RESUMO
In this article, we propose a consensus delineation of postoperative clinical target volumes for the primary tumour in maxillary sinus and nasal cavity cancers. These guidelines are developed based on radioanatomy and the natural history of those cancers. They require the fusion of the planning CT with preoperative imaging for accurate positioning of the initial GTV and the combined use of the geometric and anatomical concepts for the delineation of clinical target volume for the primary tumour. This article does not discuss the indications of external radiotherapy (nor concurrent systemic treatment) but focuses on target volumes when there is an indication for radiotherapy.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Bucais , Neoplasias dos Seios Paranasais , Humanos , Seio Maxilar/diagnóstico por imagem , Seio Maxilar/cirurgia , Seio Maxilar/patologia , Cavidade Nasal/diagnóstico por imagem , Planejamento da Radioterapia Assistida por Computador/métodos , Neoplasias Bucais/patologiaRESUMO
We present the update of the recommendations of the French society of radiotherapy and oncology on the indications and the technical methods of carrying out radiotherapy of sinonasal cancers. Sinonasal cancers (nasal fossae and sinus) account for 3 to 5% of all cancers of the head and neck. They include carcinomas, mucosal melanomas, sarcomas and lymphomas. The management of sinonasal cancers is multidisciplinary but less standardized than that of squamous cell carcinomas of the upper aerodigestive tract. As such, patients with sinonasal tumors can benefit from the expertise of the French expertise network for rare ENT cancers (Refcor). Knowledge of sinonasal tumour characteristics (histology, grade, risk of lymph node involvement, molecular characterization, type of surgery) is critical to the determination of target volumes. An update of multidisciplinary indications and recommendations for radiotherapy in terms of techniques, target volumes and radiotherapy fractionation of the French society of radiotherapy and oncology (SFRO) was reported in this manuscript.
Assuntos
Cavidade Nasal , Neoplasias Nasais/radioterapia , Adenocarcinoma/radioterapia , Adenocarcinoma/cirurgia , Carcinoma Adenoide Cístico/radioterapia , Carcinoma Adenoide Cístico/cirurgia , Carcinoma Neuroendócrino/radioterapia , Carcinoma Neuroendócrino/cirurgia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/radioterapia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/cirurgia , Estesioneuroblastoma Olfatório/radioterapia , Estesioneuroblastoma Olfatório/cirurgia , França , Humanos , Linfoma/terapia , Melanoma/radioterapia , Melanoma/terapia , Cavidade Nasal/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Nasais/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Nasais/cirurgia , Órgãos em Risco , Neoplasias dos Seios Paranasais/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias dos Seios Paranasais/radioterapia , Neoplasias dos Seios Paranasais/cirurgia , Posicionamento do Paciente , Radioterapia (Especialidade) , Sarcoma/radioterapia , Sarcoma/cirurgia , Sociedades MédicasRESUMO
PURPOSE: Deep learning (DL) techniques are widely used in medical imaging and in particular for segmentation. Indeed, manual segmentation of organs at risk (OARs) is time-consuming and suffers from inter- and intra-observer segmentation variability. Image segmentation using DL has given very promising results. In this work, we present and compare the results of segmentation of OARs and a clinical target volume (CTV) in thoracic CT images using three DL models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used CT images of 52 patients with breast cancer from a public dataset. Automatic segmentation of the lungs, the heart and a CTV was performed using three models based on the U-Net architecture. Three metrics were used to quantify and compare the segmentation results obtained with these models: the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), the Jaccard coefficient (J) and the Hausdorff distance (HD). RESULTS: The obtained values of DSC, J and HD were presented for each segmented organ and for the three models. Examples of automatic segmentation were presented and compared to the corresponding ground truth delineations. Our values were also compared to recent results obtained by other authors. CONCLUSION: The performance of three DL models was evaluated for the delineation of the lungs, the heart and a CTV. This study showed clearly that these 2D models based on the U-Net architecture can be used to delineate organs in CT images with a good performance compared to other models. Generally, the three models present similar performances. Using a dataset with more CT images, the three models should give better results.
Assuntos
Aprendizado Profundo , Humanos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodos , Órgãos em Risco , Variações Dependentes do ObservadorRESUMO
It is proposed to delineate the anatomo-clinical target volumes of primary tumor (CTV-P) in ethmoid cancers treated with post-operative radiotherapy. This concept is based on the use of radioanatomy and the natural history of cancer. It is supported by the repositioning of the planning scanner with preoperative imaging for the replacement of the initial GTV and the creation of margins around it extended to the microscopic risk zones according to the anatomical concept. This article does not discuss the indications of external radiotherapy but specifies the volumes to be delineated if radiotherapy is considered.
Assuntos
Osso Etmoide , Planejamento da Radioterapia Assistida por Computador/métodos , Neoplasias Cranianas/radioterapia , Osso Etmoide/anatomia & histologia , Osso Etmoide/diagnóstico por imagem , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Cuidados Pós-Operatórios/métodos , Neoplasias Cranianas/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Cranianas/cirurgia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
PURPOSE: The aims of this study were: determination of the CTV to PTV margins for prostate and pelvic lymph nodes. Investigation of the impact of registration modality (pelvic bones or prostate) on the CTV to PTV margins of pelvic lymph nodes. Investigation of the variations of bladder and rectum over the treatment course. Investigation of the impact of bladder and rectum variations on prostate position. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study included 15 patients treated for prostate adenocarcinoma. Daily kilo voltage images and weekly CBCT scans were performed to assess prostate displacements and common and external iliac vessels motion. These data was used to calculate the CTV to PTV margins using Van Herk equation in the setting of a daily bone registration. We also compared the CTV to PTV margins of pelvic lymph nodes according to registration method; based on pelvic bone or prostate. We delineated bladder and rectum on all CBCT scans to assess their variations over treatment course at 4 anatomic levels [1.5cm above pubic bone (PB), superior edge, mid- and inferior edge of PB]. RESULTS: Using Van Herk equation, the prostate CTV to PTV margins (bone registration) were 8.03mm, 5.42mm and 8.73mm in AP, ML and SI direction with more than 97% of prostate displacements were less than 5mm. The CTV to PTV margins ranged from 3.12mm to 3.25mm for external iliac vessels and from 3.12mm to 4.18mm for common iliac vessels. Compared to registration based on prostate alignment, bone registration resulted in an important reduction of the CTV to PTV margins up to 54.3% for external iliac vessels and up to 39.6% for common iliac vessels. There was no significant variation of the mean bladder volume over the treatment course. There was a significant variation of the mean rectal volume before and after the third week of treatment. After the third week, the mean rectal volume seemed to be stable. The uni- and multivariate analysis identified the anterior wall of rectum as independent factor acting on prostate motion in AP direction at 2 levels (superior edge of, mid PB). The right rectal wall influenced the prostate motion in ML direction at inferior edge of PB. The bladder volume tends toward significance as factor acting on prostate motion in AP direction. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend CTV to PTV margins of 8mm, 6mm and 9mm in AP, ML and SI directions for prostate. And, we suggest 4mm and 5mm for external and common iliac vessels respectively. We also prefer registration based on bony landmarks to minimize bowel irradiation. More CBCT scans should be performed during the first 3weeks and especially the first week to check rectum volume.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/radioterapia , Linfonodos/diagnóstico por imagem , Próstata/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias da Próstata/radioterapia , Reto/diagnóstico por imagem , Bexiga Urinária/diagnóstico por imagem , Adenocarcinoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Adenocarcinoma/tratamento farmacológico , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Algoritmos , Análise de Variância , Antagonistas de Androgênios/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Artéria Ilíaca/diagnóstico por imagem , Veia Ilíaca/diagnóstico por imagem , Linfonodos/anatomia & histologia , Irradiação Linfática/métodos , Masculino , Movimentos dos Órgãos , Órgãos em Risco/anatomia & histologia , Órgãos em Risco/diagnóstico por imagem , Ossos Pélvicos/anatomia & histologia , Ossos Pélvicos/diagnóstico por imagem , Pelve , Estudos Prospectivos , Próstata/anatomia & histologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias da Próstata/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Planejamento da Radioterapia Assistida por Computador/métodos , Erros de Configuração em Radioterapia , Radioterapia Conformacional , Radioterapia Guiada por Imagem , Reto/anatomia & histologia , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Carga Tumoral , Bexiga Urinária/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
When using radiation therapy for adolescents and young adults (AYA), paediatricians, adults' oncologists and radiation oncologists need to keep in mind several particularities through the whole therapeutic process. They embrace the indication, target volumes, prescribed dose, treatment techniques and follow-up. Indeed, the young age and the cancer features that characterised this population influence the modalities of irradiation. This article highlights the key points of AYA care with radiation therapy.
Assuntos
Neoplasias/radioterapia , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Terapia Combinada/efeitos adversos , Terapia Combinada/métodos , Humanos , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/psicologia , Oncologistas , Pediatras , Lesões por Radiação/complicações , Radio-Oncologistas , Radioterapia/efeitos adversos , Radioterapia/métodos , Dosagem Radioterapêutica , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Continuous improvements have been made in the way to prescribe, record and report dose distributions since the therapeutic use of ionizing radiations. The international commission for radiation units and measurement (ICRU) has provided a common language for physicians and physicists to plan and evaluate their treatments. The PTV concept has been used for more than two decades but is becoming obsolete as the CTV-to-PTV margin creates a static dose cloud that does not properly recapitulate all planning vs. delivery uncertainties. The robust optimization concept has recently emerged to overcome the limitations of the PTV concept. This concept is integrated in the inverse planning process and minimizes deviations to planned dose distribution through integration of uncertainties in the planning objectives. It appears critical to account for the uncertainties that are specific to protons and should be accounted for to better exploit the clinical potential of proton therapy. It may also improve treatment quality particularly in hypofractionated photon plans of mobile tumors and more widely to photon radiotherapy. However, in contrast to the PTV concept, a posteriori evaluation of plan quality, called robust evaluation, using error-based scenarios is still warranted. Robust optimization metrics are warranted. These metrics are necessary to compare PTV-based photon and robustly optimized proton plans in general and in model-based NTCP approaches. Assessment of computational demand and approximations of robust optimization algorithms along with metrics to evaluate plan quality are needed but a step further to better prescribe radiotherapy may has been achieved.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Encefálicas/radioterapia , Carga Tumoral/efeitos da radiação , Humanos , Doses de Radiação , Radioterapia/métodos , Planejamento da Radioterapia Assistida por ComputadorRESUMO
The planning target volume is an essential notion in radiotherapy, that requires a new conceptualization. Indeed, the variability and diversity of the uncertainties involved or improved with the development of the new modern technologies and devices in radiotherapy suggest that random and systematic errors cannot be currently generalized. This article attempts to discuss these various uncertainties and tries to demonstrate that a redefinition of the concept of planning target volume toward its personalization for each patient and the robustness notion are likely an improvement basis to take into account the radiotherapy uncertainties.
Assuntos
Neoplasias/radioterapia , Carga Tumoral/efeitos da radiação , Humanos , Neoplasias/patologia , Planejamento de Assistência ao Paciente , Radioterapia/métodos , Dosagem Radioterapêutica , IncertezaRESUMO
PURPOSE: Flaps are increasingly used during reconstructive surgery of head and neck cancers to improve functional outcomes. There are no guidelines as to whether the whole flap or its anastomotic border should be included in the primary tumour target volume of postoperative radiotherapy to prevent local relapses. Relapse and toxicity rates can increase substantially if the whole flap received full dose. Our aim was to determine whether flaps were included in the primary tumour target volume and to report the patterns of relapse and toxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Consecutive patients in 2014 through 2016, with or without a flap, receiving postoperative radiotherapy were selected in a retrospective monocentric control study. Flaps were homogenously delineated blind to treating radiation oncologists using a flap-specific atlas. Tumour recurrence, acute and late toxicity were evaluated using univariate and propensity score analyses. RESULTS: A hundred patients were included; 54 with a flap. Median flap volume included in the tumour volume was 80.9%. Twelve patients experienced local recurrences: six with a flap, among whom two within their flap (3.7%). Patients with flaps had larger median tumour volumes to be irradiated (25cm3 versus 58cm3, p<0.001) and higher acute/late toxicity rates (p<0.001) even after adjustment on biases (more advanced T stage, oral cavity, active smoking in patients with flaps). Locoregional recurrence and survival rates were similar between patients with/without a flap. CONCLUSION: Recurrences within a flap were rare in this series when including the whole flap body in the 60Gy-clinical target volume but inclusion of the flap in the primary tumour target volume increased toxicity. Multicentric studies are warranted.
Assuntos
Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/radioterapia , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/cirurgia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia , Retalhos Cirúrgicos/transplante , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Análise de Variância , Feminino , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/mortalidade , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/diagnóstico por imagem , Cuidados Pós-Operatórios/métodos , Pontuação de Propensão , Lesões por Radiação/etiologia , Procedimentos de Cirurgia Plástica/métodos , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Advances in the reconstructive surgery and minimally invasive endonasal endoscopic surgery of head and neck is poorly evaluated in terms of their impact on radiotherapy planning and outcomes. These surgical advances have resulted in reduced morbidity with equivalent or better tumor control. In the absence of a recommendation on how to delineate target volumes in patients with flaps or to consider margins after endoscopic endonasal surgery, radiotherapy practices are inevitably heterogeneous. Efforts are needed to increase the therapeutic index of postoperative radiotherapy in these situations. We analysed the rare existing literature and outlined a preliminary basis for a recommendation. Strengthening of multidisciplinarity to accurately define target volumes in these complex and relatively new situations, and "delineation concertation meetings" between radiologists, surgeons and radiation oncologists could probably contribute to improved outcomes.
Assuntos
Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/radioterapia , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/cirurgia , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Minimamente Invasivos , Procedimentos de Cirurgia Plástica , Carga Tumoral/efeitos da radiação , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/patologia , Humanos , Dosagem RadioterapêuticaRESUMO
PET/CT has become a standard examination in oncology but is probably still underused for radiotherapy planning. However, except for the clinical research data that shows the interest of this examination in considering personalized and adaptive radiotherapy, it is also important in defining target volumes. However, before using it in clinical practice, a few prerequisites are required to know the acquisition and segmentation methods. Ideally, PET/CT should become a standard examination for radiotherapy departments in the same way as planning CT and tomorrow as MRI.
Assuntos
Neoplasias/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias/radioterapia , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons combinada à Tomografia Computadorizada/métodos , Radio-Oncologistas , Planejamento da Radioterapia Assistida por Computador/métodos , Humanos , Seleção de Pacientes , Medicina de Precisão , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
This article provides a proposal for the selection and delineation of clinical target volumes for the treatment with radiation of submandibular glands tumours. This article does not deal with external radiotherapy indications but specifies the volumes to be treated if radiotherapy is chosen. High-risk and low-risk peritumoral clinical target volumes are described based on the probability of local tumoral spread. High-risk and low-risk clinical target volumes are illustrated on CT-scan slices. A proposal for the selection of nodal clinical target volumeis also proposed.
Assuntos
Planejamento da Radioterapia Assistida por Computador/métodos , Neoplasias da Glândula Submandibular/radioterapia , Humanos , Irradiação Linfática/métodos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Invasividade Neoplásica , Tamanho do Órgão , Dosagem Radioterapêutica , Risco , Neoplasias da Glândula Submandibular/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias da Glândula Submandibular/patologia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Carga TumoralRESUMO
PURPOSE: The purpose of this work was to establish a map model of the local recurrence location after pancreatic cancer resection and to generate a new delineation method of clinical target volume, with the aim to effectively improve the adjuvant radiotherapeutic gain ratio. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The clinical and imaging data of 48 patients with resected pancreatic head cancer and pancreatic body cancer with local recurrences were collected. Local recurrences were all plotted with reference to the geometric centre of the local recurrent foci. Based on the coordinates of the local recurrences with respect to the celiac artery or the superior mesenteric artery, a three-dimensional local recurrence map model was established on the computed tomography image. The adjuvant radiation clinical target volumes encompassing 90% of all local failures and encompassing 90% of postoperative pancreatic head cancer local failures were created respectively. This new delineation method and RTOG 0848 protocol were applied in five simulated cases, then corresponding types of target volumes and plans were generated for comparison. RESULTS: The clinical target volume encompassing 90% of all local failures was generated by expanding the combined celiac artery and superior mesenteric artery contour by 1.4cm superior, 1.9cm inferior, 2.6cm left-lateral, 3.1cm right-lateral, 1.9cm anterior and 1.6cm posterior. The corresponding expansions of clinical target volume encompassing 90% of postoperative pancreatic head cancer local failures were 1.4cm, 1.4cm, 2.1cm, 3.1cm, 1.6cm and 2.0cm. The volumes of "new" target PTV-90_edited, PTV-90_H_edited, and the standard target PTV_edited were 217.64±58.67 cm3, 207.78±50.94 cm3 and 320.72±50.94 cm3 in simulated cases. Comparison showed that the "new" target volumes were much smaller than the standard volumes per RTOG 0848 protocol, and the dose received by organs at risk was also lower in the "new" plans. CONCLUSIONS: A majority of postoperative local recurrences in patients with pancreatic head and body cancer are contained within a smaller region surrounding the celiac artery and superior mesenteric artery. The "new" volumes targeting high risk local failures may allow dose escalation and enhanced local control while minimizing radiation-related toxicity.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Pancreáticas/radioterapia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/cirurgia , Dosagem Radioterapêutica , Planejamento da Radioterapia Assistida por Computador , Radioterapia Adjuvante/métodosRESUMO
Despite representing a 1% of diagnosed cancer cases in the USA and up to 5% in eastern Asia and Africa, oesophageal cancer still holds numerous questions concerning the best therapeutic management. For squamous cell carcinoma, while radiochemotherapy has proven itself to be the gold standard as part of the trimodality or alone as a definitive treatment, radiotherapy modalities are still debated especially regarding lymph node irradiation. Involved nodes irradiation was developed with the aim of maintaining clinical outcomes and enhancing quality of life but lacks grade 1 evidence. In this article, we aim to summarize the state of art regarding lymph node irradiation, discuss the impact of target definition, delivery techniques, concomitant treatment and the perspectives. Being highly connected to the lymph vessels, lymphatic metastases are frequent and can locate from the neck to the coeliac area with each node having a different prognostic significance. Regarding the comparison between elective nodal irradiation and involved nodes irradiation, evidence-based medicine mostly relies on retrospective studies. Pooled, it suggests similar clinical outcomes with lower acute toxicities in favour of involved nodes irradiation. However, delivery techniques, doses and concomitant treatment were not consensual. Studies are ongoing evaluating the impact of radiation delivery techniques and the choice of concomitant treatment, i.e. immunotherapy. Modern techniques of imaging, radiation therapy progressing each day and alternative treatment modalities being tested, the need of randomized controlled trials has never been so high. Elective nodal irradiation should remain the standard of care while phase 3 trials explore the safety of involved nodal irradiation.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/terapia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/terapia , Quimiorradioterapia/métodos , Neoplasias Esofágicas/terapia , Linfonodos/efeitos da radiação , Irradiação Linfática/métodos , Adenocarcinoma/secundário , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/secundário , Neoplasias Esofágicas/patologia , Esôfago/anatomia & histologia , Humanos , Linfonodos/anatomia & histologia , Linfonodos/patologia , Metástase Linfática , Terapia Neoadjuvante/métodos , Radioterapia Conformacional/métodosRESUMO
PURPOSE: To measure the impact of contouring on worktime in the adjuvant radiation treatment of breast cancer, and to identify factors that might affect the measurements. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The dates and times of contouring clinical target volumes and organs at risk were recorded by a senior and by two junior radiation oncologists. Outcome measurements were contour times and the time from start to approval. The factors evaluated were patient age, type of surgery, radiation targets and setup, operator, planning station, part of the day and day of the week on which the contouring started. The Welch test was used to comparatively assess the measurements. RESULTS: Two hundred and three cases were included in the analysis. The mean contour time per patient was 34minutes for a mean of 4.72 structures, with a mean of 7.1minutes per structure. The clinical target volume and organs at risk times did not differ significantly. The mean time from start to approval per patient was 29.4hours. Factors significantly associated with longer contour times were breast-conserving surgery (P=0.026), prone setup (P=0.002), junior operator (P<0.0001), Pinnacle planning station (P=0.026), contouring start in the morning (P=0.001), and contouring start by the end of the week (P<0.0001). Factors significantly associated with time from start to approval were age (P=0.038), junior operator (P<0.0001), planning station (P=0.016), and contouring start by the end of the week (P=0.004). CONCLUSION: Contouring is a time-consuming process. Each delineated structure influences worktime, and many factors may be targeted for optimization of the workflow. These preliminary data will serve as basis for future prospective studies to determine how to establish a cost-effective solution.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/radioterapia , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Radioterapia Adjuvante/métodos , Radioterapia Guiada por Imagem , Fluxo de Trabalho , Adulto , Plexo Braquial/efeitos da radiação , Mama/efeitos da radiação , Neoplasias da Mama/cirurgia , Cicatriz/patologia , Terapia Combinada , Feminino , Coração/efeitos da radiação , Humanos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador/estatística & dados numéricos , Pulmão/efeitos da radiação , Irradiação Linfática , Mastectomia Segmentar , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Tamanho do Órgão , Órgãos em Risco , Decúbito Ventral , Estudos Prospectivos , Planejamento da Radioterapia Assistida por Computador/estatística & dados numéricos , Erros de Configuração em Radioterapia/prevenção & controle , Radioterapia Guiada por Imagem/estatística & dados numéricos , Parede Torácica/efeitos da radiação , Glândula Tireoide/efeitos da radiação , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
PURPOSE: The Union of Light Ion Centers in Europe (ULICE) program addressed the need for uniting scientific results for carbon-ion radiation therapy obtained by several institutions worldwide in different fields of excellence, and translating them into a real benefit to the community. Particularly, the concepts for dose/volume parameters developed in photon radiotherapy cannot be extrapolated to high linear energy transfer particles. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The ULICE-WP2 taskforce included radiation oncologists involved in carbon-ion radiation therapy and International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, radiation biologists, expert physicists in the fields of carbon-ion radiation therapy, microdosimetry, biological modeling and image-guided radiotherapy. Consensual reports emerged from multiple discussions within both the restricted group and the wider ULICE community. Public deliverables were produced and disseminated to the European Commission. RESULTS: Here we highlight the disparity in practices between treating centers, then address the main topics to finally elaborate specific recommendations. Although it appears relatively simple to add geometrical margins around the clinical target volume to obtain the planning target volume as performed in photon radiotherapy, this procedure is not appropriate for carbon-ion radiation therapy. Due to the variation of the radiation quality in depth, there is no generic relative biological effectiveness value for carbon-ions outside of an isolated point, for a given fractionation and specific experimental conditions. Absorbed dose and "equieffective dose" for specified conditions must always be reported. CONCLUSIONS: This work contributed to the development of standard operating procedures for carbon-ion radiation therapy clinical trials. These procedures are now being applied, particularly in the first phase III international, multicenter trial (PHRC Étoile).
Assuntos
Radioterapia com Íons Pesados , Institutos de Câncer , Consenso , Relação Dose-Resposta à Radiação , Grupos Focais , Previsões , Tomografia Computadorizada Quadridimensional , Alemanha , Radioterapia com Íons Pesados/métodos , Humanos , Agências Internacionais , Japão , Tamanho do Órgão , Padrões de Prática Médica/estatística & dados numéricos , Radioterapia (Especialidade)/organização & administração , Radioterapia (Especialidade)/estatística & dados numéricos , Radiometria/métodos , Dosagem Radioterapêutica , Planejamento da Radioterapia Assistida por Computador , Eficiência Biológica Relativa , Terminologia como Assunto , Carga TumoralRESUMO
PURPOSE: To test if active breath control during cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) could improve planning target volume during accelerated partial breast radiotherapy for breast cancer. METHODS: Patients who were more than 40 years old, underwent breast-conserving dissection and planned for accelerated partial breast irradiation, and with postoperative staging limited to T1-2 N0 M0, or postoperative staging T2 lesion no larger than 3cm with a negative surgical margin greater than 2mm were enrolled. Patients with lobular carcinoma or extensive ductal carcinoma in situ were excluded. CBCT images were obtained pre-correction, post-correction and post-treatment. Set-up errors were recorded at left-right, anterior-posterior and superior-inferior directions. The differences between these CBCT images, as well as calculated radiation doses, were compared between patients with active breath control or free breathing. RESULTS: Forty patients were enrolled, among them 25 had active breath control. A total of 836 CBCT images were obtained for analysis. CBCT significantly reduced planning target volume. However, active breath control did not show significant benefit in decreasing planning target volume margin and the doses of organ-at-risk when compared to free breathing. CONCLUSION: CBCT, but not active breath control, could reduce planning target volume during accelerated partial breast irradiation.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/radioterapia , Tomografia Computadorizada de Feixe Cônico/métodos , Planejamento da Radioterapia Assistida por Computador/métodos , Respiração , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
The rate of local failure of stage IIIA-N2 non-small cell lung cancer is 20 to 40%, even if they are managed with surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy. Postoperative radiotherapy improves local control, but its benefit on global survival remains to be demonstrated. Considered for many years as an adjuvant treatment option for pN2 cancers, it continues nevertheless to be deemed too toxic. What is the current status of postoperative radiotherapy? The Lung Adjuvant Radiotherapy Trial (Lung ART) phase III trial should give us a definitive, objective response on global survival, but inclusion of patients is difficult. The results are consequently delayed. The aim of this review is to show all the results about efficacy and tolerance of postoperative radiotherapy and to define the target volume and dose to prescribe.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/radioterapia , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/cirurgia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/radioterapia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/cirurgia , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/mortalidade , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/mortalidade , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Dosagem Radioterapêutica , Radioterapia AdjuvanteRESUMO
More than 4000 cases of esophagus neoplasms are diagnosed every year in France. Radiotherapy, which can be delivered in preoperative or exclusive with a concomitant chemotherapy, plays a central role in treatment of esophagus cancer. Even if efficacy of radiotherapy no longer has to be proved, the prognosis of esophagus cancer remains unfortunately poor with a high recurrence rate. Toxicity of esophageal radiotherapy is correlated with the irradiation volume, and limits dose escalation and local control. Esophagus is a deep thoracic organ, which undergoes cardiac and respiratory motion, making the radiotherapy delivery more difficult and increasing the planning target volume margins. Definition of accurate planning target volume margins, taking into account the esophagus' intrafraction motion and set up margins is very important to be sure to cover the clinical target volume and restrains acute and late radiotoxicity. In this article, based on a review of the literature, we propose planning target volume margins adapted to esophageal radiotherapy.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Esofágicas/radioterapia , Radioterapia Conformacional , Radioterapia Guiada por Imagem , Esôfago/fisiologia , Humanos , Movimento/fisiologia , Dosagem Radioterapêutica , RespiraçãoRESUMO
Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) is increasingly used in order to minimize the gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and hematological toxicity in cervical and uterine cancers. However, the benefit of this high-precision approach is detracted by the margins applied to the clinical target volume (CTV) to generate the planning tumor volume (PTV), taking into account tumor and surrounding organs movements, deformations, and volume changes. Adequate PTV margins should be large enough to prevent geographical misses, but not excessive, which might end the benefit from IMRT. The objectives of this review were: (a) to present the evidence available for the determination of CTV-PTV margin for uterine cancers; (b) to highlight the impact of these margins in the context of adaptive radiotherapy; and (c) to discuss the role of the PTV concept in intracavitary brachytherapy.