve as a severity marker for the disease.

[Ten-year evolution of mechanical ventilation in acute respiratory failure in the hematogical patient admitted to the intensive care unit]. / Evolución de 10 años de aplicación de la ventilación mecánica en la insuficiencia respiratoria aguda del paciente hematológico ingresado en la unidad de cuidados intensivos.

OBJECTIVE: A comparison was made between invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) in haematological patients with acute respiratory failure. DESIGN: A retrospective observational study was made from 2001 to December 2011. SETTING: A clinical-surgical intensive care unit (ICU) in a tertiary hospital. PATIENTS: Patients with hematological malignancies suffering acute respiratory failure (ARF) and requiring mechanical ventilation in the form of either IMV or NPPV. VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Analysis of infection and organ failure rates, duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU and hospital stays, as well as ICU, hospital and mortality after 90 days. The same variables were analyzed in the comparison between NPPV success and failure. RESULTS: Forty-one patients were included, of which 35 required IMV and 6 NPPV. ICU mortality was higher in the IMV group (100% vs 37% in NPPV, P=.006). The intubation rate in NPPV was 40%. Compared with successful NPPV, failure in the NPPV group involved more complications, a longer duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU stay, and greater ICU and hospital mortality. Multivariate analysis of mortality in the NPPV group identified NPPV failure (OR 13 [95%CI 1.33-77.96], P=.008) and progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome (OR 10 [95%CI 1.95-89.22], P=.03) as prognostic factors. CONCLUSION: The use of NPPV reduced mortality compared with IMV. NPPV failure was associated with more complications.

COVID-19-associated lung weakness (CALW): Systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To assess mortality and different clinical factors derived from the development of atraumatic pneumothorax (PNX) and/or pneumomediastinum (PNMD) in critically ill patients as a consequence of COVID-19-associated lung weakness (CALW). DESIGN: Systematic review with meta-analysis. SETTING: Intensive Care Unit (ICU). PARTICIPANTS: Original research evaluating patients, with or without the need for protective invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), with a diagnosis of COVID-19, who developed atraumatic PNX or PNMD on admission or during hospital stay. INTERVENTIONS: Data of interest were obtained from each article and analyzed and assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The risk of the variables of interest was assessed with data derived from studies including patients who developed atraumatic PNX or PNMD. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Mortality, mean ICU stay and mean PaO2/FiO2 at diagnosis. RESULTS: Information was collected from 12 longitudinal studies. Data from a total of 4901 patients were included in the meta-analysis. A total of 1629 patients had an episode of atraumatic PNX and 253 patients had an episode of atraumatic PNMD. Despite the finding of significantly strong associations, the great heterogeneity between studies implies that the interpretation of results should be made with caution. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality among COVID-19 patients was higher in those who developed atraumatic PNX and/or PNMD compared to those who did not. The mean PaO2/FiO2 index was lower in patients who developed atraumatic PNX and/or PNMD. We propose grouping these cases under the term COVID-19-associated lung weakness (CALW).

Effect of the duration of prone position in ARDS patients during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to bilateral COVID-19 pneumonia on invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), and to analyze the effect of prone position >24 h (prolonged) (PPP) compared to prone decubitus <24 h (PP). DESIGN: A retrospective observational descriptive study was carried out, with uni- and bivariate analyses. SETTING: Department of Intensive Care Medicine. Hospital General Universitario de Elche (Elche, Alicante, Spain). PARTICIPANTS: Patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia (2020-2021) on IMV due to moderate-severe ARDS, ventilated in prone position (PP). INTERVENTIONS: IMV. PP maneuvers. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Sociodemographic characteristics, analgo-sedation, neuromuscular blockade (NMB), PD duration, ICU stay and mortality, days of IMV, non-infectious complications, healthcare associated infections. RESULTS: Fifty-one patients required PP, and of these, 31 (69.78%) required PPP. No differences were observed in terms of patient characteristics (gender, age, comorbidities, initial severity, antiviral and antiinflammatory treatment received). Patients on PPP had poorer tolerance to supine ventilation (61.29% vs 89.47%, p = 0.031), longer hospital stay (41 vs 30 days, p = 0.023), more days of IMV (32 vs 20 days, p = 0.032), longer duration of NMB (10.5 vs 3 days, p = 0.0002), as well as a higher percentage of episodes of orotracheal tube obstruction (48.39% vs 15%, p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS: PPP was associated with greater resource use and complications in patients with moderate-severe ARDS due to COVID-19.

[Respiratory and physical recovery in cervical spinal cord injury. Seventeen years' experience in a weaning and rehabilitation center: An observational study]. / Evolución respiratoria y motora en lesión medular cervical. Diecisiete años de experiencia en un centro de desvinculación de asistencia ventilatoria mecánica: un estudio observacional.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating entity that generates substantial disability. The outcome of respiratory and motor features has an impact in human and social well-being. We analyzed demographic characteristics, motor and respiratory outcomes, and determined equipment needs at discharge in a weaning and rehabilitation center. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Observational, descriptive and retrospective study of medical records between January 2002 and December 2018. Tracheostomised cervical SCI patients with invasive mechanical ventilation were included. Forced vital capacity (upright and supine), maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures, ASIA and Spinal Cord Independence MeasureIII (SCIMIII) were obtained. RESULTS: Of 1603 patients, 3.5% had SCI, and 28 met the inclusion criteria. The most frequent level of injury was C4-C5 (17/28), 21/28 had ASIAA classification, and 19 showed no change in either the ASIA or the SCIM score. In all, 22/28 patients were weaned, while 15/28 were decannulated. Twenty four patients were discharged to home. The most relevant change in SCIMIII was in the 5th component of respiration and sphincter subscale, related to weaning and tracheostomy. At discharge, 23/24 patients needed both respiratory and motor aids. CONCLUSIONS: The admission rate of SCI patients was low in our weaning and rehabilitation center, with almost all being admitted for traumatic causes. Severity remained unchanged in most ASIAA patients. Respiratory recovery was more clinically significant than recovery of motor function. Upon discharge, most of our patients had to be equipped with both respiratory and motor aids.

Mortality and renal long-term outcome of critically ill COVID-19 patients with acute kidney failure, continuous renal replacement therapy and invasive mechanical ventilation. / Mortalidad y función renal a largo plazo en pacientes ingresados en la UCI por COVID-19 con fracaso renal agudo, terapia continua de reemplazo renal y ventilación mecánica invasiva.

BACKGROUND: There are limited data describing the long-term renal outcomes of critically ill COVID-19 patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) and invasive mechanical ventilation. METHODS: In this retrospective observational study we analyzed the long-term clinical course and outcomes of 30 critically ill patients hospitalized with COVID-19 during the peak of highest incidence in the first wave, with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and AKI that required CRRT. Baseline features, clinical course, laboratory data, therapies and filters used in CRRT were compared between survivors and non-survivors to identify risk factors associated with in-hospital death. Renal parameters: glomerular filtration rate, proteinuria and microhematuria were collected at 6months after discharge. RESULTS: 19 patients (63%) died and 11 were discharged. Mean time to death was 48days (7-206) after admission. Patients with worse baseline renal function had higher mortality (P=.009). Patients were treated with CRRT for an average of 18.4days. Filters with adsorptive capacity (43%) did not offer survival benefits. Regarding long-term renal outcomes, survivor patients did not receive any additional dialysis, but 9 out of 11 patients had an important loss of renal function (median of eGF of 44 (13-76)ml/min/1.73m2) after 6months. CONCLUSION: Mortality among critically ill hospitalized patients diagnosed with COVID-19 on CRRT is extremely high (63%). Baseline renal function is a predictor factor of mortality. Filters with adsorption capacity did not modify survival. None survivor patients required long-term dialysis, but an important loss of renal function occurred after AKI episode related to COVID-19 infection.

Active humidification in mechanical ventilation is not associated to an increase in respiratory infectious complications in a quasi-experimental pre-post intervention study.

OBJECTIVE: There is controversy regarding the influence of humidification systems upon the incidence of respiratory infections associated to invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). An evaluation was made of the differences in the incidence of pneumonia and tracheobronchitis associated to mechanical ventilation (VAP and VAT, respectively) with passive and active humidification. DESIGN: A retrospective pre-post quasi-experimental study was carried out. SETTING: A polyvalent ICU with 14 beds. PATIENTS: All patients connected to IMV for >48h during 2014 and 2016 were included. INTERVENTIONS: During 2014, passive humidification with an hygroscopic heat and moisture exchanger (HME) was used, while during 2016 active humidification with a heated humidifier (HH) and an inspiratory heated wire was used. Identical measures for the prevention of VAP were established (Zero Pneumonia Project). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The incidence of VAP and VAT was estimated for 1000 days of IMV in both groups, and statistically significant differences were assessed using Poisson regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 287 patients were included (116 with HME and 171 with HH). The incidence density of VAP per 1000 days of IMV was 5.68 in the HME group and 5.80 in the HH group (p=ns). The incidence density of VAT was 3.41 and 3.26 cases per 1000 days of VMI with HME and HH respectively (p=ns). The duration of IMV was identified as a risk factor for VAP. CONCLUSIONS: In our population, active humidification in patients ventilated for >48h was not associated to an increase in respiratory infectious complications.

Have there been changes in the application of mechanical ventilation in relation to scientific evidence? A multicenter observational study in Mexico. / ¿Se han producido cambios en la aplicación de la ventilación mecánica en relación con la evidencia científica? Estudio multicéntrico en México.

OBJECTIVE: The main study objectives were to describe the practice of mechanical ventilation over an 18-year period in Mexico, and estimate changes in mortality among critical patients subjected to invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). DESIGN: A retrospective subanalysis of a prospective observational study conducted in 1998, 2004, 2010 and 2016 was carried out. SETTING: Intensive Care Units (ICUs) in Mexico. PARTICIPANTS: Adult patients consecutively enrolled in the ICU during one month and who underwent IMV for more than 12hours or noninvasive mechanical ventilation for more than one hour. Follow-up was performed up to a maximum of 28 days after inclusion. INTERVENTIONS: None. PRINCIPAL VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Age, sex, severity upon admission as estimated by SAPS II, parameters of daily arterial blood gases, treatment and complication variables, date and status at discharge from the ICU and from hospital. RESULTS: A total of 959 patients were included in 81 ICUs. Tidal volume (vt) decreased significantly both in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) criteria (estimated 8.5ml/kg b.w. in 1998 to 6ml/kg in 2016; P<0.001) and in patients without ARDS (estimated 9ml/kg b.w. in 1998 to 6ml/kg in 2016; P<0.001). The ventilatory protective strategy (defined as vt < 6ml/kg or < 8ml/kg and a plateau pressure < 30cmH2O) was: 19% in 1998, 44% in 2004, 58% in 2010 and 75% in 2016 (P<0.001). The adjusted mortality rate in ICU over the 4 periods was: in 2004, odds ratio (OR) 1.05 (95% confidence interval, 95%CI: 0.73-1.72; P=0.764); in 2010, OR 1.68 (95%CI: 1.13-2.48; P=0.009); in 2016, OR 0.85 (95%CI: 0.60-1.20; P=0.368). CONCLUSIONS: The clinical practice of IMV in Mexican ICUs has been modified over a period of 18 years. The most significant change is the ventilatory strategy based on low vt. These changes have not been associated with significant changes in mortality.

Ventilatory Support Use in Hospitalized Patients With Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Fifteen-year Trends in Spain (2001-2015).

AIM: We examined fifteen years trends (2001-2015) in the use of non-invasive ventilation (NIV), invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) or both (NIV+IMV) among patients hospitalized for community acquired pneumonia (CAP). We also analyzed trends overtime and the influence of patient factors in the in-hospital mortality (IHM) after receiving NIV, IMV or NIV+IMV. METHODS: Observational retrospective epidemiological study. Our data source was the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database. RESULTS: Over a total of 1,486,240 hospitalized patients with CAP, we identified 56,158 who had received ventilator support in Spain over the study period. Of them, 54.82% received NIV, 37.04% IMV and 8.14% both procedures. The use of NIV and NIV+IMV increased significantly (p<0.001) over time (from 0.91 to 12.84 per 100.000 inhabitant and from 0.23 to 1.19 per 100.000 inhabitants, respectively), while the IMV utilization decreased (from 3.55 to 2.79 per 100,000 inhabitants; p<0.001). Patients receiving NIV were the oldest and had the highest mean value in the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) score and readmission rate. Patients who received only IMV had the highest IHM. Factors associated with IHM for all groups analyzed included age, comorbidities and readmission. IHM decreased significantly over time in patients with CAP who received NIV, IMV and NIV+IMV. CONCLUSIONS: We found an increase in NIV use and a decline in IMV utilization in patients hospitalized for CAP over the study period. Patients receiving NIV were the oldest and had the highest CCI score and readmission rate. IHM decreased significantly over time in patients with CAP who received NIV, IMV and NIV+IMV.

Nivel de conocimientos del personal de enfermería sobre el manejo del paciente con ventilación mecánica invasiva / Level of knowledge of the nursing staff on the management of the patient with invasive mechanical ventilation

Introducción: En las unidades de cuidados intensivos, los pacientes son hospitalizados en una condición potencial mortal. Por ello requieren ventilación mecánica invasiva como método para ayudar a promover y mantener la permeabilidad de las vías respiratorias. Los cuidados de enfermería en dichas unidades son un pilar importante para el seguimiento y evolución de los pacientes ventilados. Objetivo: Identificar el nivel de conocimientos del personal de enfermería sobre el manejo del paciente con ventilación mecánica invasiva. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y de corte transversal en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Universitario Clínico Quirúrgico Comandante Faustino Pérez Hernández, de Matanzas, entre enero de 2022 y julio de 2023. El universo estuvo conformado por 62 enfermeros. Se tuvieron en cuenta como criterios de inclusión la voluntad de participar en el estudio y estar activo en el servicio, y como criterio de exclusión, aquellos enfermeros de estancia transitoria. Se diseñó un cuestionario. Resultados: El mayor por ciento de los enfermeros estudiados fue a pie de cama. El nivel de conocimientos que prevaleció en el cuestionario fue el regular. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico permitió identificar problemas y potencialidades del objeto estudiado. La dimensión cognoscitiva presentó las mayores dificultades. Se reafirmó la necesidad de desarrollar un sistema de superación que contribuya a fortalecer los conocimientos de los enfermeros sobre el cuidado del paciente con ventilación mecánica invasiva(AU)

Introduction: In intensive care units, patients are hospitalized in a potential mortal condition. Therefore, they require invasive mechanical ventilation as a method to help promote and to maintain airway permeability. Nursing care in these units is an important pillar for the monitoring and evolution of ventilated patients. Objective: To identify the level of knowledge of the nursing staff on the management of the patient with invasive mechanical ventilation Methods: A descriptive and cross sectional study was carried out in the Intensive Care Unit of the Clinical Surgical University Hospital Comandante Faustino Pérez Hernández, in Matanzas, between January 2022 and July 2023. The universe was made up of 62 nurses. As inclusion criteria were taken into consideration the willingness to participate in the study and be active in the service, and as exclusion criteria those nurses of temporary stay. A questionnaire was designed. Results: The largest percent of the nurses studied were at the bedside. The level of knowledge that prevailed in the questionnaire was regular. Conclusions: The diagnosis allowed us to identify problems and potentialities of the object studied. The cognitive dimension presented the greatest difficulties. The need to develop an improvement system that contributes to strengthening nurses' knowledge about the care of patients with invasive mechanical ventilation was reaffirmed(AU)

Riesgo de Retención de Secreciones en Pacientes con Ventilación Mecánica Invasiva / Risk of Retention of Secretions in Patients with Invasive Mechanical Ventilation

Introducción. Los pacientes conectados a ventilación mecánica invasiva pueden presentar complicaciones respiratorias, donde la retención de secreciones es una de las más frecuentes. El drenaje y eliminación de las secreciones depende entre otras variables de los flujos respiratorios generados, donde una diferencia absoluta entre el flujo espiratorio máximo (FEM) y flujo inspiratorio máximo (FIM) menor a 17 L•min-1 o una relación FIM/FEM mayor a 0.9 favorecerían la retención de secreciones. Sin embargo, falta por determinar los flujos respiratorios resultantes y la proporción de pacientes con riesgo de retención de secreciones según estos parámetros. Objetivo. Determinar los flujos respiratorios durante la ventilación mecánica invasiva y la proporción de pacientes que se encuentra en riesgo de retención de secreciones. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal desarrollado en la Unidad de Paciente Crítico Médico-Quirúrgico del "Hospital Clínico de la Red de Salud UC-CHRISTUS". Se incluyeron pacientes adultos intubados y conectados a ventilación mecánica, en quienes se determinó los flujos respiratorios resultantes y se estimó la diferencia absoluta FEM-FIM, la relación FIM/FEM y la proporción de pacientes con riesgo de retención de secreciones. Resultados. Se incluyeron 100 pacientes, 45% presentaba entre sus diagnósticos patología respiratoria. La mediana de la diferencia absoluta entre FEM y FIM fue de 6 L•min-1 (-5 - 14.5) y la mediana de la tasa FIM/FEM de 0.87 (0.7 - 1.13). Un 84% presentó una diferencia absoluta entre FEM y FIM menor a 17 L•min-1, mientras que el 46% presentó una relación FIM/FEM mayor a 0.9. Conclusión. Una alta proporción de pacientes conectados a ventilación mecánica presenta riesgo de retención de secreciones independiente de la presencia o ausencia de patología respiratoria. Se requieren futuras investigaciones para evaluar el impacto de este criterio sobre complicaciones respiratorias.

Background. Patients connected to invasive mechanical ventilation may develop respiratory complications, where retention of secretions is one of the most frequent. The drainage and elimination of the secretions depend on other variables of the respiratory flows generated, where an absolute difference between the peak expiratory flow (PEF) and peak inspiratory flow (PIF) less than 17 L•min-1 or a PIF/PEF ratio greater than 0.9 would favor secretion retention. However, it is necessary to determine the respiratory flows and the proportion of patients, with and without respiratory pathology, with a risk of secretions retention according to these parameters. Objective. Determine respiratory flows during connection to invasive mechanical ventilation and the proportion of patients with and without respiratory pathology at risk of secretions retention. Methods. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the Medical-Surgical Intensive Care Unit of the "Hospital Clínico de la Red de Salud UC-CHRISTUS". Intubated adult patients connected to mechanical ventilation were included, in whom the respiratory flows were assessed, and the absolute PEF-PIF difference, PIF/PEF ratio, and the proportion of patients with a risk of secretions retention were determined. Results. 100 patients were included, of which 45% presented among their diagnoses acute or chronic respiratory pathology. For the total number of patients, the median of the absolute difference between PEF and PIF was 6 L•min-1 (-5 - 14.5), and the median of the PIF/PEF ratio of 0.87 (0.7 - 1.13). Of the total of patients, 84% presented an absolute difference between PEF and PIF less than 17 L• min-1, while 46% presented a PIF/PEF ratio greater than 0.9. Conclusion. Considering the absolute difference between PEF-PIF and the PIF/PEF ratio, many patients present a risk of secretions retention. However, whether this is associated with severe respiratory complications in patients connected to invasive mechanical ventilation should be clarified in future research.

Alteraciones cardiacas y desaturación en pacientes con ventilación mecánica invasiva con sedación intravenosa continua vs interrupción diaria de sedación / Cardiac events and desaturation in patients under invasive mechanical ventilation with continuous intravenous sedation vs daily interruption of sedation / Desordens cardíacas e dessaturação em pacientes com ventilação mecânica invasiva com sedação intravenosa contínua vs interrupção diária da sedação

Resumen: Introducción: la sedación en pacientes críticos que requieren ventilación mecánica es un punto importante para brindarles seguridad y comodidad. En la actualidad el tratamiento del paciente crítico basado en la escala ABCDEF (A [assess]: valorar, prevenir y manejar el dolor. B [both]: protocolos de interrupción diaria de sedación y protocolo de respiración espontánea. C [choice]: elección de analgesia y sedación. D [delirium]: valorar, prevenir y manejar el delirio. E [early]: ejercicio y movilidad temprana. F [family]: inclusión y habilitación familiar) recomienda la interrupción diaria de la sedación y un protocolo diario de respiración espontánea, el cual ha demostrado mejoría en los resultados clínicos (días en ventilación mecánica, delirio). Éste contrasta con el manejo frecuente de sedación intravenosa continua, por lo que en este estudio se comparó la seguridad de estas dos formas de sedación (interrupción diaria versus intravenosa continua). Objetivo: comparar la incidencia de eventos cardiovasculares y desaturación entre un protocolo de interrupción diaria de sedación en pacientes con ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMI) contra sedación intravenosa continua en pacientes con ventilación mecánica invasiva. Material y métodos: tipo de estudio descriptivo comparativo, retrospectivo. Resultados: no se demostró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en incidencia de eventos cardiacos y desaturación entre pacientes con sedación intravenosa continua y protocolo de interrupción diaria de sedación. Conclusión: la sedación intravenosa continua y el protocolo de interrupción diaria de sedación son igual de seguras en pacientes bajo VMI.

Abstract: Introduction: sedation in the critically patient requiring mechanical ventilation is an important intervention used to provide safety and comfort to the patient. Currently, the management of critically ill patients is based on the ABCDEF bundle (A [assess]: prevent and manage pain. B [both]: protocols for daily interruption of sedation and spontaneous breathing protocol. C [choice]: of analgesia and sedation. D [delirium]: assess, prevent and manage delirium. E [early]: exercise and early mobility. F [family]: inclusion and empowerment) which recommends daily interruption of sedation and a daily spontaneous breathing protocol, it has shown improvement in clinical outcomes (days on mechanical ventilation, delirium). This contrasts with the frequent management of continuous intravenous sedation. Therefore, in this study the safety of these two forms of sedation (daily interruption vs continuous intravenous) will be compared. Objective: to compare the incidence of cardiovascular events and desaturation between a protocol of daily interruption of sedation in patients with invasive mechanical ventilation versus continuous intravenous sedation in patients with invasive mechanical ventilation. Material and methods: retrospective comparative descriptive study. Results: there was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of cardiac events and desaturation between patients with continuous intravenous sedation and daily sedation interruption protocol. Conclusion: continuous intravenous sedation and daily interruption of sedation protocol are equally safe in critically ill patients.

Resumo: Introdução: a sedação em pacientes críticos que necessitam de ventilação mecânica é um ponto importante para proporcionar segurança e conforto ao paciente. Atualmente, o tratamento de pacientes críticos é baseado na escala ABCDEF (A [assess]: avaliar, prevenir e controlar a dor. B [both]: protocolos de interrupção diária da sedação e protocolo de respiração espontânea. C [choice]: escolha da analgesia e sedação. D [delirium]: avaliar, prevenir e controlar delirium. E [early]: exercício e mobilidade precoce. F [family]: inclusão e qualificação da família) recomenda interrupção diária da sedação e protocolo diário de respiração espontânea, que tem mostrado melhora nos desfechos clínicos (dias em ventilação mecânica, delirium). Isso contrasta com o manejo frequente da sedação intravenosa contínua. Portanto, neste estudo foi comparada a segurança dessas duas formas de sedação (interrupção diária vs intravenosa contínua). Objetivo: comparar a incidência de eventos cardiovasculares e dessaturação entre um protocolo diário de interrupção da sedação em pacientes com ventilação mecânica invasiva versus sedação intravenosa contínua em pacientes com ventilação mecânica invasiva. Material e métodos: tipo de estudo comparativo descritivo, retrospectivo. Resultados: não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa na incidência de eventos cardíacos e dessaturação entre pacientes com sedação intravenosa contínua e protocolo de interrupção diária da sedação. Conclusão: a sedação intravenosa contínua e o protocolo diário de interrupção da sedação são igualmente seguros em pacientes submetidos à ventilação mecânica invasiva.

Características de pacientes con SARS-CoV-2 en estado crítico en un centro COVID-19 de referencia en Uruguay / Characteristics of Patients with SARS-CoV-2 in Critical Condition at a COVID-19 reference center in Uruguay / Características de pacientes com SARS-CoV-2 en estado crítico en um centro de referência COVID-19 no Uruguai

Introducción: la pandemia de COVID-19 produjo una alta mortalidad en el mundo. Sin embargo, las presentaciones más críticas de la enfermedad han sido poco caracterizadas en nuestra región. Objetivo: estudiar la presentación clínica, evolución y mortalidad en pacientes ingresados en la unidad de medicina intensiva de un centro COVID-19 de referencia. Pacientes y método: estudio clínico, prospectivo, observacional de SARS-CoV-2 durante las primeras etapas de la pandemia en Uruguay. Se definió mortalidad en unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) como desenlace primario. Resultados: en 274 pacientes, la edad mediana fue de 65 años (IQR 54-73), el sexo masculino representó el 57% y el índice de Charlson tuvo una mediana de 3 (IQR 2-5). La mortalidad en UCI fue 59,9%. Las principales causas de muerte fueron: hipoxemia refractaria, disfunción orgánica múltiple y shock refractario. La edad (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1,06; IC de 95% 1,03 - 1,09), ocupación de camas (OR = 1,04, IC 95%: 1,02 - 1,07), sexo masculino (OR = 2,14, IC 95%: 0,93 - 5,06), ventilación mecánica invasiva (OR = 51,7, IC 95%: 16,5 - 208,6), coinfección al ingreso (OR = 2,34, IC 95%: 0,88 - 6,77) y enfermedad renal crónica previa (OR = 13,1, IC 95%: 2,29 - 129,2) fueron predictores independientes de mortalidad. La primera ola de la pandemia se produjo por la circulación de las variantes P.6 y P.1 del coronavirus, en una población con muy bajo porcentaje de vacunación (8%). Conclusiones: estos resultados en pacientes críticos aportan una descripción detallada del impacto de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 en un centro de referencia y constituyen una base para enfrentar futuros eventos epidémicos.

Introduction: COVID-19 has caused high mortality worldwide. However, the most critical presentations of the disease have been poorly characterized in our region. Objective: to study the clinical presentation, progression, and mortality in patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of a COVID-19 Reference Center. Patients and methods: clinical, prospective, observational study of SARS-CoV-2 during the early stages of the pandemic in Uruguay. ICU mortality was defined as the primary outcome. Results: in 274 patients, the median age was 65 years (IQR 54-73), male gender accounted for 57%, and the Charlson Index was 3 (IQR 2-5). ICU mortality was 59.9%. The main causes of death were refractory hypoxemia, multiple organ dysfunction, and refractory shock. Age (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.06; 95% CI 1.03 - 1.09), bed occupancy (OR= 1.04, 95% CI: 1.02 -1.07), male gender (OR= 2.14, 95% CI 0.93 - 5.06), invasive mechanical ventilation (OR= 51.7, 95% CI 16.5 - 208.6), coinfection at admission (OR= 2.34, 95% CI 0.88 - 6.77), and pre-existing chronic kidney disease (OR= 13.1, 95% CI 2.29 - 129.2) were independent predictors of mortality. The first wave of the pandemic was driven by the circulation of the P.6 and P.1 variants of the coronavirus in a population with a very low vaccination percentage (8%). Conclusions: these results in critical patients provide a detailed description of the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in a reference center and serve as a foundation for addressing future epidemic events.

Introdução: a COVID-19 causou alta morbimortalidade em todo o mundo, embora as formas graves da doença tenham sido pouco caracterizadas nos países da América Latina. Objetivos: analisar o quadro clínico, a evolução e a mortalidade em pacientes com COVID-19 atendidos em uma unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) em um Centro de Referência. Métodos: Estudo clínico, prospectivo e observacional de pacientes com SARS-CoV-2 durante a primeira onda da pandemia no Uruguai. A mortalidade na UTI foi o resultado primário. Resultados: oram estudados 274 pacientes, com uma mediada de idade de 65 anos (IQR 54-73), sendo a maioria do sexo masculino (57%). O índice de Charlson foi de 3 (IQR 2-5). A mortalidade geral na UTI foi de 59,9%. As principais causas de morte foram hipoxemia refratária, disfunção orgânica múltipla e choque refratário. A idade (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1,06; IC 95% 1,03-1,09), ocupação de leitos (OR = 1,04; IC 95%: 1,02-1,07), sexo masculino (OR = 2,14; IC 95%: 0,93-5,06), ventilação mecânica invasiva (OR = 51,7; IC 95%: 16,5-208,6), coinfecção na admissão (OR = 2,34; IC 95%: 0,88-6,77) e doença renal crônica pré-existente (OR = 13,1; IC 95%: 2,29-129,2) foram preditores independentes de mortalidade. A primeira onda da pandemia foi impulsionada pela circulação das variantes P.6 e P.1 do SARS-CoV-2 em uma população com uma taxa de vacinação muito baixa (8%). Conclusões: esses resultados em pacientes críticos fornecem uma descrição detalhada do impacto da pandemia SARS-CoV-2 em um Centro de Referência e constituem uma base para o enfrentamento de futuros eventos epidêmicos.

Evolución respiratoria y motora en lesión medular cervical. Diecisiete años de experiencia en un centro de desvinculación de asistencia ventilatoria mecánica: un estudio observacional / Respiratory and physical recovery in cervical spinal cord injury. Seventeen years’ experience in a weaning and rehabilitation center: An observational study

Introducción y objetivos: La lesión medular (LM) es una entidad devastadora que genera importante discapacidad. La evolución motora y la respiratoria tienen impacto humano y social. Se analizaron aspectos demográficos, evolución respiratoria, motora y el equipamiento necesario al alta en un centro de desvinculación de ventilación mecánica y rehabilitación (CDVMR). Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo de historias clínicas entre enero de 2002 y diciembre de 2018. Se incluyeron pacientes con LM cervical, traqueostomía y ventilación mecánica invasiva. Se obtuvieron: capacidad vital forzada (sedestación, decúbito supino), presiones inspiratorias y espiratorias máximas, ASIA y Spinal Cord Independence MeasureIII (SCIMIII). Resultados: De 1.603 pacientes, el 3,1% tenían LM y 28 reunieron el criterio de inclusión. Los niveles más frecuentes (17/28) fueron C4-C5, 21/28 tenían ASIAA, 19 no cambiaron el grado de lesión ni la puntuación en el SCIMIII. Fueron desvinculados 22/28 pacientes y 15/28 fueron decanulados. Veinticuatro pacientes alcanzaron el alta domiciliaria. El mayor cambio en el SCIMIII fue en el componente5 del dominio respiración y manejo esfinteriano, relacionado exclusivamente con la desvinculación del ventilador y la presencia de traqueostomía. Al alta, 23/24 pacientes fueron equipados con dispositivos de asistencia respiratoria y motora. Conclusiones: Las LM representan un bajo porcentaje de admisión a CDVMR, y casi la totalidad fueron de origen traumático. La mayoría de los pacientes con ASIAA permanecieron en el mismo grado de severidad. La evolución respiratoria tuvo mayores cambios, mientras que la motora presentó cambios marginales. Al alta, la mayoría de nuestros pacientes necesitaron equipamiento motor y respiratorio.(AU)

Introduction and objectives: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating entity that generates substantial disability. The outcome of respiratory and motor features has an impact in human and social well-being. We analyzed demographic characteristics, motor and respiratory outcomes, and determined equipment needs at discharge in a weaning and rehabilitation center. Material and method: Observational, descriptive and retrospective study of medical records between January 2002 and December 2018. Tracheostomised cervical SCI patients with invasive mechanical ventilation were included. Forced vital capacity (upright and supine), maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures, ASIA and Spinal Cord Independence MeasureIII (SCIMIII) were obtained. Results: Of 1603 patients, 3.5% had SCI, and 28 met the inclusion criteria. The most frequent level of injury was C4-C5 (17/28), 21/28 had ASIAA classification, and 19 showed no change in either the ASIA or the SCIM score. In all, 22/28 patients were weaned, while 15/28 were decannulated. Twenty four patients were discharged to home. The most relevant change in SCIMIII was in the 5th component of respiration and sphincter subscale, related to weaning and tracheostomy. At discharge, 23/24 patients needed both respiratory and motor aids. Conclusions: The admission rate of SCI patients was low in our weaning and rehabilitation center, with almost all being admitted for traumatic causes. Severity remained unchanged in most ASIAA patients. Respiratory recovery was more clinically significant than recovery of motor function. Upon discharge, most of our patients had to be equipped with both respiratory and motor aids.(AU)

Terapia nasal de alto flujo en insuficiencia respiratoria grave por SARS-CoV-2 / High-flow nasal therapy in severe respiratory failure due to SARS-CoV-2

Resumen El uso de terapia nasal de alto flujo (TNAFO) en pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda grave (IRAG) por neumonía COVID-19 (NCOVID-19) es debatido. Ante la falta de camas en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos en el Sistema de Salud Pública de la Provincia del Neuquén, se implementó su uso en salas generales. Con el objetivo de describir la experiencia de uso de la TNAFO en pacientes con IRAG por NCOVID-19, se llevó a cabo este estudio retrospectivo multicéntrico. El resultado primario fue la frecuencia de destete exitoso de TNAFO y la mortalidad intrahospitalaria (MIH). Se analizaron 299 pacientes, de éstos, 120 (40.1%) fueron retirados con éxito de la TNAFO. Esta fracasó en 59.8% (179), 44.1% (132) requirió ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMI) y 15.7% (47) no eran candidatos a la intubación. Un índice ROX ≥ 5 a las 6 h después del inicio, se asoció con el éxito de la TNAFO (OR 0.26 [IC 95% 0.15-0.46] p<0.0001). La MIH general fue del 48.5% (145/299), 70.4% (93/132) en aquellos con VMI, 4.2% (5/120) falleció post destete exitoso de la TNAFO y 100% (47/47) en el grupo no candidatos a la intubación. Los pacientes con TNAFO tuvieron una disminución estadísticamente significativa en la MIH y en días de internación. El uso de TNAFO en salas generales logró una reducción en la utilización de VMI, con una reducción de la mortalidad y días de estada en los internados por NCOVID-19 con IRAG.

Abstract The use of high-flow nasal therapy (HFNT) in patients with severe acute respiratory failure (SARF) due to COVID-19 pneu monia (NCOVID-19) is debated. Given the lack of beds in Intensive Care Units in the Public Health System of the Province of Neuquén, their use was implemented in general wards. This restrospective multicenter study was carried out to describe the experience of using HNFT in patients with SARF due to NCOVID-19. The primary outcome was the frequency of successful weaning from HFNT and in-hospital mortality (IHM). Two hundred ninety-nine patients were analyzed; 120 (40.1%) were successfully withdrawn from HFNT. This failed in 59.8% (179), 44.1% (132) required invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), and 15.7% (47) was not candidates for intubation. A ROX index ≥ 5 at 6 h after initiation was associated with the success of HFNT (OR 0.26 [IC 95% 0.15-0.46] p<0.0001). The general IHM was 48.5% (145/299), 70.4% (93/132) in patients with IMV, 4.2% (5/120) died after successful weaning from HFNT and 100% (47/47) in the group not candidates for intubation. Patients with TNAFO had a statistically significant decrease in MIH and days of hospitalization. TNAFO in general wards achieved a decrease in the use of IMV, with a reduction in mortality and days of stay in hospitalized for NCOVID-19 with SARF.

Desempeño de PSI/PORT y SOFA para predicción de ventilación mecánica invasiva en neumonía por SARS-CoV-2 / Performance of PSI/PORT and SOFA in predicting mechanical invasive ventilation in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia / Desempenho de PSI/PORT e SOFA para prever ventilação mecânica invasiva na pneumonia por SARS-CoV-2

Resumen Introducción: Son escasas las publicaciones sobre aplicación de escalas pronósticas para predecir el uso de ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMI) en neumonía por SARS-CoV-2. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el desempeño de las escalas PSI/PORT y SOFA para predecir el uso de VMI en pacientes con neumonía por SARS-CoV-2. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo que incluyó pacientes hospitalizados con neumonía por SARS-CoV-2 del 01 de abril al 31 de mayo de 2020. Se realizó análisis de curvas ROC, calculando el área bajo la curva de las escalas PSI/PORT y SOFA, así como sensibilidad, especificidad y valores predictivos. Resultados: Se incluyó a 151 pacientes, con edad de 52 años (IQR 45-64); 69.5% eran hombres. Del total, 102 pacientes necesitaron VMI (67.5%). Las áreas bajo las curvas ROC para predecir VMI fueron: SOFA 0.71 (IC 95% 0.64-0.78) y PSI/PORT 0.78 (IC 95% 0.71-0.85). Al compararlas, no hubo significancia estadística (p = 0.08). Conclusiones: Las escalas SOFA y PSI/PORT pueden infraestimar la necesidad de VMI en la neumonía por SARS-CoV-2. En nuestro estudio, SOFA y PSI/PORT no tuvieron un buen desempeño para predecir el uso de VMI en pacientes hospitalizados con neumonía por SARS-CoV-2.

Abstract Introduction: There are few publications on the application of prognostic scales to predict the use of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Therefore, the study's objective was to evaluate the performance of PSI/PORT and SOFA in predicting the use of IMV in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. Material and methods: A retrospective study that included hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia from April 01, 2020, to May 31, 2020. Analysis of ROC curves was performed, calculating the area under the curve for PSI/PORT and SOFA scores, as well as sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values. Results: 151 patients were included, aged 52 years (IQR 45-64); 69.5% were men. Of the total, 102 patients required IMV (67.5%). Area under the curve to predict IMV were: SOFA 0.71 (95% CI 0.64-0.78) and PSI/PORT 0.78 (95% CI 0.71-0.85). When comparing them, there was no statistical significance (p = 0.08). Conclusions: In patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, SOFA and PSI/PORT may underestimate the need for IMV. In our study, SOFA and PSI/PORT score performed fair in predicting IMV use in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia.

Resumo Introdução: Existem poucas publicações sobre a aplicação de escalas prognósticas para prever o uso de ventilação mecânica invasiva (VMI) na pneumonia por SARS-CoV-2. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o desempenho do PSI/PORT e SOFA para prever o uso de IMV em pacientes com pneumonia por SARS-CoV-2. Material e métodos: Estudo retrospectivo que incluiu pacientes internados com pneumonia por SARS-CoV-2 entre 1o de abril de 2020 e 31 de maio de 2020. Foi realizada análise da curva ROC, calculando a área sob a curva PSI/PORT e SOFA, bem como a sensibilidade, especificidade e valores preditivos. Resultados: Foram incluídos 151 pacientes, com idade de 52 anos (IQR 45-64); 69.5% eram homens. Do total, 102 pacientes necessitaram de VMI (67.5%). As áreas sob as curvas ROC para predizer VMI foram: SOFA 0.71 (IC 95% 0.64-0.78) e PSI/PORT 0.78 (IC 95% 0.71-0.85). Ao compará-los, não houve significância estatística (p = 0.08). Conclusões: SOFA e PSI/PORT podem subestimar a necessidade de VMI na pneumonia por SARS-CoV-2. Em nosso estudo, SOFA e PSI/PORT não tiveram bom desempenho na previsão do uso de VMI em pacientes hospitalizados com pneumonia por SARS-CoV-2.

Supervivencia y decanulación a los 90 días luego de traqueostomía por dilatación percutánea en unidad de cuidados intensivos COVID-19 / Survival and decannulation at 90 days after percutaneous dilation tracheostomy in the COVID-19 intensive care unit

Resumen Introducción: La traqueostomía (TQT) es el procedimiento quirúrgico más frecuentemente realizado en pacientes COVID-19. La tasa de supervivencia y decanulación en Argentina se desconoce. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue evaluar la mortalidad y la tasa de decanulación al día 90 de realizada la TQT percutánea. Secundariamente se evaluó la tasa de lesión en la vía aérea, días de ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMI) y días de internación en unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI). Métodos: Estudio observacional analítico de cohorte prospectiva que incluyó 95 pacientes mayores de 18 años infectados por SARS-CoV-2 ingresados de forma consecutiva a la UCI con requerimiento de VMI y TQT percutánea en el periodo compren dido entre 1 de febrero al 31 de julio del 2021. Resultados: La mortalidad fue del 66.3%. De los supervivientes se logró decanular al 67%. Los supervivientes fueron más jóvenes [media 50.6 (DE 10.2) años versus media 58.9 (DE 13.4) años; p = 0.001] y presentaron puntajes más bajos de índice de Charlson [mediana 1 (RIQ 0-2) versus 2 (1-3) puntos; p = 0.007]. Los pacientes TQT antes del día 10 desde el inicio de VMI tuvieron menos días de VMI y menor estadía en UCI, p < 0.01 y p = 0.01 respectivamente. El índice de Charlson se identificó como factor independiente de mortalidad a los 90 días y de decanulación a los 90 días. Discusión: En nuestra cohorte de pacientes fueron los más jóvenes y con menos comorbilidades los que se beneficiaron con la TQT. El índice de Charlson podría utilizarse como marcador pronóstico en esta población de pacientes.

Abstract Introduction: Tracheostomy (TCT) is the most frequently performed surgical procedure among COVID-19 patients. In Argentina, survival and decannulation rates are unknown. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate mortality and decannulation rates after 90 days of the percutaneous TCT performance. Secondarily, airway injury rate, days on invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and days of hospitalization in the intensive care unit (ICU) were also evaluated. Methods: This observational analytic prospective cohort study included patients over 18 years old with SARS-CoV-2 who were admitted into the ICU requiring IMV and percutaneous TCT in the period covering from 1 February 2021 to 31 July 2021. Results: the mortality rate in 95 patients was 66.3%. Among the survivors, 67% were decannulated. The youngest patients were the ones who survived [mean 50.6 (SD 10.2) years versus mean 58.9 (SD 13.4) years; p = 0.001] and presented lower Charlson index scores [median 1 (IQR 0-2) versus 2 (1-3) points; p = 0.007]. Patients who were tracheostomized ten days before the start of IMV were fewer days on IMV and had a shorter stay in the ICU, p < 0.01 and p = 0.01, respectively. Charlson Index was identified as an independent factor of mortality for both decannulation mortality at 90 days. Discussion: In our cohort of patients, those who were younger and presented less c omorbidities benefited from TCT. Charlson Index could be used as a prognostic marker among this patient population.

[High flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy in the treatment of acute bronchiolitis in neonates]. / Oxigenoterapia de alto flujo con cánula nasal en el tratamiento de la bronquiolitis aguda en neonatos.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the availability of heated humidified high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy was associated with a decrease in need for mechanical ventilation in neonates hospitalised with acute bronchiolitis. METHODS: A combined retrospective and prospective (ambispective) cohort study was performed in a type II-B Neonatal Unit, including hospitalised neonates with acute bronchiolitis after the introduction of HFNC (HFNC-period; October 2011-April 2015). They were compared with a historical cohort prior to the availability of this technique (pre-HFNC; January 2008-May 2011). The need for mechanical ventilation between the two study groups was analysed. Clinical parameters and technique-related complications were evaluated in neonates treated with HFNC. RESULTS: A total of 112 neonates were included, 56 after the introduction of HFNC and 56 from the period before the introduction of HFNC. None of patients in the HFNC-period required intubation, compared with 3.6% of the patients in the pre-HFNC group. The availability of HFNC resulted in a significant decrease in the need for non-invasive mechanical ventilation (30.4% vs 10.7%; P=.01), with a relative risk (RR) of .353 (95% CI; .150-.829), an absolute risk reduction (ARR) of 19.6% (95% CI; 5.13 - 34.2), yielding a NNT of 5. In the HFNC-period, 22 patients received high flow therapy, and 22.7% (95% CI; 7.8 to 45.4) required non-invasive ventilation. Treatment with HFNC was associated with a significant decrease in heart rate (P=.03), respiratory rate (P=.01), and an improvement in the Wood-Downes Férres score (P=.00). No adverse effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The availability of HFNC reduces the need for non-invasive mechanical ventilation, allowing a safe and effective medical management of neonates with acute bronchiolitis.

Causas asociadas a mortalidad por epoc en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Docente "Dr. Salvador Allende"

RESUMEN Introducción: La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (epoc) es una entidad inflamatoria crónica caracterizada por una limitación, parcialmente reversible, del flujo aéreo. Su principal factor de riesgo es el tabaquismo y existen múltiples factores asociados a su elevada letalidad. Objetivo: Identificar los factores asociados con la muerte en pacientes con epoc pertenecientes al Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Docente "Dr. Salvador Allende", La Habana, Cuba, en el periodo comprendido desde el 1 de enero al 31 de diciembre de 2019. Método: Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico observacional analítico de casos y controles. Los casos fueron los fallecimientos (n=34) con diagnóstico de epoc y los controles fueron los pacientes vivos (n=59) con este diagnóstico confirmado al egreso. Fueron consideradas las variables: edad, sexo, tabaquismo, hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus, cor pulmonale crónico, cáncer, grado de epoc, causa de hospitalización, sitio de hospitalización y necesidad de ventilación mecánica invasiva. Se emplearon métodos estadísticos descriptivos, análisis univariado y multivariado para calcular el riesgo, y la regresión logística para valorar los factores de confusión. Resultados: Hubo predominio de pacientes con edad superior a los 65 años y del sexo femenino. Las variables asociadas con la muerte por epoc fueron: comorbilidad por cáncer (OR: 5,1; IC 95 %: 1,2-22,4; p=0,032) y necesidad de ventilación mecánica invasiva (OR: 6,5; IC 95 %: 1,1-38,3; p=0,04). Conclusiones: La comorbilidad por cáncer y la necesidad de ventilación mecánica invasiva se comportaron como factores de riesgo para la mortalidad en pacientes con epoc.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory entity characterized by a partially reversible limitation of airflow. Its main risk factor is smoking and there are multiple factors associated with its high mortality. Objective: To identify the factors associated with death in COPD patients belonging to the Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Docente "Dr. Salvador Allende", in the period from January 1 to December 31, 2019. Method: An analytical observational epidemiological study of cases and controls was carried out. The cases were deaths (n=34) with a diagnosis of COPD, and the controls were living patients (n=59) with this diagnosis confirmed at discharge. Demographic and clinical variables were considered. The variables were considered: age, sex, smoking, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic cor pulmonale, cancer, degree of COPD, cause of hospitalization, site of hospitalization and need for invasive mechanical ventilation. Descriptive statistical methods, univariate and multivariate analysis were used to calculate risk, and logistic regression to assess confounding factors. Results: There was a predominance of patients over 65 years of age, and females. The variables associated with death from COPD were: cancer comorbidity (OR: 5.1; 95% CI: 1.2-22.4; p=0.032) and need for invasive mechanical ventilation (OR: 6.5; CI 95%: 1.1-38.3; p=0.04). Conclusions: Cancer comorbidity and the need for invasive mechanical ventilation behaved as risk factors for mortality in patients with COPD.

RESUMO Introdução: A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) é uma entidade inflamatória crônica caracterizada por uma limitação parcialmente reversível do fluxo aéreo. Seu principal fator de risco é o tabagismo e existem múltiplos fatores associados à sua alta letalidade. Objetivo: Identificar os fatores associados ao óbito em pacientes com DPOC pertencentes ao grupo "Dr. Salvador Allende", Havana, Cuba, no período de 1º de janeiro a 31 de dezembro de 2019. Método: Foi realizado um estudo epidemiológico observacional analítico de casos e controles. Os casos eram óbitos (n=34) com diagnóstico de DPOC e os controles eram pacientes vivos (n=59) com esse diagnóstico confirmado na alta. Foram consideradas as variáveis: idade, sexo, tabagismo, hipertensão arterial, diabetes mellitus, cor pulmonale crônico, câncer, grau da DPOC, causa da internação, local da internação e necessidade de ventilação mecânica invasiva. Métodos estatísticos descritivos, análise univariada e multivariada foram usados para calcular o risco e regressão logística para avaliar os fatores de confusão. Resultados: Houve predomínio de pacientes com mais de 65 anos e do sexo feminino. As variáveis associadas ao óbito por DPOC foram: comorbidade por câncer (OR: 5,1; IC 95%: 1,2-22,4; p=0,032) e necessidade de ventilação mecânica invasiva (OR: 6,5; IC 95%: 1,1-38,3; p=0,04). Conclusões: A comorbidade oncológica e a necessidade de ventilação mecânica invasiva se comportaram como fatores de risco para mortalidade em pacientes com DPOC.