Migration of the anal distal end due to ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement: an atypical case report of a 9-month-old infant with tuberculous meningitis and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) represents one of the most classic and widely used treatments for hydrocephalus in pediatric patients. Migration and externalization of the distal end of the catheter through the rectum are extremely rare complications of intestinal perforation with devastating consequences such as meningitis or peritonitis due to enteric bacteria that are significantly life-threatening. Besides, one of the biggest topics with that is that it can happen without producing symptoms, like the patient we present in this case report, which further masks the condition and puts the patient's life more at risk. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case of a 9-month-old infant patient, with a history of prematurity, tuberculous meningitis (TBM), and hydrocephalus, who came to ED with a functional VPS and the distal end of the catheter protruding outside the rectum for 7 days, without presenting neurological or intestinal symptoms accompanying. One of the parameters that guided the diagnosis and made us suspicious of asymptomatic intestinal perforation (IP) was the background of TMB. The patient was immediately transferred to the OR where both ends of the shunt were removed: in the first instance, the shunt tube was disconnected through the abdomen, thus withdrawing through the anus, and subsequently, the proximal end of the catheter was exteriorized. In turn, the intestinal fistula was successfully repaired laparoscopically, and prophylactic antibiotic treatment was early administered. On the 6th postop day, a shunt was internalized, and a child was discharged on postop day 15 without complications with alarm guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: The authors of this article strongly suggest that (1) anal extrusion of catheters is an uncommon complication but real: for this reason, its development should be considered in all patients with VPS, especially in infants. (2) The patients are often asymptomatic since false tracts can form around the catheter protecting it from spillage, and thus can be removed without complications. (3) Special care should be taken in patients with conditions that increase the risk of developing IP, such as TMB.

Retrograde coiled spring jejunal intussusception in an infant due to Foley catheter gastrostomy: a case report.

BACKGROUND: For infants who need long-term enteral feeding but are unable to maintain sufficient oral intake, feeding gastrostomy tube placement is required. The use of a Foley catheter as a replacement catheter in a Stamm gastrostomy is indicated in the absence of dedicated gastrostomy feeding tubes; however, this approach has been associated with many morbidities. In this report, an unusual case of an infant who underwent a major operation due to coiled spring jejunal intussusception caused by Foley catheter migration is described. CASE PRESENTATION: A 6-month-old neurologically impaired premature female patient was admitted to the emergency unit with respiratory distress, nonbilious vomiting and an ineffective gastrostomy feeding tube. Her history revealed that, at the age of 2 months, she had undergone Stamm gastrostomy for enteral feeding with a Pezzer catheter. However, at the age of 5 months, the Pezzer catheter became dislodged and was replaced with a Foley catheter. The patient subsequently underwent emergent exploratory laparotomy due to intestinal obstruction. During the operation, retrograde coiled spring jejunal intussusceptions with multiple areas of local necrosis and perforations were observed. Resection of the affected jejunal segment and end-to-end anastomosis were performed. The postoperative period was long and very demanding due to the presence of several comorbidities. To our knowledge, this is the first operative demonstration of coiled spring intussusception. CONCLUSION: This case report aims to increase clinical awareness of the possibility of coiled spring intussusception following the use of Foley catheter in a gastrostomy and the difficulties encountered in the surgical course of a premature infant.

Association between different peritoneal dialysis catheter placement methods and short-term postoperative complications.

BACKGROUND: Considering that current peritoneal dialysis has its own shortcomings, In this study, the Seldinger technique was modified to explore the relationship between different catheter placement methods of peritoneal dialysis and short-term postoperative complications. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the data of 157 patients who received peritoneal dialysis in the Department of Nephrology of our hospital from January 2017 to December 2019. According to different catheter placement methods, the patients were divided into three groups: 111 cases of open surgery technique, 23 cases of Seldinger technique, and 23 cases of modified Seldinger technique (ultrasound-guided Veress needle puncture). The general data, laboratory indexes, and abdominal infection and catheter-related complications within one month postoperatively were collected. RESULTS: There were 48 (31.0 %) cases of complications in 157 patients within one month postoperatively, which were mainly catheter-related complications (45 cases, 29.0 %). The incidence of catheter tip peritoneal drift (catheter migration) in the three groups was 27.3 %, 39.1 %, and 9.1 %, respectively, with no significant difference between groups (P = 0.069). Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that the systolic blood pressure, history of abdominal and pelvic surgery, creatinine, and modified Seldinger technique were possible impact factors of catheter migration (P < 0.10). After fully adjusting for confounding factors, Compared with the open surgery group, the modified Seldinger method group significantly reduced the risk of catheter migration with an OR of 0.161 (95 % confidence interval: 0.027-0.961, P = 0.045); However, the difference between the Seldinger method group and the open surgery group was not significant, with an OR of 1.061 (95 % confidence interval: 0.308-3.649, P = 0.926). Curve fitting showed that the average incidence of catheter migration in the three groups was 27.3 % (95% CI: 15.9-42.7 %), 28.5 % (95% CI: 10.7-56.9 %), and 5.7 % (95% CI: 1.0-27.0 %); the modified Seldinger method has the lowest average incidence of catheter migration. CONCLUSIONS: Modified Seldinger technique can significantly reduce catheter-related short-term complications after peritoneal dialysis, and it is especially effective in reducing the incidence of catheter migration. Modified Seldinger technique is a safe and feasible method for the placement of a peritoneal dialysis catheter.

Lung destruction secondary to intrapulmonary migration of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt catheter: report of an unusual case and literature review.

Ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement for the treatment of hydrocephalus is one of the most common pediatric neurosurgical procedures. Complications, including infections, catheter obstruction, shunt breakdown, and hemorrhage, have been described in the literature. Occasionally, however, uncommon and devastating complications occur. We report a case of a 10-year-old female patient who at birth underwent surgical closure of lumbar myelomeningocele and placement of a CSF shunt at another center. Her neurosurgical follow-up was poor. She presented at our institution with a history of recurrent pneumonia. Control chest X-rays showed a right pulmonary infiltrate with lung retraction and mediastinal shift. Chest and brain CT scans confirmed the intrapulmonary location of the distal catheter tip and ventricular dilation. Surgical shunt revision was performed with removal of the intrapulmonary catheter and placement of a new intraperitoneal catheter. Subsequently, right pneumonectomy was performed with good postoperative recovery of the patient. Intrathoracic migration of the distal catheter of the CSF shunt is an extremely rare complication that may produce severe morbidity. To our knowledge, there have been no previous reports on extensive lung destruction secondary to intrathoracic and intrapulmonary ventriculoperitoneal shunt migration. In patients with CSF shunts and pulmonary symptoms, intrapulmonary catheter migration should be considered.

Nonsurgical and Minimally Invasive Correction of Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Complications.

Peritoneal dialysis catheter complications that require nonsurgical or noninvasive correction by peritoneal dialysis (PD) nurses or practitioner are reviewed. Topics reviewed include compromised PD fluid flow, pericatheter fluid leakage, mechanical integrity disruption, catheter extrusion, and exit site/tunnel complications.

Influence of the intra-peritoneal segment of the swan neck peritoneal catheter on infectious and mechanical complications and technique survival.

BACKGROUND: There is no consensus about the preferable type of catheter for successful peritoneal dialysis. Intra- and extra-peritoneal catheter configuration may be associated with mechanical and infectious complications affecting technique survival. The objective of this study was to compare the mechanical and infectious complications of coiled versus straight swan neck (SN) peritoneal dialysis catheters. METHODS: A prospective randomized trial was performed to compare mechanical (tip migration with dysfunction) and infectious (peritonitis and exit site infection) complications between catheters randomly divided into two groups: swan neck straight tip and swan neck coiled tip. The follow-up was 1 year. RESULTS: A total of 49 catheters, in 46 patients, were included from April 2015 to February 2016. The catheters groups were constituted as: 25 coiled tip SN and 24 straight tip SN. The baseline demographics were similar among the groups. Kaplan-Meier survival estimates were not different for time to first exit site infection, peritonitis and time to first catheter tip migration (log-rank test, p = 0.07, p = 0.54 and p = 0.83, respectively). Catheter survival and method survival were also similar (log-rank p = 0.88 and p = 0.91, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The two types of intra-peritoneal segments of SN catheters studied presented similar infectious and mechanical rates with no differences in catheter and technique survival curve. These results were consistent with the recommendations of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis.

Timely Identified Early Migration of Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter by Focused Ultrasound.

A peripherally inserted central venous catheter (PICC) has been widely applied to central venous assess. There were some known complications such as phlebitis, leakage, blockage, dislodgment, breakage, or malposition of PICC. Catheter migration was assessed by using chest radiograph or administering contrast medium. Herein, we report a 77-year-old woman presenting to emergency department with odynophagia and left neck swelling of 3 days duration. The initial impression was deep neck infection. Focused ultrasound identified a hyperechoic tube with thrombosis in left jugular vein, which indicated migration of PICC. Clinical symptoms immediately resolved after removal of PICC and anticoagulation therapy.

Migration of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt catheter through the processus vaginalis in infants: how serious inguinal hernia and hydrocele might be.

Migration of the catheter tip of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) through a patent processus vaginalis (PV) has seldom being reported. In this series, we analyzed all cases of inguinoscrotal migration of an VPS catheter at our center. Between 1975 and 2015, 295 VPS insertions were performed. In seven infants (2.3%), migration of the catheter through a patent PV was demonstrated. Cases with hydroceles had associated VPS malfunction, but cases with hernias were not associated with it. The current recommendation is to delay a PV closure until 2 years of age in cases of infants with hydrocele without further radiological examinations, but this might not be the case in infants with VPS.

Neuromodulation of the Cervical Dorsal Root Ganglion for Upper Extremity Complex Regional Pain Syndrome-Case Report.

OBJECTIVE: Targeting the dorsal column, spinal cord stimulation (SCS) serves as a treatment method for complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Certain anatomical pain distributions are difficult to treat with traditional SCS, including the distal extremities. We present a case where stimulation of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) was performed to treat CRPS in the distal upper extremity. CASE REPORT: A 43-year-old female underwent a right elbow arthroscopy with open reduction and internal fixation after sustaining a radial head fracture. Several months after her surgery, she experienced hyperesthesia, skin color changes, decreased range of motion, weakness distal to the right olecranon, and was diagnosed with CRPS. Aggressive physical therapy, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and neuropathic agents provided mild relief. Open capsular release, hardware removal, and chondral debridement of the elbow did not provide alleviation. A diagnostic stellate ganglion block provided complete relief for two weeks. A therapeutic block allowed one day of relief, followed by recurrence of her symptoms. She underwent an SCS trial for treatment. Scar tissue in the posterior epidural space prevented catheter advancement, causing it to exit the C6 foramen. Incidental stimulation of the DRG occurred. RESULTS: On follow-up, patient reported >70% relief of her pain. On the visual analog scale, her maximal pain decreased from 8/10 to 4/10, with resolution of her initial symptoms and ability to perform all of her activities of daily living. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the only reported case of utilizing DRG stimulation for CRPS of the distal upper extremity. Neuromodulation of the DRG appears to be an effective option for targeting painful areas in CRPS.

Sinus arrest and asystole caused by a peripherally inserted central catheter.

BACKGROUND: Transient bradycardia in the critical care setting is frequently caused by hypoxemia or oropharyngeal manipulation. Central lines have been associated with a variety of cardiac arrhythmias, but sinus arrest and asystole have not been previously reported. METHODS: A 38-year-old woman with multisystem organ failure had several episodes of prolonged sinus arrest, slow junctional escape rhythm, and periods of asystole lasting over 6 seconds. The cause of the repetitive bradyarrhythmia was evaluated by clinical observation including the response to parasympatholytic agents, by detailed analysis of rhythm strips, and review of cardiac imaging studies. RESULTS: The episodes of bradycardia did not coincide with orotracheal manipulation, were not prevented by escalating doses of glycopyrrolate, and were not accompanied by AV conduction disturbance as is frequently seen during a transient increase in vagal tone. Review of the patient's chest X-ray and chest CT revealed that the tip of a peripherally inserted central catheter migrated to the vicinity of the sinoatrial node. Removal of the catheter resulted in prompt resolution of the episodes of sinus arrest. CONCLUSIONS: This case demonstrates that migration of a peripherally inserted central catheter to the sinoatrial node can provoke prolonged sinus bradycardia, sinus arrest and asystole.

A Case Report of Caudal Migration of a Lumbar Epidural Catheter Confirmed by Doppler Ultrasound: Ultrasound to the Rescue!

Combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia is an excellent technique for providing intraoperative and postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. Epidural catheters threaded through a Tuohy needle with a cephalad needle bevel orientation follow a winding pattern within the epidural space. Caudal or downward migration of an epidural catheter may lead to unsatisfactory anaesthesia and epidural failure. Colour flow Doppler sonography is emerging as an effective technique to determine the epidural catheter tip position. We report an interesting case of caudal migration of a lumbar epidural catheter confirmed by colour flow Doppler ultrasound.

Iatrogenic Massive Coronary Artery Dissection During Cardiac Catheterization: A Case Report.

Cardiac catheterization is an invasive procedure done for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes to assess coronary artery disease (CAD) and valvular diseases. Although complications rarely occur, they are possible. Of those complications, iatrogenic coronary artery dissection during a coronary catheterization is infrequent and can be severe. This case report discusses a 59-year-old female presenting to the emergency department for sudden onset chest pain, found to have a non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and underwent a left heart catheterization (LHC). During the LHC, she sustained a coronary artery dissection.

Migration of nephrostomy tube into right atrium during percutaneous nephrolithotomy: A case report.

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is one of the most commonly performed surgeries in urology. Due to blind nature of the procedure unexpected events are inevitable. Misplacement of percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) during PCNL into the venous system is one of the rarest complications causing great stress to both physician and the patient. Due to scarcity of data, no standard treatment has been proposed. Here, we present a case with misplaced PCN into venous system moving up to the right atrium and discuss its management with a review of the literature. CASE PRESENTATION: After stone removal of a 65-year old man by PCNL, PCN was passed through access sheath supposedly into renal pelvis but it actually misplaced into venous system and traversed into right atrium. The complication was diagnosed by immediate CT scan and managed by PCN pulling back without the need to perform open surgery. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: Blind nature of PCNL makes it susceptible to inadvertent complications. Misplaced PCN into venous system is very rare, happening in about 13 patients worldwide. While some ended up open surgery, all of them were managed by pulling the PCN backwards. Our case is the first case in whom PCN traversed through IVC and reached right atrium during PCNL. Pulling back the PCN was a successful treatment in our case either. CONCLUSION: While horrifying, misplaced PCN into venous system can be managed conservatively by pulling it backwards, even if it reaches the right atrium as happened in our case.

Rare complication of lumboperitoneal shunt with distal catheter migration into the inguinal hernia sac in two adults: A case report.

Background: Despite the proven benefits of lumboperitoneal shunt (LPS) for idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus, complications such as catheter migration remain a problem. Inguinal complications of the distal catheter are rare in adults, and their management is uncertain. Herein, we present two cases of distal catheter migration into the inguinal hernia sac after LPS in adults and recommend their management. Case Description: An 86-year-old man presented with inguinal swelling. In another 82-year-old man who did not show any improvement after LPS, shunt angiography revealed LPS dysfunction due to lumbar catheter occlusion and distal LPS catheter in the right inguinal hernia sac, and lumbar catheter reconstruction was performed. Both patients did not have any symptoms, except inguinal swelling, and were followed up. After 2 weeks and 4 days, the distal catheter moved into the peritoneal cavity. Conclusion: Inguinal complications due to the migration of the distal catheter into the inguinal hernia sac are rare in LPS because frequent movements of the distal catheter due to trunk rotation dislodge it from the inguinal hernia sac for a short period. Urgent surgery was not recommended because the catheter was moved in a short period and the patients did not wish to undergo hernia repair.

Importance of the creation of a short musculofascial tunnel in peritoneal dialysis catheter placement.

BACKGROUND: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter migration impedes the efficacy of dialysis. Therefore, several techniques involving additional sutures or incisions have been proposed to maintain catheter position in the pelvis. AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of creating a short musculofascial tunnel beneath the anterior sheath of the rectus abdominis during PD catheter implantation. METHODS: Patients who underwent PD catheter implantation between 2015 and 2019 were included in this retrospective study. The patients were divided into two groups based on the procedure performed: Patients who underwent catheter implantation without a musculofascial tunnel before 2017 and those who underwent the procedure with a tunnel after 2017. We recorded patient characteristics and catheter complications over a two-year follow-up period. In addition, postoperative plain abdominal radiographs were reviewed to determine the catheter angle in the event of migration. RESULTS: The no-tunnel and tunnel groups included 115 and 107 patients, respectively. Compared to the no-tunnel group, the tunnel group showed lesser catheter angle deviation toward the pelvis (15.51 ± 11.30 vs 25.00 ± 23.08, P = 0.0002) immediately after the operation, and a smaller range of migration within 2 years postoperatively (13.48 ± 10.71 vs 44.34 ± 41.29, P < 0.0001). Four events of catheter dysfunction due to migration were observed in the no-tunnel group, and none occurred in the tunnel group. There was no difference in the two-year catheter function survival rate between the two groups (88.90% vs 84.79%, P = 0.3799). CONCLUSION: The musculofascial tunnel helps maintain catheter position in the pelvis and reduces migration, thus preventing catheter dysfunction.

Delayed peritoneal shunt catheter migration into the pulmonary artery with indolent thrombosis: A case report and narrative review.

Background: Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts are the preferred surgical treatment for hydrocephalus, and rarely, these operations may be complicated by catheter migration to ectopic sites. We present the case of an asymptomatic VP shunt patient with delayed peritoneal catheter migration into the pulmonary artery shunt catheter migration into the pulmonary artery (SCMPA) complicated by knotting and indolent thrombosis, necessitating open-heart surgery for system retrieval. Methods: We conducted a literature review in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science of prior similar reported cases and present the results of 24 cases of SCMPA. Results: An asymptomatic 12-year-old male presented with SCMPA noted on routine annual follow-up imaging. Preoperative CT angiogram indicated extensive catheter looping into the pulmonary artery without evidence of thrombosis. Less invasive attempts to retrieve the retained catheter were unsuccessful, and open-heart surgery was required. Intraoperatively, a nonocclusive pulmonary arterial thrombus surrounding the knotted catheter was discovered that was lysed successfully before system retrieval. Conclusion: VP shunt catheter migration into the pulmonary artery (SCMPA) with concurrent large vessel thrombosis can develop in pediatric patients incidentally without any clinical symptoms. Our report suggests that preoperative CT angiogram may be insufficient to detect arterial thrombosis in the presence of extensive intravascular catheter knotting. An open-chest approach may be the only viable surgical option for catheter retrieval in the presence of complex catheter coiling. The use of anticoagulation following open-heart surgery for retrieval of a migrated VP shunt catheter remains unclear, we here propose that continuation of long-term therapeutic anticoagulation may successfully prevent thrombus relapse.

A Primer and Literature Review on Internal and External Retention Mechanisms for Catheter Fixation.

Although catheters are commonplace in hospital settings, there is scarce literature discussing the internal and external retention mechanisms used to aid in catheter fixation. Additionally, exact definitions and detailed information on internal and external retention mechanisms are almost non-existent in the literature. This article serves three primary purposes. The first purpose is to define internal and external catheter retention mechanisms, describe how they work, and provide examples of each that are routinely used in healthcare settings. The second goal of this paper is to provide a literature review comparing various aspects of the different types of internal and external catheter retention mechanisms discussed in the paper, including performance variance and the advantages and disadvantages of each. The third aim of this article is to provide a brief overview of catheter dislodgment, including the rates at which this occurs, the problems that can arise, and the best treatment option when this does occur.

Spontaneous pulmonary arterial embolization: A rare complication of the silicon-based peripherally inserted central venous catheter (PICC).

Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC) are widely used in oncology for administration of chemotherapy. However, sometimes there may be complications associated with them such as infections, thrombosis and rarely fracture of catheter and embolization of the catheter fragments. Here we report a case of 59-year old gentleman with locally advanced carcinoma of head of pancreas, who had spontaneous fracture of a silicon based PICC and later migration of the catheter fragment through the heart and further into the right pulmonary arterial system. The embolized catheter fragment was retrieved through a vascular snare from the right femoral venous route. This case highlights the fact that silicon PICCs are fragile and have a high risk of spontaneous dislodgement and should be replaced by better alternative polyurethane PICCs.

Asymptomatic Spontaneous Migration of the Tip of Port-A-Cath System Into the Right Internal Jugular Vein: A Case Report of an Uncommon Complication.

Venous port catheters are devices that allow access to the central venous system and, in clinical practice, are used for patients who require long-term intravenous therapy. The ideal position of the catheter tip is the distal superior vena cava and can be confirmed by a postoperative chest X-ray. Complications during and after the implantation are not rare, but spontaneous migration of the catheter tip into the internal jugular vein is an uncommon complication. Catheter migration may be accompanied by neck, shoulder, and ear pain. Venous phlebitis and thrombosis, and neurological complications, can become potentially life-threatening. We report a case of a spontaneous catheter tip migration into the right internal jugular vein that was diagnosed in a random chest roentgenography. The patient was taken to the operative room, and the catheter was successfully removed.

Migrating Foreign Body in the Heart.

Foreign bodies in the heart are a rare condition and an exact mechanism for this occurrence has not been well described. These objects can reach the heart by direct penetration due to local trauma or through intravenous migration or may remain in the heart after medical procedures. The most common foreign bodies that reach the heart are bullets and shrapnel. The purpose of this study is to review a case where a patient injected himself with recreational drugs. The needle subsequently dislodged from the syringe and migrated into the heart.