Structural and thermal investigation of lignocellulosic biomass conversion for enhancing sustainable imperative in progressive organic refinery paradigm for waste-to-energy applications.

The depletion of finite fossil fuel reserves and the severe environmental degradation resulting from human activities have compelled the expeditious development and application of sustainable waste to energy technologies. To encapsulate energy and environment in sustainability paradigm, bio waste based energy production is need to be forged in organic bio refinery setup. According to world bioenergy association, biomass can cover 50 % of the primary energy demand of the world. Therefore, the present study focuses on reforming the energy mix for a clean energy generation, where, sample composition of cotton stalk was acidified in dilute (5% wt.) hydrochloric acid (HCL) for analyzing material burnout patterns in biomass conversion systems utilized in organic bio refinery sector. Advanced thermochemical burning technique, which includes pyrolysis and combustion was applied at four different leaching times from 0 to 180 min under nitrogen environment from 0 °C to 500 °C and air from 500 °C to 900 °C, respectively. Different analyses including proximate, ultimate, gross calorific value (GCV), thermos-gravimetric, kinetic, XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDS were used for analyzing the degradation of demineralized cotton stalk at different treatment rates. Proximate study demonstrated that cotton stalk leaching for 180 min has efficiently infused HCL, leading in a significant increase in fixed carbon and higher heating value of 20.23 % and 12.48%, respectively, as well as a reduction in carbon footprint of around 54.80%. The findings of proximate was validated by GCV analysis and CHNS analysis as value of carbon and hydrogen has shown increasing behavior with the time delay in demineralization Thermo-gravimetric and derivative thermo-gravimetric data analyses shows an increasing trend of conversion efficiency, with the maximum increase of 98 % reported for sample 3H.TT.DEM. XRD characterization has reported 23° to 25° angle for all the observed peaks. Sample 3H.TT.DEM has shown maximum angle inclination along with matured crystalline peak. The latter observations has been validated by FTIR spectroscopy as sample 3H.TT.DEM has reported maximum O-H group formation. Sample 3H.TT.DEM has reported lowest activation energy of 139.51 kJ*mole-1 and lowest reactivity of 0.000293649%*min 0C, due to moderate and stable reactiveness. In SEM examination, increment in pore size and number of pores within the structural matrix of cotton stalk was observed with the enhancement in acidulation process. Furthermore, in EDS analysis, 3H.TT.DEM has shown most balanced distribution of the elements. In this research, sustainable transformation of biomass is envisioned to improve the waste bio refinery system, significantly contributing to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals 7, 12 and 13.

Copper(II) and Zinc(II) Complexes with Bacterial Prodigiosin Are Targeting Site III of Bovine Serum Albumin and Acting as DNA Minor Groove Binders.

The negative environmental and social impacts of food waste accumulation can be mitigated by utilizing bio-refineries' approach where food waste is revalorized into high-value products, such as prodigiosin (PG), using microbial bioprocesses. The diverse biological activities of PG position it as a promising compound, but its high production cost and promiscuous bioactivity hinder its wide application. Metal ions can modulate the electronic properties of organic molecules, leading to novel mechanisms of action and increased target potency, while metal complex formation can improve the stability, solubility and bioavailability of the parent compound. The objectives of this study were optimizing PG production through bacterial fermentation using food waste, allowing good quantities of the pure natural product for further synthesizing and evaluating copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes with it. Their antimicrobial and anticancer activities were assessed, and their binding affinity toward biologically important molecules, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and DNA was investigated by fluorescence emission spectroscopy and molecular docking. The yield of 83.1 mg/L of pure PG was obtained when processed meat waste at 18 g/L was utilized as the sole fermentation substrate. The obtained complexes CuPG and ZnPG showed high binding affinity towards target site III of BSA, and molecular docking simulations highlighted the affinity of the compounds for DNA minor grooves.

Metal-organic framework-enabled biomass conversion technologies for microalgae bio-refinery in the food industry.

Biomass is a valuable renewable energy adapted as an alternative to traditional fossil fuels. Apart from fuels, biomass is synthesized into highly valuable products that are used in various forms including biofuels, biochemical, bioproducts, packing material, and find practice in pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and nutraceuticals industries. Particularly, microalgae a third-generation feedstock known for its rich carbon content possesses protein lipids and carbohydrates produces a variety of green products such as bioethanol, biohydrogen, biodiesel, and biomethane, and also fixes carbon emission to a certain amount in the atmosphere. However, microalgae conversion in the presence of a catalyst such as a metal-organic framework (MOF) yields high-quality valuable products. A MOF is a porous crystalline material where the structure and pore size can be controlled making it suitable for catalytic reactions and appropriate conversion paths. This review briefly explains the prevailing status of microalgae as a sustainable biomass and features its components for microalgae biorefinery into valuable products and its application in the food industry. MOF properties, characteristics and various MOF-based conversion technologies for biomass conversion with its application are elaborated. In addition, usage of value products produced from microalgae biorefinery in the food industry and its importance is elucidated. In addition, the challenges in integrating biorefinery processes with food industry operations and their solutions are also presented. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Carbon dioxide fixation and lipid storage of Scenedesmus sp. ASK22: A sustainable approach for biofuel production and waste remediation.

In this study, an airlift reactor (ALR) has been employed to evaluate the carbon dioxide fixation rate (Rc) and lipid yield (LY) of unicellular green microalgae Scenedesmus sp. ASK22, using dairy effluent as a biofuel feedstock. Independent process parameters (PPs) such as light intensity, CO2 concentration, and aeration rate and their effect on Rc and LY were revealed. The central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize the PPs. The best-operating conditions were measured as light intensity -6.24 Klux, CO2 concentration -14.03% (v v-1), and aeration rate -1.02 liter per minute (LPM). Under these conditions, LY and Rc were found to be 4.22 gL-1 and 1.27 gL-1d-1 which were 2.24- and 1.94-fold higher than the value obtained in the control experiment (1.88 gL-1 and 0.656 gL-1d-1) at the end of 12th day. The corresponding values for bioremediation of nitrate, phosphate, as well as chemical oxygen demand (COD), remained within 98-100%. The biochemical, CHN, thermogravimetric, and fatty acid analysis of Scenedesmus sp. ASK22 biomass and lipid confirmed their potential as a clean biofuel feedstock. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis of lipid-extracted microalgae biomass (LEMB) was carried out suggesting that LEMB could be used as a high-quality cattle and fish feed, fertilizers, and a sustainable source for biogas, bioethanol, and bio-oils. In addition to improving the developed system's efficiency, a semi-continuous regime was implemented which resulted in biomass productivity of 1.89 gL-1d-1 which was 2.6-fold higher than the batch cultivation without hampering lipid productivity (0.377 gL-1d-1). The present results suggest that Scenedesmus sp. ASK22 is a potential candidate for CO2 sequestration from atmosphere/flue gas, biofuel production (biodiesel, bioethanol, biogas, biobutanol, etc.), and waste remediation.

A new cutting-edge review on the bioremediation of anaerobic digestate for environmental applications and cleaner bioenergy.

Circular agriculture and economy systems have recently emerged around the world. It is a long-term environmental strategy that promotes economic growth and food security while reducing negative environmental consequences. Anaerobic digestion (AD) process has a high contribution and effective biodegradation route for bio-wastes valorization and reducing greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions. However, the remaining massive digestate by-product contains non-fermented organic fractions, macro and/or micro-nutrients, heavy metals, and metalloids. Direct application of digestate in agriculture negatively affected the properties of the soil due to the high load of nutrients as well as the residuals of GHGs are emitted to the environment. Recycling and valorizing of anaerobic digestate is the main challenge for the sustainable biogas industry and nutrients recovery. To date, there is no global standard process for the safe digestate handling. This review described the biochemical composition and separation processes of anaerobic digestate. Further, advanced physical, chemical, and biological remediation's of the diverse digestate are comprehensively discussed. Moreover, recycling technologies such as phyco-remediation, bio-floc, and entomoremediation were reviewed as promising solutions to enhance energy and nutrient recovery, making the AD technology more sustainable with additional profits. Finally, this review gives an in-depth discussion of current biorefinery technologies, key roles of process parameters, and identifies challenges of nutrient recovery from digestate and prospects for future studies at large scale.

Milking microalgae in conjugation with nano-biorefinery approach utilizing wastewater.

In today's era, we need to replace chemical or physical processes of nanoparticle synthesis with biosynthesis processes to avoid environmental damage. These bioderived nanoparticles can help in addressing the problems of wastewater treatment and biofuels production. This review gives an insight into solving multiple problems using a nano-biorefinery approach in conjugation with wastewater treatment. The major advantage of using a bio-derivative method in nanoparticle synthesis is its low toxicity towards the environment. The current review discusses the development of nanoscience and its biogenic importance. It covers the usage of microalgae for (A) Nanoparticle's biosynthesis (B) Mechanism of nanoparticle biosynthesis (C) Nanoparticles in bio-refinery processes (D) Wastewater treatment with microalgae and bio-derived nanoparticles (E) A hypothetical mechanistic approach, which utilizes the photothermal effect of metallic nanoparticles to extract lipids from the cells without cell damage. The term "cell milking" has been around for quite some time, and the hypothesis discussed in the present study can help in this context. The current hypothesized process can pave ways for futuristic endeavors to conjugate nanoparticles and microalgae for viable and commercial production of biofuel, nanoparticles, and many other molecules.

Biotechnological potential of Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus sp. microalgae to endure high CO2 and methane concentrations from biogas.

Biogas, a gaseous effluent from the anaerobic digestion of organic waste, is considered an important source of energy, since it has a composition mainly of methane (CH4; 55-75%) and CO2 (20-60%). Today, CO2 from biogas is an excellent carbon source to induce high microalgal biomass production; however, each microalga strain can have different optimal CO2 concentrations for maximizing their bio-refinery capacity as well as different ability to endure stressful conditions of industrial effluents. This study assessed the bio-refinery capacity of Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus sp., native of Lago de Chapala, Mexico, from biogas, as well as the effect of high CO2 and methane concentrations on the physiological performance to grow, capture CO2 and biochemical composition of both microalgae cultured under different biogas compositions. The results show that both microalgae have the biotechnological potential to endure biogas compositions of 25% CO2-75% CH4. Under this condition, the biomass production attained by Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus sp. was 1.77 ± 0.32 and 2.25 ± 0.20 g L-1, respectively, with a biochemical composition mainly of carbohydrates and proteins. Overall, this study demonstrates that both microalgae have the ability to endure the stressful biogas composition without affecting their physiological capacity to capture CO2 and biosynthesize high-value metabolites. Moreover, it is worth highlighting the importance of screening wild-type microalgae from local ecosystems to determine their physiological capacity for each biotechnological application.

Novel haloalkaliphilic methanotrophic bacteria: An attempt for enhancing methane bio-refinery.

Methane bioconversion into products with a high market value, such as ectoine or hydroxyectoine, can be optimized via isolation of more efficient novel methanotrophic bacteria. The research here presented focused on the enrichment of methanotrophic consortia able to co-produce different ectoines during CH4 metabolism. Four different enrichments (Cow3, Slu3, Cow6 and Slu6) were carried out in basal media supplemented with 3 and 6% NaCl, and using methane as the sole carbon and energy source. The highest ectoine accumulation (∼20 mg ectoine g biomass-1) was recorded in the two consortia enriched at 6% NaCl (Cow6 and Slu6). Moreover, hydroxyectoine was detected for the first time using methane as a feedstock in Cow6 and Slu6 (∼5 mg g biomass-1). The majority of the haloalkaliphilic bacteria identified by 16S rRNA community profiling in both consortia have not been previously described as methanotrophs. From these enrichments, two novel strains (representing novel species) capable of using methane as the sole carbon and energy source were isolated: Alishewanella sp. strain RM1 and Halomonas sp. strain PGE1. Halomonas sp. strain PGE1 showed higher ectoine yields (70-92 mg ectoine g biomass-1) than those previously described for other methanotrophs under continuous cultivation mode (∼37-70 mg ectoine g biomass-1). The results here obtained highlight the potential of isolating novel methanotrophs in order to boost the competitiveness of industrial CH4-based ectoine production.

Bioprocessing of Functional Ingredients from Flaxseed.

Flaxseeds (Linum usitatissimum L.) are oilseeds endowed with nutritional constituents such as lignans, lipids, proteins, fibre, carbohydrates, and micronutrients. Owing to their established high nutritional profile, flaxseeds have gained an established reputation as a dietary source of high value functional ingredients. Through the application of varied bioprocessing techniques, these essential constituents in flaxseeds can be made bioavailable for different applications such as nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and food industry. However, despite their food and health applications, flaxseeds contain high levels of phytotoxic compounds such as linatine, phytic acids, protease inhibitors, and cyanogenic glycosides. Epidemiological studies have shown that the consumption of these compounds can lead to poor bioavailability of essential nutrients and/or health complications. As such, these components must be removed or inactivated to physiologically undetectable limits to render flaxseeds safe for consumption. Herein, critical description of the types, characteristics, and bioprocessing of functional ingredients in flaxseed is presented.

Soybean bio-refinery platform: enzymatic process for production of soy protein concentrate, soy protein isolate and fermentable sugar syrup.

Soybean carbohydrate is often found to limit the use of protein in soy flour as food and animal feed due to its indigestibility to monogastric animal. In the current study, an enzymatic process was developed to produce not only soy protein concentrate and soy protein isolate without indigestible carbohydrate but also soluble reducing sugar as potential fermentation feedstock. For increasing protein content in the product and maximizing protein recovery, the process was optimized to include the following steps: hydrolysis of soy flour using an Aspergillus niger enzyme system; separation of the solid and liquid by centrifugation (10 min at 7500×g); an optional step of washing to remove entrapped hydrolysate from the protein-rich wet solid stream by ethanol (at an ethanol-to-wet-solid ratio (v/w) of 10, resulting in a liquid phase of approximately 60 % ethanol); and a final precipitation of residual protein from the sugar-rich liquid stream by heat treatment (30 min at 95 °C). Starting from 100 g soy flour, this process would produce approximately 54 g soy protein concentrate with 70 % protein (or, including the optional solid wash, 43 g with 80 % protein), 9 g soy protein isolate with 89 % protein, and 280 ml syrup of 60 g/l reducing sugar. The amino acid composition of the soy protein concentrate produced was comparable to that of the starting soy flour. Enzymes produced by three fungal species, A. niger, Trichoderma reesei, and Aspergillus aculeatus, were also evaluated for effectiveness to use in this process.

Microwave-Assisted γ-Valerolactone Production for Biomass Lignin Extraction: A Cascade Protocol.

The general need to slow the depletion of fossil resources and reduce carbon footprints has led to tremendous effort being invested in creating "greener" industrial processes and developing alternative means to produce fuels and synthesize platform chemicals. This work aims to design a microwave-assisted cascade process for a full biomass valorisation cycle. GVL (γ-valerolactone), a renewable green solvent, has been used in aqueous acidic solution to achieve complete biomass lignin extraction. After lignin precipitation, the levulinic acid (LA)-rich organic fraction was hydrogenated, which regenerated the starting solvent for further biomass delignification. This process does not requires a purification step because GVL plays the dual role of solvent and product, while the reagent (LA) is a product of biomass delignification. In summary, this bio-refinery approach to lignin extraction is a cascade protocol in which the solvent loss is integrated into the conversion cycle, leading to simplified methods for biomass valorisation.

Bacterial cellulose production from the litchi extract by Gluconacetobacter xylinus.

Although litchi has both nutrient and edible value, the extremely short preservation time limited its further market promotion. To explore processed litchi products with longer preservation time, litchi extract was selected as an alternative feedstock for production of bacterial cellulose (BC). After 2 weeks of static fermentation, 2.53 g/L of the BC membrane was obtained. The trace elements including magnesium (Mg) and sodium (Na) in the litchi extract were partly absorbed in the BC membrane, but no potassium (K) element was detected in it, curiously. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs exhibited an ultrafine network nanostructure for the BC produced in the litchi extract. Analysis of the fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the pellicles to be a cellulosic material. Interestingly, X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed the BC membrane obtained from litchi extract had higher crystallinity of 94.0% than that from HS medium. Overall, the work showed the potential of producing high value-added polymer from litchi resources.

Opportunities for Bio-Based Solvents Created as Petrochemical and Fuel Products Transition towards Renewable Resources.

The global bio-based chemical market is growing in size and importance. Bio-based solvents such as glycerol and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran are often discussed as important introductions to the conventional repertoire of solvents. However adoption of new innovations by industry is typically slow. Therefore it might be anticipated that neoteric solvent systems (e.g., ionic liquids) will remain niche, while renewable routes to historically established solvents will continue to grow in importance. This review discusses bio-based solvents from the perspective of their production, identifying suitable feedstocks, platform molecules, and relevant product streams for the sustainable manufacturing of conventional solvents.

Sustainable process for fractionation of lignin by the microwave-assisted chemical additive approach: Towards sugarcane leaf biorefinery and characterization.

The microwave assisted pretreatment on sugarcane leaf (SCL) biomass for delignification was studied to enhance cellulose digestibility. In this work, microwave assisted with additives were used to delignification SCL for maximize sugar yield recovery. Single factorial and Central composite design (CCD) were employed to optimize the microwave assisted pretreatment conditions for improve delignification efficiency and the sugar yield recovery. The optimized pretreatment conditions were determined to be 4 min pre-treatment time, 500 W microwave power, 1.0 M Na2CO3 and 10 % biomass loading condition produce maximum reducing sugar yield (601 mg g-1) and glucose sugar yield (231 mg g-1) were achieved during saccharification. Pretreated biomass produced reducing sugar and glucose yields that were 4.5 and 4.1 times higher than those of untreated (native) SCL-N biomass, respectively. Additionally, the recyclability study of black liquor, obtained from optimized conditioned treatment of SCL-MSC (Microwave-assisted sodium carbonate pretreated SCL) resulted in considerable saccharification yield up to three pretreatment cycles. The 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra studies illustrate that aromatic units present in SCL fractionated lignin samples. The variations of structure features and chemical compositions of the raw and pretreated SCL biomass were analyzed by SEM, XRD and XPS analysis. Overall, SCL-MSC pretreatment condition significantly delignification of SCL and led to the maximum sugar production optimized strategies pretreatment conditions was produced maximum amount of sugar, which is great potential for bio-refinery product development.

Outdoor cultivation and metabolomics exploration of Chlamydomonas engineered for bisabolene production.

Demonstrating outdoor cultivation of engineered microalgae at considerable scales is essential for their prospective large-scale deployment. Hence, this study focuses on the outdoor cultivation of an engineered Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strain, 3XAgBs-SQs, for bisabolene production under natural dynamic conditions of light and temperature. Our preliminary outdoor experiments showed improved growth, but frequent culture collapses in conventional Tris-acetate-phosphate medium. In contrast, modified high-salt medium (HSM) supported prolonged cell survival, outdoor. However, their subsequent outdoor scale-up from 250 mL to 5 L in HSM was effective with 10 g/L bicarbonate supplementation. Pulse amplitude modulation fluorometry and metabolomic analysis further validated their improved photosynthesis and uncompromised metabolic fluxes towards the biomass and the products (natural carotenoids and engineered bisabolene). These strains could produce 906 mg/L bisabolene and 54 mg/L carotenoids, demonstrating the first successful outdoor photoautotrophic cultivation of engineeredC. reinhardtii,establishing it as a one-cell two-wells biorefinery.

Biomanufacturing of glycosylated antibodies: Challenges, solutions, and future prospects.

Traditionally, recombinant protein production has been done in several expression hosts of bacteria, fungi, and majorly CHO (Chinese Hamster Ovary) cells; few have high production costs and are susceptible to harmful toxin contamination. Green algae have the potential to produce recombinant proteins in a more sustainable manner. Microalgal diversity leads to offer excellent opportunities to produce glycosylated antibodies. An antibody with humanized glycans plays a crucial role in cellular communication that works to regulate cells and molecules, to control disease, and to stimulate immunity. Therefore, it becomes necessary to understand the role of abiotic factors (light, temperature, pH, etc.) in the production of bioactive molecules and molecular mechanisms of product synthesis from microalgae which would lead to harnessing the potential of algal bio-refinery. However, the potential of microalgae as the source of bio-refinery has been less explored. In the present review, omics approaches for microalgal engineering, methods of humanized glycoproteins production focusing majorly on N-glycosylation pathways, light-based regulation of glycosylation machinery, and production of antibodies with humanized glycans in microalgae with a major emphasis on modulation of post-translation machinery of microalgae which might play a role in better understanding of microalgal potential as a source for antibody production along with future perspectives.

Microwave-assisted alkali pre-treatment medium for fractionation of rice straw and catalytic conversion to value-added 5-hydroxymethyl furfural and lignin production.

In the current study, the use of microwave-assisted sodium hydroxide medium (MWSH) for pre-treatment and saccharification of rice straw to obtain sugar syrup for the production of 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (5-HMF) was investigated. The optimization of the MWSH pre-treatment was carried out using central composite methodology, resulting in a maximum reducing sugar yield of 350 mg/g of treated rice straw (TRS) and a glucose yield of 255 mg/g of TRS under the conditions of a microwave power of 681 W, a NaOH concentration of 0.54 M, and a pre-treatment time of 3 min. Additionally, the microwave assisted transformation of sugar syrup with titanium magnetic silica nanoparticle as catalyst, producing 41.1 % yield of 5-HMF from the sugar syrup after 30 min microwave irradiation at 120 °C with catalyst loading of 2.0:200 (w/v)). The structural characterization of the lignin was analysed using 1H NMR techniques, and the surface carbon (C1s spectra) and oxygen (O1s spectra) composition changes of the rice straw during pre-treatment were analysed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The rice straw based bio-refinery process which contains MWSH pretreatment followed by dehydration of sugars achieved high efficiency of 5-HMF production.

PREDIG: Web application to model and predict the enzymatic saccharification of plant cell wall.

Enzymatic digestion of lignocellulosic plant biomass is a key step in bio-refinery approaches for the production of biofuels and other valuable chemicals. However, the recalcitrance of this material in conjunction with its variability and heterogeneity strongly hampers the economic viability and profitability of biofuel production. To complement both academic and industrial experimental research in the field, we designed an advanced web application that encapsulates our in-house developed complex biophysical model of enzymatic plant cell wall degradation. PREDIG (https://predig.cs.hhu.de/) is a user-friendly, free, and fully open-source web application that allows the user to perform in silico experiments. Specifically, it uses a Gillespie algorithm to run stochastic simulations of the enzymatic saccharification of a lignocellulose microfibril, at the mesoscale, in three dimensions. Such simulations can for instance be used to test the action of distinct enzyme cocktails on the substrate. Additionally, PREDIG can fit the model parameters to uploaded experimental time-course data, thereby returning values that are intrinsically difficult to measure experimentally. This gives the user the possibility to learn which factors quantitatively explain the recalcitrance to saccharification of their specific biomass material.

Integrated biotechnology to mitigate green tides.

Around the world, green tides are happening with increasing frequency because of the dual effects of increasingly intense human activity and climate change; this leads to significant impacts on marine ecology and economies. In the last decade, the world's largest green tide, which is formed by Ulva/Enteromorpha porifera, has become a recurrent phenomenon every year in the southern Yellow Sea (China), and it has been getting worse. To alleviate the impacts of such green tide outbreaks, multiple measures need to be developed. Among these approaches, biotechnology plays important roles in revealing the outbreak mechanism (e.g., molecular identification technology for algal genotypes), controlling and preventing outbreaks at the origin sites (e.g., technology to inhibit propagation), and utilizing valuable algal biomass. This review focuses on the various previously used biotechnological approaches that may be applicable to worldwide seaweed blooms that result from global climate change and environmental degradation.

Hydrothermal processing of microalgal biomass: Circular bio-economy perspectives for addressing food-water-energy nexus.

Hydrothermal processing of microalgae is regarded as a promising technology to generate multitude of energy based and value-added products. The niche of hydrothermal technologies is still under infancy in terms of the technical discrepancies related to research and development. Thus, the present review critically surveyed the recent advancements linked to the influencing factors governing the algal hydrothermal processing in terms of the product yield and quality. The sustainability of hydrothermal technologies as a standalone method and in broader aspects of circular bio-based economy for energy and value-added platform chemicals are comprehensively discussed. Process optimization and strategic integration of technologies has been suggested to improve efficiency, with reduced energy usage and environmental impacts for addressing the energy-food-water supply chains. Within the wider economic transition and sustainability debate, the knowledge gaps identified and the research hotspots fostering future perspective solutions proposed herewith would facilitate its real-time implementation.