A Novel Electrochemical Differentiation between Exosomal-RNA of Breast Cancer MCF7 and MCF7/ADR-Resistant Cells.

Cancer is considered one of the most burdensome diseases affecting lives and, hence, the economy. Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer. Patients with breast cancer are divided into two groups: one group responds to the chemotherapy, and the other group resists the chemotherapy. Unfortunately, the group which resists the chemotherapy is still suffering the pain associated with the severe side effects of the chemotherapy. Therefore, there is a critical need for a method to differentiate between both groups before the administration of the chemotherapy. Exosomes, the recently discovered nano-vesicles, are often used as cancer diagnostic biomarkers as their unique composition allows them to represent their parental cells, which makes them promising indicators for tumor prognosis. Exosomes contain proteins, lipids, and RNA that exist in most body fluids and are expelled by multiple cell types, including cancer cells. Furthermore, exosomal RNA has been significantly used as a promising biomarker for tumor prognosis. Herein, we have developed an electrochemical system that could successfully differentiate between MCF7 and MCF7/ADR depending on the exosomal RNA. The high sensitivity of the proposed electrochemical assay opens the door for further investigation that will address the other type of cancer cells.

Ameliorative photocatalytic dye degradation of hydrothermally synthesized bimetallic Ag-Sn hybrid nanocomposite treated upon domestic wastewater under visible light irradiation.

Industrial and textile dyes are the major source of water pollutants in the Coimbatore Districts of Tamil Nadu, India. The highly stable organic dyes from these industries are being discharged untreated into neighboring rivers, lakes, and ponds. Thus, the present study mainly focused on the preparation of bimetallic nanocomposite (Ag-Sn) through Free-facile Teflon autoclave methodology and their subsequent stimulation has given to the photocatalyst by visible light irradiation. This visible light stimulates and irradiates the photocatalysts from steady state to the excited state and might help in absorption of the nanosized dye materials and organic matter. The nanocomposite was characterized using UV, FTIR, Zeta-sizer, XRD and FE-SEM. These parameters exhibited significant lattice structures with an average size of 127.6 nm. Further the nanocomposite treated samples were tested for water quality parameters like TDS, BOD, COD, heavy metals, sedimentation rate and bacterial population. Likewise, the samples irradiated with visible light for photocatalytic activity exhibited a significant intensity of C/C0 at 0.42 and 0.28. The treated water used for green gram seedling assay exhibited significant growth. Scavengers from Ag-Sn bimetallic nanocomposite plays the major role in dye degradation. The results clearly suggest that Ag-Sn bimetallic nanocomposite can be used for wastewater treatment and the subsequent treated water can be utilized for agriculture purposes.

Novel NAC-loaded poly(lactide-co-glycolide acid) nanoparticles for cataract treatment: preparation, characterization, evaluation of structure, cytotoxicity, and molecular docking studies.

BACKGROUND: N-acetylcarnosine (NAC), a dipeptide with powerful antioxidant properties that is extensively used as a pharmaceutical prodrug for the treatment of cataract and acute gastric disease, was investigated by molecular dynamics with the GROMACS program in order to understand the solvent effect on peptide conformation of the peptide molecule used as a component of a drug and which presents substantial information on where drug molecules bind and how they exert their effects. Besides, molecular docking simulation was performed by using the AutoDock Vina program which identify the kind of interaction between the drug and proteins. A delivery system based on poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with NAC (NAC-PLGA-NPs) for the treatment of cataract was prepared for the first time in this study in order to enhance drug bioavailability and biocompatibility. The objective of this work was to prepare and evaluate the structural formulation, characterization, and cytotoxicity studies of NAC-loaded NPs based on PLGA for cataract treatment. METHODS: PLGA and NAC-loaded PLGA NPs were prepared using the double emulsion (w/o/w) method, and characterizations of the NPs were carried out with UV-Vis spectrometer to determine drug concentration, the Zeta-sizer system to analyze size and zeta potential, FTIR spectrometer to determine the incorporation of drug and PLGA, and TEM analysis for morphological evaluation. RESULTS: NAC-loaded PLGA NPs were successfully obtained according to UV-Vis and FTIR spectroscopy, Zeta-sizer system. And it was clearly observed from the TEM analysis that the peptide-loaded NPs had spherical and non-aggregated morphology. Also, the NPs had low toxicity at lower concentrations, and toxicity was augmented by increasing the concentration of the drug. DISCUSSION: The NAC molecule, which has been investigated as a drug molecule due to its antioxidant and oxidative stress-reducing properties, especially in cataract treatment, was encapsulated with a PLGA polymer in order to increase drug bioavailability. This study may contribute to the design of drugs for cataract treatment with better reactivity and stability.

Impact of Ocular Compatible Lipoids and Castor Oil in Fabrication of Brimonidine Tartrate Nanoemulsions by 33 Full Factorial Design.

BACKGROUND: Brimonidine Tartrate (BRT) is used in the treatment of glaucoma. Brimonidine tartrate nanoemulsion was fabricated in this research work to enhance the permeability through barriers and faster onset of action and therapeutic effect. OBJECTIVE: To fabricate an ocular compatible nanoemulsion of brimonidine tartrate by using surfactant and co-surfactants. METHODS: The experimental work involved compatibility studies by using FTIR, DSC and crystallinity study by XRD. The prepared nanoemulsion was studied by photon correlation spectroscopy by Malvern S90 for the particle size analysis and characterized for Z average value (d.nm.) and PDI. Further studies were conducted by laser light scattering technique by delsanano common and TEM. RESULTS: The study demonstrated that the formulations BN2, BN3, BN10 demonstrated the z average value of 19.48, 22.14,26.50 d.nm. With 0.337, 0.270, 0.289 PDI respectively, the formulae BN2, BN3, BN10 demonstrated the distribution average diameter (nm) of 376.8 + 258.4, 542.8 + 494.4, 398.8 + 263.9 with the diameter of 267.5, 298.5, 272.7, respectively. The zeta potential of BN10 was -21.26 mV and other parameters such as TEM and drug release studies were also reported. CONCLUSION: The nanoemulsion of brimonidine tartrate was prepared successfully by using castor oil, Lipoid S75 (Fat free soybean phospholipids with 70% phosphatidylcholine), Lipoid E80 (Egg phospholipids with 80% phosphatidylcholine) and PF- 68. The optimised formula demonstrated the lower droplet size, satisfactory zeta potential, and high drug loading and reproducible drug release profile. Brimonididne taratarate is reported in various recent patents for various applications and is the potential candidate for future therapy. Nanoemulsion is widely explored as potential alternatives for conventional ophthalmic formulation based approaches. It enhances the ocular bioavailability by reducing the drug protein binding, increasing the corneal resident time, enhancing the drug permeability and providing a sustained drug release.It reported a significant increase in therapeutic efficacy for various chronic ocular disease states of both the anterior and posterior ocular segments.

Fabrication, Characterization, In vitro Evaluation of Solid Lipid Nanoemulsion of Flunarizine dihydrochloride for Nasal Delivery.

BACKGROUND: Flunarizine dihydrochloride (FHC) is used for the prophylaxis to migraine. Flunarizine has solubility problems which is practically insoluble in water and alcohol. Nanoemulsion is the approach to increase the solubility of the insoluble drugs. Nanoemulsions of FHC was prepared which can be given through the alternate route such as nasal drug delivery for migraine. OBJECTIVE: In this research work the solubility of the poorly soluble FHC was successfully improved by preparing it as a nano emulsion. Nanoemulsions can pass through the biological membrane easily so it can be delivered through nasal mucosa by which it may provide a quicker onset of action. The currently available dosage forms are in the form of tablet. METHODS: The formulations were prepared by using Glycerl Monostearate (GMS), Tween 80 as surfactant and PEG 400: Ethanol as co-surfactant in the distilled water. Nanoemulsions were prepared by step by step procedure. The prepared nanoemulsions were analyzed preliminarily by Master Sizer followed by Zeta Sizer by using the technique Dynamic Photon Correlation Spectroscopy. The best nanoemulsion was subjected to Zeta Potential study. The TEM analysis was carried out on the best formulation to gain the detailed information about the formulation. RESULTS: The best formulation was selected based on the physical appearance, homogenecity of the preparation, Preliminary Master Sizer analysis report, Secondary Zeta Sizer analysis report with Zeta Potential and TEM. The best formulation demonstrated the size in nano range with improved solubility. CONCLUSION: The FHC nano emulsion was prepared successfully which improved the solubility of the drug. The drug release study on simulated nasal fluid revealed that the preparation is suitable to be delivered through the nasal route.

Nanoemulsion for Migraine Prophylaxis Nasal Drug Delivery: Preparation, Characterization and in vitro Evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Flunarizine dihydrochloride is used as a prophylaxis to migraine. Flunarizine dihydrochloride nanoemulsion was fabricated in this research work. Since, it is a low soluble high permeable drug, work was designed to enhance the solubility and the same can be administered as nasal drug delivery for faster onset of action and therapeutic effect. OBJECTIVE: To fabricate a nanoemulsion of flunarizine dihydrochloride by using surfactant and co-surfactants. METHODS: The experimental work involved compatibility studies by using FTIR, crystallinity study by XRD. The prepared nanoemulsion was studied by photon correlation spectroscopy by master sizer 2000 for the particle size analysis and characterized for D10, D50 and D90 MPS, span and uniformity. Further studies were conducted by Laser light scattering technique by delsa nano common and TEM. RESULTS: The study demonstrated that the formulations (FNE 1 -FNE 5) demonstrated the MPS of 14, 22.7, 326.7, 14.3 and 40.73 respectively. The formulae FNE1 and FNE5 demonstrated the MPS of 214.6±179.9 and 2118.6 ±1503.6 with the diameter of 127.8 and 1307, respectively. The zeta potential of FNE1 was -3.84 mV and other parameters such as TEM and drug release studies were also reported. CONCLUSION: The nanoemulsion of Flunarizine dihydrochloride was prepared successfully by using cremophor and labrafil which was better than the existed formula prepared by tween 80. The optimised formula demonstrated lower droplet size, satisfactory zeta potential, and high drug loading reproducible drug release profile.

Cefazolin loaded chitosan nanoparticles to cure multi drug resistant Gram-negative pathogens.

Antibiotic resistance against Gram-negative microbes is considered as an alarming phenomenon that needs to be addressed urgently to develop better therapeutic solutions. The aim of the present research work was to investigate and develop cefazolin loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) as a potential tool against multidrug resistant pathogens. Empty and drug loaded CSNPs were prepared by ionic gelation method. It was observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) based studies that CSNPs were less than 100 nm in size and displayed homogeneity both in shape and size. Encapsulation of cefazolin has not increased the size of nano systems. Zeta sizer results revealed that both systems have positive zeta potential of more or less +50 mV, thus contributing towards a stable formulation. Encapsulation efficiency was directly proportional to the increase in the concentration of antibiotic (28-62%). Furthermore, growth kinetics study had demonstrated excellent antimicrobial potential of cefazolin loaded CSNPs against multi drug resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) positive Escherichia coli.