How and Why People Synchronize: An Integrated Perspective.

Academic AbstractInterpersonal synchrony, the alignment of behavior and/or physiology during interactions, is a pervasive phenomenon observed in diverse social contexts. Here we synthesize across contexts and behaviors to classify the different forms and functions of synchrony. We provide a concise framework for classifying the manifold forms of synchrony along six dimensions: periodicity, discreteness, spatial similarity, directionality, leader-follower dynamics, and observability. We also distill the various proposed functions of interpersonal synchrony into four interconnected functions: reducing complexity and improving understanding, accomplishing joint tasks, strengthening social connection, and influencing partners' behavior. These functions derive from first principles, emerge from each other, and are accomplished by some forms of synchrony more than others. Effective synchrony flexibly adapts to social goals and more synchrony is not always better. Our synthesis offers a shared framework and language for the field, allowing for better cross-context and cross-behavior comparisons, generating new hypotheses, and highlighting future research directions.

We know that we don't know: Children's understanding of common ignorance in a coordination game.

Common ground is the knowledge, beliefs, and suppositions shared between partners in an interaction. Previous research has focused extensively on what partners know they know together, that is, "common knowledge." However, another important aspect of common ground is what partners know they do not know together, that is, "common ignorance." A new coordination game was designed to investigate children's use of common ignorance. Without communicating or seeing each other's decisions, 4- to 8-year-olds needed to make the same decision as their partner about whether to try to retrieve a reward. To retrieve it, at least one of them needed to know a secret code. The knowledge/ignorance of both partners was ostensively manipulated by showing one partner, both partners, or neither partner the secret code in four conditions: common knowledge (both knew the code), common ignorance (neither partner knew the code), common privileged self knowledge (only children knew the code), and common privileged other knowledge (only their partner knew the code). Children's decisions, latency, and uncertainty were coded. Results showed that the common ignorance states were generally more difficult than the common knowledge states. Unexpectedly, children at all ages had difficulty with coordinating when their partner knew the code but they themselves did not (common privileged other knowledge). This study shows that, along with common knowledge, common ignorance and common privileged self knowledge and other knowledge also play important roles in coordinating with others but may develop differently.

Keeping track of who knows what in multiparty conversation despite severe memory impairment.

Language use has long been understood to be tailored to the intended addressee, a process termed audience design. Audience design is reflected in multiple aspects of language use, including adjustments based on the addressee's knowledge about the topic at hand. In group settings, audience design depends on representations of multiple individuals, each of whom may have different knowledge about the conversational topic. A central question, then, concerns how these representations are encoded and retrieved in multiparty conversation where successful conversation requires keeping track of who knows what. In the present research, we probe the biological memory systems that are involved in this process of multiparty audience design. We present the results of two experiments that compare language use in persons with bilateral hippocampal damage and severe declarative memory impairment (amnesia), and demographically matched neurotypical comparison participants. Participants played a game in which they discussed abstract images with one partner in conversation, and then discussed the images again with the same partner or with a new partner in a three-party conversation. Neurotypical participants' language use reflected newly formed representations of which partner was familiar with which images. Participants with amnesia showed evidence of partner-specific audience design in multiparty conversation but it was attenuated, especially when success required rapid alternations between representations of common ground. The findings suggest partial independence of the formation and use of partner-specific representations from the hippocampal-dependent declarative memory system and highlight the unique contributions of the declarative memory system to flexible and dynamic language use.

Remembering visual and linguistic common ground in shared history.

Successful communication requires speakers and listeners to refer to information in their common ground. Shared history is one of the bases for common ground, as information from a communicative episode in the past can be referred to in future communication. However, to draw upon shared history, communicative partners need to have an accurate memory record that they can refer to. The memory mechanism for shared history is poorly understood. The current study investigated the ways in which memory for shared history is prioritised. Two experiments presented a referential communication task followed by a surprise recognition memory task, with the former task serving as an episode of shared history. Experiment 1 revealed superior memory for information that was both seen in the communicators' common ground and referred to, followed by information that was seen but not referred to, and finally by information privileged to the participants. Experiment 2 provided a replication of Experiment 1 and further demonstrated that these co-presence effects are not dependent on the presence of a speaker with a different perspective to the participant.

Tripolar configuration and pulse shape in cochlear implants reduce channel interactions in the temporal domain.

The present study investigates effects of current focusing and pulse shape on threshold, dynamic range, spread of excitation and channel interaction in the time domain using cochlear implant stimulation. The study was performed on 20 adult guinea pigs using a 6-channel animal cochlear implant, recording was performed in the auditory midbrain using a multielectrode array. After determining the best frequencies for individual recording contacts with acoustic stimulation, the ear was deafened and a cochlear implant was inserted into the cochlea. The position of the implant was controlled by x-ray. Stimulation with biphasic, pseudomonophasic and monophasic stimuli was performed with monopolar, monopolar with common ground, bipolar and tripolar configuration in two sets of experiments, allowing comparison of the effects of the different stimulation strategies on threshold, dynamic range, spread of excitation and channel interaction. Channel interaction was studied in the temporal domain, where two electrodes were activated with pulse trains and phase locking to these pulse trains in the midbrain was quantified. The results documented multifactorial influences on the response properties, with significant interaction between factors. Thresholds increased with increasing current focusing, but decreased with pseudomonophasic and monophasic pulse shapes. The results documented that current focusing, particularly tripolar configuration, effectively reduces channel interaction, but that also pseudomonophasic and monophasic stimulation and phase duration intensity coding reduce channel interactions.

Nosso ofício vital / Our vital profession / Nuestra profesión vital

Como parte de nossa busca permanente a fim de ajudar pacientes a encontrar, ou reencontrar, o cerne do que significa ser humano, investigo neste trabalho mudanças múltiplas de paradigma no método psicanalítico que constituem novos pontos comuns entre, ao que parece, diversas vertentes. Isto conduz a novas ideias sobre como ouvimos e interpretamos, os objetivos do tratamento e a maneira como se dá a mudança.

In our continual search to help patients find, or re-find, the core of what it means to be human, this paper explores multiple paradigm changes in the psychoanalytic method that form a new common ground amongst seemingly diverse perspectives. This leads to fresh views of how we listen and interpret, the goals of treatment, and how change takes place.

En nuestra búsqueda permanente con el fin de ayudar a los pacientes a encontrar, o reencontrar, la esencia de lo que significa ser humano, este trabajo investiga múltiples cambios de paradigma en el método psicoanalítico que constituyen nuevos puntos comunes entre, al parecer, diversas vertientes. Esto conduce a nuevas ideas sobre cómo oímos e interpretamos, los objetivos del tratamiento y la forma en la que se produce el cambio.

O dia a dia de um psicanalista Teorias fracas. Teorias fortes / El día a día de un psicoanalista. Teorías débiles. Teorías fuerte / The day-to-day of a Psychoanalyst. Weak theories. Strong theories

O autor propõe teorias fracas como meio de investigação psicanalítica, tanto para a clínica quanto para os conceitos. Inicia com as dificuldades em grupos psicanalíticos, tanto em discutir a situação clínica quanto os conceitos. Como instrumento de trabalho descreve quatro situações clínicas que são acompanhadas de comentários, tanto os feitos durante a sessão quanto as reflexões que essas situações suscitaram e que desaguaram nas teorias fracas, como as do despontar da criatividade, prudência, hipnotismo, de causalidade e outras. Estas serviram de instrumento para o exame de uma teoria forte - transformação em alucinose - e permitiram sugerir que está ligada ao vínculo de ódio, enquanto com o uso das teorias fracas, salienta-se a importância dos vínculos de amor e conhecimento. A correlação destes fatos vai determinar um novo posicionamento teórico e clínico. Com o exame do fator probabilidade encaminha-se para a conclusão sobre a pluralidade das teorias na psicanálise atual, por enquanto mantendo uma unidade. Breve exame das teorias cognitivas e neurociências trazem perspectivas de enriquecimento, embora de difícil uso para um psicanalista comum, sendo que estes acréscimos não mudam a situação de pluralidade.(AU)

El autor propone teorías débiles como medio de investigación psicoanalítica, tanto para la clínica cuanto para los conceptos. Inicia con las dificultades en grupos psicoanalíticos, tanto en discutir la situación clínica cuanto los conceptos. Como instrumento de trabajo describe cuatro situaciones clínicas acompañadas de comentarios, tanto los hechos durante la sesión cuanto las reflexiones que éstas situaciones despertaron y desembocaron en las teorías débiles, como las de despuntar de la creatividad, prudencia, hipnotismo, de causalidad y otras. Estas sirvieron de instrumento para el examen de una teoría fuerte - transformación en alucinosis - y permitieron sugerir que está ligada al vínculo de odio, mientras que, con el uso de las teorías débiles, resalta la importancia de los vínculos de amor y conocimiento. La correlación de estos hechos va a determinar un nuevo posicionamiento teórico y clínico. Con el examen del factor probabilidad se encamina para la conclusión manteniendo la unidad. Breve examen de las teorías cognitivas y neurociencias traen perspectivas de enriquecimiento, a pesar de difícil uso para un psicoanalista común, siendo que estos acrecimos no cambian la situación de pluralidad.(AU)

The author proposes weak theories as a mean of psychoanalytical investigation, both for clinical purposes and for the concepts. It starts out with the difficults in psychoanalytical groups, both in discussing the clinical situation and the concepts. As work tool, it describes four clinical situations that are followed by comments, both those made during the session, and the reflections that these situations have evoked and that flown into weak theories, as well as those belonging to the drawn of creativity, caution, hypnotism, causality and others. These have served as a tool for the examination of a strong theory - transformation in hallucinosis - and allowed the suggestion that it is connected to the bond of hatred, while, with the use of weak theories, the importance of the bonds of love and knowledge is highlighted. The correlation of these facts will establish a new theoretical and clinical positioning. With the examination of the probability factor, one walks toward the conclusion on the plurality of present psychoanalysis theories, while keeping a unity. A brief review of the cognitive theories and neurosciences bring perspectives of enrichment, albeit of difficult use for the ordinary psychoanalyst, when these additions do not change the situation of plurality.(AU)

O dia a dia de um psicanalista Teorias fracas. Teorias fortes / El día a día de un psicoanalista. Teorías débiles. Teorías fuerte / The day-to-day of a Psychoanalyst. Weak theories. Strong theories

O autor propõe teorias fracas como meio de investigação psicanalítica, tanto para a clínica quanto para os conceitos. Inicia com as dificuldades em grupos psicanalíticos, tanto em discutir a situação clínica quanto os conceitos. Como instrumento de trabalho descreve quatro situações clínicas que são acompanhadas de comentários, tanto os feitos durante a sessão quanto as reflexões que essas situações suscitaram e que desaguaram nas teorias fracas, como as do despontar da criatividade, prudência, hipnotismo, de causalidade e outras. Estas serviram de instrumento para o exame de uma teoria forte - transformação em alucinose - e permitiram sugerir que está ligada ao vínculo de ódio, enquanto com o uso das teorias fracas, salienta-se a importância dos vínculos de amor e conhecimento. A correlação destes fatos vai determinar um novo posicionamento teórico e clínico. Com o exame do fator probabilidade encaminha-se para a conclusão sobre a pluralidade das teorias na psicanálise atual, por enquanto mantendo uma unidade. Breve exame das teorias cognitivas e neurociências trazem perspectivas de enriquecimento, embora de difícil uso para um psicanalista comum, sendo que estes acréscimos não mudam a situação de pluralidade.

El autor propone teorías débiles como medio de investigación psicoanalítica, tanto para la clínica cuanto para los conceptos. Inicia con las dificultades en grupos psicoanalíticos, tanto en discutir la situación clínica cuanto los conceptos. Como instrumento de trabajo describe cuatro situaciones clínicas acompañadas de comentarios, tanto los hechos durante la sesión cuanto las reflexiones que éstas situaciones despertaron y desembocaron en las teorías débiles, como las de despuntar de la creatividad, prudencia, hipnotismo, de causalidad y otras. Estas sirvieron de instrumento para el examen de una teoría fuerte - transformación en alucinosis - y permitieron sugerir que está ligada al vínculo de odio, mientras que, con el uso de las teorías débiles, resalta la importancia de los vínculos de amor y conocimiento. La correlación de estos hechos va a determinar un nuevo posicionamiento teórico y clínico. Con el examen del factor probabilidad se encamina para la conclusión manteniendo la unidad. Breve examen de las teorías cognitivas y neurociencias traen perspectivas de enriquecimiento, a pesar de difícil uso para un psicoanalista común, siendo que estos acrecimos no cambian la situación de pluralidad.

The author proposes weak theories as a mean of psychoanalytical investigation, both for clinical purposes and for the concepts. It starts out with the difficults in psychoanalytical groups, both in discussing the clinical situation and the concepts. As work tool, it describes four clinical situations that are followed by comments, both those made during the session, and the reflections that these situations have evoked and that flown into weak theories, as well as those belonging to the drawn of creativity, caution, hypnotism, causality and others. These have served as a tool for the examination of a strong theory - transformation in hallucinosis - and allowed the suggestion that it is connected to the bond of hatred, while, with the use of weak theories, the importance of the bonds of love and knowledge is highlighted. The correlation of these facts will establish a new theoretical and clinical positioning. With the examination of the probability factor, one walks toward the conclusion on the plurality of present psychoanalysis theories, while keeping a unity. A brief review of the cognitive theories and neurosciences bring perspectives of enrichment, albeit of difficult use for the ordinary psychoanalyst, when these additions do not change the situation of plurality.

O dia a dia de um psicanalista teorias fracas. teorias fortes / El día a día de un psicoanalista. teorías débiles. teorías fuerte / The day-to-day of a psychoanalyst. weak theories. strong theories

O autor propõe teorias fracas como meio de investigação psicanalítica, tanto para a clínica quanto para os conceitos. Inicia com as dificuldades em grupos psicanalíticos, tanto em discutir a situação clínica quanto os conceitos. Como instrumento de trabalho descreve quatro situações clínicas que são acompanhadas de comentários, tanto os feitos durante a sessão quanto as reflexões que essas situações suscitaram e que desaguaram nas teorias fracas, como as do despontar da criatividade, prudência, hipnotismo, de causalidade e outras. Estas serviram de instrumento para o exame de uma teoria forte - transformação em alucinose - e permitiram sugerir que está ligada ao vínculo de ódio, enquanto com o uso das teorias fracas, salienta-se a importância dos vínculos de amor e conhecimento. A correlação destes fatos vai determinar um novo posicionamento teórico e clínico. Com o exame do fator probabilidade encaminha-se para a conclusão sobre a pluralidade das teorias na psicanálise atual, por enquanto mantendo uma unidade. Breve exame das teorias cognitivas e neurociências trazem perspectivas de enriquecimento, embora de difícil uso para um psicanalista comum, sendo que estes acréscimos não mudam a situação de pluralidade

El autor propone teorías débiles como medio de investigación psicoanalítica, tanto para la clínica cuanto para los conceptos. Inicia con las dificultades en grupos psicoanalíticos, tanto en discutir la situación clínica cuanto los conceptos. Como instrumento de trabajo describe cuatro situaciones clínicas acompañadas de comentarios, tanto los hechos durante la sesión cuanto las reflexiones que éstas situaciones despertaron y desembocaron en las teorías débiles, como las de despuntar de la creatividad, prudencia, hipnotismo, de causalidad y otras. Estas sirvieron de instrumento para el examen de una teoría fuerte - transformación en alucinosis - y permitieron sugerir que está ligada al vínculo de odio, mientras que, con el uso de las teorías débiles, resalta la importancia de los vínculos de amor y conocimiento. La correlación de estos hechos va a determinar un nuevo posicionamiento teórico y clínico. Con el examen del factor probabilidad se encamina para la conclusión manteniendo la unidad. Breve examen de las teorías cognitivas y neurociencias traen perspectivas de enriquecimiento, a pesar de difícil uso para un psicoanalista común, siendo que estos acrecimos no cambian la situación de pluralidad

The author proposes weak theories as a mean of psychoanalytical investigation, both for clinical purposes and for the concepts. It starts out with the difficults in psychoanalytical groups, both in discussing the clinical situation and the concepts. As work tool, it describes four clinical situations that are followed by comments, both those made during the session, and the reflections that these situations have evoked and that flown into weak theories, as well as those belonging to the drawn of creativity, caution, hypnotism, causality and others. These have served as a tool for the examination of a strong theory - transformation in hallucinosis - and allowed the suggestion that it is connected to the bond of hatred, while, with the use of weak theories, the importance of the bonds of love and knowledge is highlighted. The correlation of these facts will establish a new theoretical and clinical positioning. With the examination of the probability factor, one walks toward the conclusion on the plurality of present psychoanalysis theories, while keeping a unity. A brief review of the cognitive theories and neurosciences bring perspectives of enrichment, albeit of difficult use for the ordinary psychoanalyst, when these additions do not change the situation of plurality

O CBCE como "solo comum" para diálogos necessários ao campo da educação física: quatro apontamentos introdutórios... / The CBCE as "solo comum" for dialogue needed to the field of physical education: four introductory notes... / El CBCE as "solo comum" para el diálogos necesarios para ámbito de la educación física: cuatro notas introductorias...

Este texto tem por objetivo central problematizar o papel do Colégio Brasileiro de Ciências do Esporte (CBCE). Para tal, inicialmente apresento um resgate das perspectivas de fundo que se construíram no CBCE, para, em um segundo momento, apresentar quatro apontamentos sobre problemáticas inerentes ao entorno do CBCE. Finalmente, no quarto apontamento, apresento algumas posições acerca de possibilidades comunicativas importantes para um cenário como o do CBCE, pensando-o como um "solo comum" para diferentes comunidades que se relacionam direta ou tangencialmente com o campo da educação física.

This article aims to discuss the central role of the Brazilian College of Sport Science (CBCE). In order to do so, first of all we present a ransom of prospects fund that built the CBCE, and in a second time, we take notes on four issues related to the environment of the CBCE. Finally, at the fourth argument, I present some opinions on the important communicative possibilities for a scenario like the CBCE, thinking it as a "common ground" for different communities, which are related directly or tangentially to the field of EF.

Este artículo tiene por objeto cuestionar el papel central del Colegio Brasileño de Ciencias del Deporte (CBCE). Para ello, inicialmente la presentación de un rescate de las perspectivas de fondo que construyó el CBCE para en un segundo tiempo, tomar notas en cuatro cuestiones relacionadas con el medio ambiente del CBCE. Por último, presento algunas posiciones en las importantes posibilidades de comunicación para un escenario como el CBCE, pensando que como "terreno común" para las diferentes comunidades que se relacionan directa o tangencialmente con el campo de la EF.