Screen Time and Socioemotional and Behavioural Difficulties Among Indigenous Children in Canada: Temps d'écran et difficultés socio-émotionnelles et comportementales chez les enfants autochtones du Canada.

OBJECTIVES: To describe screen time levels and determine their association with socioemotional and behavioural difficulties among preschool-aged First Nations, Métis, and Inuit children. METHOD: Data were taken from the Aboriginal Children's Survey, a nationally representative survey of 2-5-year-old Indigenous children in Canada. Socioemotional and behavioural difficulties were defined using parent/guardian reports on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted separately for First Nations, Métis, and Inuit participants, and statistically adjusted for child age, child sex, and parent/guardian education. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.002 to adjust for multiple comparisons. RESULTS: Of these 2-5-year-old children (mean [M] = 3.57 years) 3,085 were First Nations (53.5%), 2,430 Métis (39.2%), and 990 Inuit (7.3%). Screen time exposure was high among First Nations (M = 2 h and 58 min/day, standard deviation [SD] = 1.89), Métis (M = 2 h and 50 min [SD = 1.83]), and Inuit children (M = 3 h and 25 min [SD = 2.20]), with 79.7% exceeding recommended guidelines (>1 h/day). After adjusting for confounders, screen time was associated with more socioemotional and behavioural difficulties among First Nations (total difficulties ß = 0.15 [95% CI, 0.12 to 0.19]) and Métis (ß = 0.16 [95% CI, 0.12 to 0.20]) but not Inuit children (ß = 0.12 [95% CI, 0.01 to 0.23]). CONCLUSIONS: Screen time exposure is high among Indigenous children in Canada, and is associated with more socioemotional and behavioural difficulties among First Nations and Métis children. Contributing factors could include enduring colonialism that resulted in family dissolution, lack of positive parental role models, and disproportionate socioeconomic disadvantage. Predictors of poor well-being should continue to be identified to develop targets for intervention to optimize the health and development of Indigenous children.

The Role of Dietary Patterns and Nutritional Supplements in the Management of Mental Disorders in Children and Adolescents: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses: Le rôle des habitudes alimentaires et des suppléments nutritionnels dans la prise en charge des troubles mentaux chez les enfants et les adolescents : une méta-revue de méta-analyses.

OBJECTIVE: In recent years, the relationship between nutrition and mental health has gained considerable interest. We identified, synthesized, and appraised all meta--analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies reporting on the efficacy of dietary patterns and nutrient supplements in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders in children and adolescents. METHODS: Systematic research in MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews was completed on 8 January 2024. RESULTS: Our research found 24 meta-analyses: 14 on RCTs, 8 on observational studies, and 2 combining both. Emerging evidence suggests that omega-3, in particular eicosapentaenoic acid, and Vitamin D may have adjunctive benefits in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), while no evidence was found for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Observational data also indicated that prenatal folic acid supplementation (>400 µg daily) was associated with a reduced risk of ASD in offspring. In terms of dietary habits, several meta-analyses of observational data revealed that healthy dietary patterns (rich in fruits, vegetables, and fibre, low in saturated fats) during the prenatal period, childhood, and adolescence were linked to a significantly reduced risk of internalizing disorders and externalizing disorders. Conversely, unhealthy dietary habits (high in sugars, saturated animal fats, and industrial foods, low in fruits, vegetables, and fibre) are associated with an elevated risk of these mental health issues. However, the number of available studies on dietary interventions for the treatment of depression, ASD, and ADHD was limited, and the results obtained were either nonsignificant or contradictory. CONCLUSION: Our findings emphasize the need to establish clear causal relationships between dietary habits and the risk of mental illness in children and adolescents. Moreover, further investigation of the benefits observed with some nutrient supplements (such as omega-3 and vitamin D for ADHD) through larger-scale RCTs is imperative to establish more robust conclusions.

We investigated the link between nutrition and mental health in children and adolescents through a meta-review of 24 relevant meta-analyses. Emerging evidence suggests potential benefits of Omega-3 and Vitamin D in treating ADHD, while no evidence supports their effectiveness in ASD. Observational data also indicate that prenatal folic acid supplementation may lower ASD risk. Healthy dietary patterns reduce the risk of internalizing and externalizing disorders, whereas unhealthy habits elevate the risk. Limited studies on dietary interventions for depression, ASD, and ADHD provide inconclusive results. In summary, our results emphasize the need to clearly understand the cause-and-effect relationships between dietary habits and mental health risks in young individuals. Larger-scale randomized controlled trials are essential for confirming the observed benefits of nutrient supplements such as omega-3 and vitamin D in treating ADHD and for forming more reliable conclusions.

The Mental Health of First Nations Children in Manitoba: A Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study Using Linked Administrative Data: La santé mentale des enfants des Premières Nations au Manitoba : une étude de cohorte rétrospective dans la population, à l'aide de données administratives liées.

OBJECTIVE: First Nations children face a greater risk of experiencing mental disorders than other children from the general population because of family and societal factors, yet there is little research examining their mental health. This study compares diagnosed mental disorders and suicidal behaviours of First Nations children living on-reserve and off-reserve to all other children living in Manitoba. METHOD: The research team, which included First Nations and non-First Nations researchers, utilized population-based administrative data that linked de-identified individual-level records from the 2016 First Nations Research File to health and social information for children living in Manitoba. Adjusted rates and rate ratios of mental disorders and suicide behaviours were calculated using a generalized linear modelling approach to compare First Nations children (n = 40,574) and all other children (n = 197,109) and comparing First Nations children living on- and off-reserve. RESULTS: Compared with all other children, First Nations children had a higher prevalence of schizophrenia (adjusted rate ratio (aRR): 4.42, 95% confidence interval (CI), 3.36 to 5.82), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; aRR: 1.21, 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.33), substance use disorders (aRR: 5.19; 95% CI, 4.25 to 6.33), hospitalizations for suicide attempts (aRR: 6.96; 95% CI, 4.36 to 11.13) and suicide deaths (aRR: 10.63; 95% CI, 7.08 to 15.95). The prevalence of ADHD and mood/anxiety disorders was significantly higher for First Nations children living off-reserve compared with on-reserve; in contrast, hospitalization rates for suicide attempts were twice as high on-reserve than off-reserve. When the comparison cohort was restricted to only other children in low-income areas, a higher prevalence of almost all disorders remained for First Nations children. CONCLUSION: Large disparities were found in mental health indicators between First Nations children and other children in Manitoba, demonstrating that considerable work is required to improve the mental well-being of First Nations children. Equitable access to culturally safe services is urgently needed and these services should be self-determined, planned, and implemented by First Nations people.

Maternal postnatal depressive symptoms and early achievement of developmental milestones in infants and young children: A meta-analysis.

Screening for social determinants of health, including maternal depression, is a recommended pediatric practice. However, the magnitude of association between maternal and child screening tools remains to be determined. The current study evaluated the association between maternal postnatal depressive symptoms and child developmental milestones, as well as moderators of these associations. A comprehensive search strategy was carried out in four databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, APA PsycINFO, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) from database inception to September 2022. Studies that examine postnatal depressive symptoms and associations with infant and early child (<6 years) achievement of developmental milestones were included. Data were extracted by two independent coders and a random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate pooled effect sizes and test for moderators. A total of 38 non-overlapping studies (95,897 participants), all focused on maternal postnatal depression, met inclusion criteria. The pooled effect size for the association between postnatal depressive symptoms and early achievement of infant and child developmental milestones (N = 38; r = -.12; 95% CI = -.18, -.06) was small in magnitude. Child age at maternal depression measurement was a moderator, whereby effect sizes became greater for older children. Despite small effects, maternal postnatal depressive symptoms should be included in screening during routine well-child visits to enhance child development outcomes.

El examinar los determinantes sociales de la salud, incluyendo la depresión materna, es una práctica pediátrica recomendada. Sin embargo, la magnitud de la asociación entre las herramientas de examinación materna y del niño está por ser determinada. El presente estudio evaluó la asociación entre los síntomas depresivos postnatales maternos y los momentos cruciales en el desarrollo del niño, así como su papel de moderadores de estas asociaciones. Una estrategia de investigación comprensiva se llevó a cabo en cuatro bancos de datos (MEDLINE, EMBASE, APA PsycINFO, y el Registro Central Cochrane para Ensayos Controlados) desde el inicio del banco de datos hasta septiembre de 2022. Se incluyeron los estudios que examinan los síntomas depresivos postnatales y sus asociaciones con el alcance de logros de momentos cruciales del infante y del niño en su temprana niñez (<6 años). Se extrajeron los datos por medio de dos independientes codificadores y se usó un metaanálisis de efectos al azar para estimar los tamaños de efectos agrupados y examinarlos como moderadores. Un total de 38 estudios que no compartían la misma información (95,897 participantes), todos enfocados en la depresión materna postnatal, reunieron los criterios para ser incluidos. El tamaño de los efectos agrupados para la asociación entre los síntomas depresivos postnatales y el logro temprano de los momentos cruciales del infante y el niño (N = 38; r = -.12; 95% CI = -.18, -.06) fue pequeño en magnitud. La edad del niño en la medida de la depresión materna fue un moderador, por lo cual los tamaños de los efectos se hicieron mayores para los niños de mayor edad. A pesar de los pequeños efectos, los síntomas depresivos postnatales maternos deben ser incluidos en la examinación durante las visitas rutinarias de chequeos del bienestar del niño para mejorar los resultados del desarrollo del niño.

Le dépistage de déterminants sociaux de la santé, y compris la dépression maternelle, est une pratique pédiatrique recommandée. Cependant la magnitude du lien entre les outils de dépistage maternelle et de l'enfant reste indéterminée. Cette étude a évalué le lien entre les symptômes dépressifs postnatals maternels et les jalons du développement de l'enfant, ainsi que les modérateurs de ces liens. Une stratégie de recherche exhaustive a été adoptée pour quatre bases de données (MEDLINE, EMBASE, APA PsycINFO, et Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) des débuts de la base de données jusqu'à septembre 2022. Les études examinant les symptômes dépressifs postnatals et les liens avec l'atteinte des jalons de développement du nourrisson et du petit enfant (<6 ans) ont été inclues. Les données ont été extraites par deux codeurs et une méta-analyse à effets aléatoires a été utilisée afin d'estimer les tailles et tests d'effet regroupées pour les modérateurs. Un total de 38 études ne se recoupant pas (95897 participantes), toutes focalisées sur la dépression maternelle postnatale, ont rempli les critères d'inclusion. La taille d'effet regroupé pour le lien entre les symptômes dépressifs postnatales et l'atteinte précoce des jalons de développement du nourrisson et de l'enfant (N = 38; r = -,12; 95% CI = -,18, -,06) était petite en magnitude. L'âge de l'enfant à la mesure de la dépression maternelle était un modérateur, où l'ampleur de l'effet était plus grande pour les enfants plus âgés. En dépit du peu d'ampleur les symptômes dépressifs postnatals maternels devraient être inclus dans le dépistage durant les visites de routine de santé de l'enfant afin d'améliorer les résultats sur le développement de l'enfant.

Social support buffers the impact of pregnancy stress on perceptions of parent-infant closeness during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Pregnant individuals and parents have experienced elevated mental health problems and stress during COVID-19. Stress during pregnancy can be harmful to the fetus and detrimental to the parent-child relationship. However, social support is known to act as a protective factor, buffering against the adverse effects of stress. The present study examined whether (1) prenatal stress during COVID-19 was associated with parent-infant closeness at 6 months postpartum, and (2) social support moderated the effect of prenatal stress on the parent-infant relationship. In total, 181 participants completed questionnaires during pregnancy and at 6 months postpartum. A hierarchical linear regression analysis was conducted to assess whether social support moderated the effect of stress during pregnancy on parent-infant closeness at 6 months postpartum. Results indicated a significant interaction between prenatal stress and social support on parents' perceptions of closeness with their infants at 6 months postpartum (ß = .805, p = .029); parents who experienced high prenatal stress with high social support reported greater parent-infant closeness, compared to those who reported high levels of stress and low social support. Findings underscore the importance of social support in protecting the parent-infant relationship, particularly in times of high stress, such as during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Individuos y progenitores en estado de embarazo experimentan elevados problemas de salud mental y estrés durante el COVID­19. El estrés durante el embarazo puede ser dañino para el feto y perjudicial para la relación progenitor­niño. Sin embargo, es sabido que el apoyo social actúa como un factor de protección, sirviendo como agente amortiguador contra los adversos efectos del estrés. El presente estudio longitudinal examinó si 1) el estrés prenatal durante el COVID­19 se asociaba con la cercanía madre­infante a los seis meses después del parto, y 2) el apoyo social moderaba el efecto del estrés prenatal en la relación madre­infante. Un total de 181 participantes completaron cuestionarios durante el embarazo y a los seis meses después del parto. Un análisis de regresión lineal jerárquico se llevó a cabo para evaluar si el apoyo social moderaba el efecto del estrés durante el embarazo en cuanto a la cercanía progenitor­infante a los seis meses después del parto. Los resultados indicaron una interacción significativa entre el estrés prenatal y el apoyo social sobre las percepciones que los progenitores tenían de la cercanía con sus infantes a los seis meses después del parto (ß = .805, p = .029); los progenitores que experimentaron un alto estrés prenatal con un alto apoyo social reportaron una mayor cercanía progenitor­infante, comparados con aquellos que reportaron altos niveles de estrés y bajo apoyo social. Los resultados subrayan la importancia del apoyo social para proteger la relación progenitor­infante, particularmente en épocas de alto estés, tal como durante la pandemia del COVID­19.

Les personnes enceintes et les parents font l'expérience de plus grands problèmes de santé mentale et de plus de stress durant la crise du COVID­19. Le stress durant la grossesse peut être néfaste pour le foetus et vient au détriment de la relation parent­enfant. Cependant l'on sait que le soutien social est un facteur de protection, faisant tampon face aux effets adverses du stress. Cette étude longitudinale a examiné si 1) le stress prénatal durant le COVID­19 était lié à la proximité mère­nourrisson à six mois postpartum, et 2) le soutien social a modéré l'effet du stress prénatale sur la relation mère­nourrisson. En tout 181 participants ont rempli des questionnaires durant la grossesse et à sic mois postpartum. Une analyse de régression linéaire hiérarchique a été faite pour évaluer si le soutien social a modéré l'effet du stress durant la grossesse sur la proximité parent­nourrisson à six mois postpartum. Les résultats ont indiqué une interaction importante entre le stress prénatal et le soutien social sur les perceptions des parents de la proximité avec leurs nourrissons à six mois postpartum (ß = ,805, p = ,029); les parents qui ont fait l'expérience d'un stress prénatal élevé avec un soutien social élevé ont signalé une plus grande proximité parent­nourrisson, comparé à ceux ayant signalé des niveaux de stress élevés et un faible soutien social. Les résultats soulignent l'importance du soutien social dans la protection de la relation parent­nourrisson, particulièrement en temps de stress élevé, comme durant la pandémie de COVID­19.

Testing reliability and validity of practitioner-rated parental sensitivity: A novel tool for practice.

Improving parental sensitivity is an important objective of interventions to support families. This study examined reliability and validity of parental sensitivity ratings using a novel package of an e-learning tool and an interactive decision tree provided through a mobile application, called the OK! package. Independent raters assessed parental sensitivity using the OK! package (N = 11 raters) and the NICHD Parental Sensitivity rating scales (N = 22 raters) on the basis of videotaped mother-child interactions at 10- or 12-months-old (N = 294) and at 24-months-old (N = 204) from the Dutch longitudinal cohort study Generation2 . Mothers reported on children's externalizing and internalizing problems and social competence when children were 4 and 7 years old. Results showed excellent single interrater reliability for raters using the OK! package (mean ICC = .79), and strong evidence for convergent validity at 10- or 12-month-old (r = .57) and 24-month-old (r = .65). Prospective associations of neither parental sensitivity rated using the OK! package or the NICHD Parental Sensitivity rating scales with child developmental outcomes were statistically significant (p > .05), with overlapping 95% confidence intervals for both measures. The OK! package provides a promising direction for testing alternatives to current training and instruction modalities.

Mejorar la sensibilidad de progenitores es un objetivo importante de intervenciones para ayudar a las familias. Este estudio examinó la confiabilidad y validez de los puntajes de sensibilidad de progenitores usando un novedoso paquete de una herramienta de e-aprendizaje y un árbol interactivo de decisión, ofrecido a través de una aplicación móvil llamada ¡Paquete OK! Calificadores independientes evaluaron la sensibilidad de progenitores usando el ¡Paquete OK! (N = 11 calificadores) y las escalas de puntajes de Sensibilidad del Progenitor de NICHD (N = 22 calificadores) sobre la base de las interacciones madre-niño grabadas en video a los 10 o 12 meses de edad (N = 294) y a los 24 meses de edad (N = 204) del grupo holandés de estudio longitudinal Generación 2. Las madres reportaron sobre los problemas de externalización e internalización de los niños y la competencia social cuando los niños tenían 4 y 7 años. Los resultados muestran una excelente sola confiabilidad entre calificadores para los calificadores que usaron el ¡Paquete OK! (media ICC = .79), y una fuerte evidencia para la validez convergente a los 10 o 12 meses de edad (r = .57) y a los 24 meses de edad (r = .65). Las asociaciones probables, ni de la sensibilidad del progenitor evaluada usando el ¡Paquete OK! ni de las escalas de puntajes de Sensibilidad del Progenitor NICHD, con los resultados del desarrollo del niño, fueron estadísticamente significativas (p > .05), con intervalos de confiabilidad que coincidían 95% para ambas medidas. El ¡Paquete OK! Ofrece una prometedora directriz para examinar alternativas al entrenamiento y modalidades de instrucción actuales.

L'amélioration de la sensibilité parentale est un objectif important d'interventions pour soutenir les familles. Cette étude a examiné la fiabilité et la validité de la sensibilité parentale utilisant une nouvelle approche combinant un outil de formation en ligne et un arbre de décision interactif offert au travers d'une application mobile, appelée l'approche OK!. Des évaluateurs indépendants ont évalué la sensibilité parentale en utilisant l'approche OK! (N = 11 évaluateurs) et les échelles d'évaluation de le sensibilité parentale NICHD (N = 22 évaluateurs) sur la base d'interactions mère-enfant filmées à la vidéo à 10- ou 12 mois N = 294) et à 24 mois (N-204) de l'étude de cohorte longitudinale hollandaise Generation2. Les mères ont signalé les problèmes d'externalisation et d'internalisation des enfants et leur compétence sociale lorsque les enfants avaient 4 et 7 ans. Les résultats ont démontré une excellente fiabilité entre les évaluateurs pour les évaluateurs utilisant l'approche OK! (moyenne ICC = ,79(, et de fortes preuves d'une validité convergente à 10 ou 12 mois (r = ,57) et à 24 mois (r = ,65). Les associations prospectives d'aucune sensibilité parentale évaluée en utilisant l'approche OK! ou les échelles d'évaluation de la sensibilité parentale NICHD ave des résultats développementaux de l'enfant étaient statistiquement significatives (p . ,05) avec un chevauchement des intervalles de confiance de 95% pour les deux mesures. L'approche OK! offre une direction prometteuse d'alternatives des tests aux modalités de formation et d'instruction actuelles.

[Pain assessment for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASD): A systematic review]. / Évaluation de la douleur des enfants et adolescents avec troubles du spectre de l'autisme : une revue systématique.

OBJECTIVE: Pain in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders remains underdiagnosed due to their inherent communication difficulties. The goal of this review is to identify the most suitable methods for assessing pain in this population and for evaluating the specific perceptions of, or behavioural reactions to, pain whilst considering disorder severity and specifiers (with or without accompanying intellectual impairment, with or without accompanying language impairment). METHOD: A systematic review and analysis of the international literature was conducted. RESULTS: Fourteen studies were selected. No difference was found in pain-related behaviours based on the age or gender of children or adolescents with autism. Three studies showed pain-related behaviours in autism spectrum disorders to be similar to control groups. Other studies showed specific behavioural responses in autism spectrum disorders with a longer physiological and behavioural recovery time associated with an episode of acute pain in this population. Similarly, the three studies that focused on sensory perceptions of pain all showed differences in the autism spectrum disorders population compared to control groups. In hospital or daily life contexts, studies essentially showed idiosyncratic expressions, hypervigilance, motor agitation, negative emotional reactions, or vocalizations. Regarding the association of autism severity with hyposensitivity to pain, the results remain unclear even when language disorders or intellectual disabilities are also present (in conjunction with autism). The Non-Communicative Children Pain Checklist and its translation into French and Italian showed good internal validity and was used by almost half of the studies in hetero-assessment, mostly by parents. Studies recommend the inclusion of parents in the assessment in order to optimise the evaluation process. Similarly, analysis of parent/child/caregiver interviews from the studies highlights the importance of personalizing pain assessment of children and adolescents, taking into account subject-specific characteristics, pathology, and context. CONCLUSION: An integrative and personalized approach to pain assessment appears to be the most appropriate for enhancing the understanding and detection of pain in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. This approach aligns well with a care setting where a nominated professional with a good expertise in autism is responsible for pain assessment. Given the complexity of identifying pain in individuals with autism, further qualitative studies, in conjunction with new pain exploration technologies, are considered necessary as well as a more extensive categorization of the population studies.

Non-pharmacological treatment of Attention Deficit Disorder with or without Hyperactivity (ADHD). Overview and report of the first international symposium on the non-pharmacological management of ADHD.

Attention Deficit Disorder with or without Hyperactivity (ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder which affects the day-to-day functioning of children and adults with this condition. Pharmacological treatment can reduce the symptoms associated with ADHD, but it has some limitations. The objective of this symposium is to determine the effects of non-pharmacological approaches on ADHD symptoms. Results indicate that the following intervention are promising approaches: cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness-based interventions (MBI), yoga, cognitive and metacognitive intervention, neurofeedback and parental training programs. Current research advocates multimodal approaches in conjunction with school or work accommodations integrating innovative technologies.

Rectal versus intravenous administration of acetaminophen; Clinical investigation of plasma level, analgesic, and antipyretic effects on 6-month to 6-year-old children in Zabol city, Iran.

OBJECTIVES: Acetaminophen is the most widely antipyretic analgesic medicine used in adults and children worldwide. Rectal acetaminophen is widely used in children who resist or cannot take oral medications. This study was designed to compare the efficacy of rectal and IV acetaminophen in children with fever and mild to moderate pain. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Total 60 children aged six months to 6 years, with fever and pain, that were treated with rectal or intravenous acetaminophen were selected and assigned in two groups. The IV group received 10mg/kg paracetamol as an IV infusion, and the rectal group received a 15mg/kg dose immediately after admission. Pain score was calculated using the FLACC method, and the axillary temperature was recorded at baseline and then 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6hours after drug administration. Blood samples were collected at baseline and then at 30min-intervals for the first 90minutes. RESULTS: The trend of changes in mean pain score at different time intervals was significantly different between the two groups. Body temperature decrease was more prominent in the IV group. The plasma concentration increased in both groups significantly with time. This increase was sharper in the IV group, just in the first 60minutes after drug administration. CONCLUSIONS: IV acetaminophen has more rapid onset of action, while rectal dosage form control fever and pain for longer duration. Considering its favorable effects with ease of administration and lower cost, rectal acetaminophen can be a reasonable option in selected patients with pain or fever.

[Ethical considerations for children living with their imprisoned mothers]. / Réflexions éthiques autour des enfants vivant auprès de leurs mères incarcérées.

In France, pregnant women or women with children under the age of 18 months, and in exceptional cases 24 months, can serve their prison sentences in specially equipped nurseries or mother-child cells. This situation is likely to have a negative impact on the child's health, and on the quality of the bond with the mother over the longer or shorter term. The benefits of maintaining this bond are indisputable, whatever the setting. Improvements to this system could be considered and implemented.

[The place and function of the gender of child psychiatric carers]. / Place et fonction du genre des soignants en pédopsychiatrie.

In a child psychiatry unit, where it is said that men are reassuring and women are mothering, the group experience of carers on the function of their gender in child care was explored. Gender is relevant to institutional care, but creates a divide. Representations focus on fear, sexuality, violence and fragility. Caregivers, ambivalent about neutralising gender, suffer from representations of what it does to children and to the institution.

[Oral language development in maltreated and foster children]. / Le développement du langage oral chez les enfants maltraités et placés.

Language disorders, which are still very poorly detected, are often present in abused children. While the consequences are well known and long-lasting, little is known about the development and specific characteristics of these children, depending on where they were placed, the type of abuse they suffered and the age at which they were placed. This finding led to a review of the literature aimed at better defining the state of knowledge on the subject, for the benefit of better detection and treatment.

[Knowledge, attitudes and practices in oral health of breastfeeding women]. / Connaissances, attitudes et pratiques en santé orale des femmes allaitantes.

The benefits of breastfeeding on the health of infants and mothers are no longer in doubt. On the other hand, the advantages in terms of maxillofacial development and the risks of prolonged breastfeeding on oral health are much less discussed. An exploratory qualitative study, carried out within the pediatric dentistry functional unit of the dental care service of the Lille University Hospital Center in 2022, aimed to analyze the knowledge, attitudes and practices in oral health of breastfeeding women. This article will discuss the gaps in prevention as well as the obstacles and levers to improving care.

[Use of neurodevelopmental disorder screening tool in primary care : A multicenter observational study]. / Utilisation en soins primaires d'un outil de repérage des troubles du neurodéveloppement : étude multicentrique observationnelle.

INTRODUCTION: Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) affect 5 to 15% of the population. Improved management largely depends on early detection in primary care. A screening tool was developed by an expert consensus and its use has been recommended since 2019. This tool has never been evaluated to date. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with the identification of neurodevelopmental disorders in primary care in children aged 6 months to 5 years. METHOD: This work is a multicentric observational study carried out in general practice in two regions of France: Île-de-France and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify the factors associated with the presence of abnormal signs on the grid. RESULTS: Five hundred and sixty-four (564) children aged 6 months to 4 years were included. The prevalence of children identified on the grid was 3.9%. The factors associated with the neurodevelopmental disorders identified in multivariate analysis were: low socio-professional status of the mother, male gender and parental concern about the child's neurodevelopment. Factors associated with identifying a developmental trajectory gap were male gender (OR = 2.10 (1.22-3.62)) and low socio-professional status of the mother (OR = 2.23 [1.05-4.70]). CONCLUSION: This original work allowed us to carry out first-line testing of a tool for the identification of NDD in primary care and to evaluate the prevalence of identification of these disorders. A complementary cohort study will be necessary to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of this identification tool.

Impact of COVID-19 School-Related Policies in Ontario on Parents' School Lunch Packing Habits.

Purpose: COVID-19 has disrupted the daily routines of many Canadian families. In Ontario, provincially mandated public health measures have resulted in significant changes to school policies, including those related to food. The impact of COVID-19 related school food policies on parental lunch packing habits is unknown; therefore, this study investigated how school-related COVID-19 policies have impacted parental school lunch packing habits.Methods: Parents (N = 287) of school-aged children were recruited from parent-specific Facebook groups across Ontario, Canada, to complete an online survey regarding lunch packing habits. This survey was developed based on findings from a previously conducted scoping review. Open-ended survey responses were inductively analyzed.Results: Three over-arching themes were constructed: (1) Food Programs and COVID-19; (2) Schedule Changes; and (3) School Policy Changes. Parents explained that the cancellation or modification of food programs at schools, changes to the length of time children are given to eat at school, and removal of access to microwaves, garbage cans, and teacher assistance during lunch have forced parents to change their lunch packing habits.Conclusion: Findings from this study demonstrate a need for better support to help ease the burden parents experience when packing their child's school lunch, during an already extremely stressful time.

Risk factors associated with higher scores in internalizing and externalizing behaviors in Chilean preschoolers.

Early detection of behavioral disorders in children is necessary for intervention. Available data show a high prevalence of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders in Chile (22.5%), but behavioral problems in younger children have not been evaluated. This work assesses behavioral disorders in preschoolers and their association with sociodemographic variables of the family and the child. The data was collected during the impact assessment of the Biopsychosocial Development Support Program "Chile Crece Contigo", using a multistage and representative random sample of 1377 preschoolers, aged between 30 and 48 months, who attended public health services. Homes were visited to apply a questionnaire and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL, 1.5-5 years). Results: Multivariable regression model for total raw scores shows that child's age, the number of chronic diseases in the child, and history of exposure to mother's alcohol consumption in pregnancy, remain significant when adjusted for all variables included (R2 of 17.8% and η2 of .19 (95% CI: .14-.22)). In externalizing and internalizing explanatory models, child's chronic diseases and a higher score of authoritarian beliefs about parenting show the two largest effect sizes. These results add to the evidence of urgent problems in preschool mental health.

La temprana detección de trastornos de comportamiento en los niños es necesaria para la intervención. La información disponible muestra una alta prevalencia de trastornos siquiátricos de niños y adolescentes en Chile (22.5%), pero no se han evaluado los problemas de comportamiento en niños más pequeños. Este trabajo evalúa trastornos de comportamiento en niños de edad prescolar y su asociación con variables sociodemográficas de la familia y del niño. La información se recogió durante la evaluación del impacto del Programa de Apoyo al Desarrollo Biosicosocial "Chile Crece Contigo," usando un grupo muestra de multiniveles representativo de 1,377 niños prescolares, de entre 30 y 48 meses de edad, quienes recibían servicios de salud pública. Se visitaron las casas para dar un cuestionario y la Lista de Comprobación del Comportamiento del Niño (CGCL, 1.5-5 años). Resultados: El modelo de regresión de variables múltiples para el total de la puntuación en bruto muestra que la edad del niño, el número de enfermedades crónicas en el niño, así como el historial de exposición al consumo de alcohol por parte de la madre durante el embarazo permanecen siendo significativos cuando se les ajusta para todas las variables incluidas (R2 de 17.8% y η2 de 0.19 (95% CI 0.14 a 0.22)). En los modelos explicativos de externalización e internalización, las enfermedades crónicas del niño y un más alto puntaje de creencias autoritarias acerca de la crianza demuestran ser las dos con la magnitud de efectos más extensa. Estos resultados contribuyen aun más a la evidencia sobre los problemas urgentes en la salud mental prescolar.

La détection précoce de troubles du comportement chez les enfants est nécessaire afin d'intervenir. Les données disponibles font état d'une forte prévalence de troubles psychiatrique de l'enfant et de l'adolescent au Chili (22,5%) mais les problèmes de comportement chez les plus jeunes enfants ne sont pas évalués. Ce travail évalue les troubles du comportement chez des enfants d'âge préscolaire et leur lien aux variables sociodémographiques de la famille et de l'enfant. Les données ont été recueillies durant l'évaluation de l'impact du programme de Soutien au Développement Biopsychosocial « Chile Crece Contigo ¼, en utilisant un échantillon aléatoire à plusieurs degrés et représentatif de 1 377 enfants d'âge préscolaire, âgés de 30 à 48 mois, qui participaient à des services de santé publique. Les domiciles ont été visités pour appliquer un questionnaire et la Checklist de Comportement de l'Enfant (CBCL, 1,5-5 ans). Résultats: Le modèle de régression multivariable pour les scores bruts totaux montre que l'âge de l'enfant, le nombre de maladies chroniques chez l'enfant et le passé d'exposition à la consommation d'alcool de la mère durant la grossesse restent importants après l'ajustement pour toutes le variables inclues (R2 de 17,8% and η2 de 0,19 (95% CI 0.14 à 0.22)). Dans les modèles explicatifs externalisant et internalisant les maladies chroniques de l'enfant et un score élevé de croyances autoritaire sur le parentage font preuves des plus grands effets de taille. Ces résultats s'ajoutent aux preuves sur les problèmes urgents de santé mentale préscolaire.

Facilitating caregiver-child interactions in home visiting: A qualitative observational study.

Facilitating parent-child interactions is a key component of evidence-based early childhood home visiting programs. Several observational measures have been created to effectively capture home visiting activities from an operationalized perspective. While the field has a reasonable understanding of what home visitors can do to facilitate developmentally supportive interactions, and why, the how remains elusive for many home visitors. This qualitative study used a modified grounded theory approach to examine the facilitation of caregiver-child interactions during home visits. Home visit video recordings previously coded using the Home Visit Rating Scale (HOVRS) A+ were selected based on facilitation quality. Sixteen home visits (8 lower- and 8 higher-quality facilitation scores) were examined for differences in home visitor behaviors that support parent-child interactions during visits. We identified contextual and specific behaviors that home visitors used to actively engage caregivers and children together in developmentally supportive interactions. Results revealed 11 home visitor behaviors that discriminated higher quality facilitation. These behaviors were categorized into four domains: environmental conditions, executing the activity, strengths-based focus, and caregiver responses. This qualitative study highlights specific behaviors and professional development areas to support more effective home visiting services for a diverse population of families with young children.

Facilitar las interacciones progenitor-niño es un componente clave de los programas de visita a casa en la temprana niñez con base en la evidencia. Varias medidas de observación se han creado para captar eficazmente las actividades de visita a casa desde una perspectiva operacional. A pesar de que el campo tiene una comprensión razonable de lo que los visitantes a casa pueden hacer para facilitar las interacciones de apoyo al desarrollo, y el por qué, el cómo permanece aún esquivo para muchos visitantes a casa. Este estudio cualitativo usó un bien fundado acercamiento teórico modificado para examinar la manera de facilitar las interacciones cuidador-niño durante las visitas a casa. Con base en la calidad del proceso facilitador, se seleccionaron grabaciones en video de visitas a casa previamente codificadas usando la Escala de Puntuación de Visitas a Casa (HOVRS) A+. Dieciséis visitas a casa (8 con puntajes del proceso facilitador de más baja calidad y 8 de más alta calidad) se examinaron en cuanto a las diferencias en el comportamiento del visitador a casa que apoya las interacciones progenitor-niño durante las visitas. Identificamos comportamientos contextuales y específicos que los visitadores a casa usaron para hacer que los cuidadores y los niños participaran juntos activamente en las interacciones de apoyo al desarrollo. Los resultados revelaron 11 comportamientos del visitador a casa en que se comprometía la más alta calidad del proceso facilitador. Se categorizaron estos comportamientos en cuatro dominios: condiciones ambientales, ejecución de la actividad, enfoque con base en los puntos fuertes, así como las respuestas del cuidador. Este estudio cualitativo resalta comportamientos específicos y áreas de desarrollo profesional para apoyar servicios de visita a casa más eficaces para un diverso grupo de población de familias con niños pequeños.

La facilitation des interactions parent-enfant est une composante clé des programmes de visite à domicile de le petite enfance, fondés sur des données probantes. Plusieurs mesures d'observation ont été créées afin de capturer efficacement les activités de visite à domicile du point de vue de l'opération. Le domaine a une compréhension raisonnable de ce que les visiteurs à domicile peuvent faire pour facilité des interactions qui soutiennent le développement mais le pourquoi et le comment demeurent insaisissables pour bien des visiteurs à domicile. Cette étude qualitative a utilisé une approche théorique fondée modifiée pour faciliter les interactions personne prenant soin de l'enfant - enfant durant les visites à domicile. Des enregistrements vidéo de visite à domicile, préalablement codés en utilisant l'Echelle d'Evaluation de Visite à Domicile (HOVRS en anglais), A+ ont été sélectionnées basé sur la qualité de la facilitation. Seize visites à domicile (8 de scores de plus faible qualité et 8 de scores de la meilleure qualité de facilitation) ont été examinées pour leurs différences dans les comportements du visiteur à domicile qui soutiennent les interactions parent-enfant durant ces visites. Nous avons identifié des comportements contextuels et spécifiques que les visiteurs à domicile ont utilisés afin d'engager activement les personnes prenant soin des enfants et les enfants ensemble dans des interactions soutenant le développement. Les résultats ont révélé 11 comportements de visiteur à domicile qui dans la facilitation distinguant la facilitation de haute qualité. Ces comportements ont été catégorisés en quatre domaines: conditions environnementales, exécuter l'activité, attention mise sur les forces, et réponses de la personne prenant soin de l'enfant. Cette étude qualitative met en lumière des comportements spécifiques et des domaines de développement professionnel pour soutenir des services efficaces de visite à domicile pour une population diverse de familles avec de jeunes enfants.

Enhancing early parenting in the community: Preliminary results from a learning collaborative approach to scale up Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up.

Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up (ABC) is a promising home-visiting intervention promoting sensitive caregiving and secure parent-child attachment in families with young children. The goal of this study was to examine a learning collaborative approach to disseminating ABC in a community setting. Training outcomes (e.g., trainee completion, satisfaction, effectiveness of training methods) and intervention outcomes (e.g., parent behavior, parent beliefs, child socioemotional development) were examined. Eighteen practitioners participated in the ABC learning collaborative; 13 completed training. Quantitative and qualitative measures indicated that trainees were satisfied with their experience and valued the unique collaboration opportunities offered by the learning collaborative. In addition, trainees served 67 families in the community, 37 of whom completed all sessions of ABC. The study was conducted in the United States. Racial demographics of the children in the sample included: 56.7% White, 22.4% Black/African-American, 17.9% Bi- or Multi-racial, and 3.0% unknown. Regarding ethnicity, 80.6% were Non-Hispanic/Latino, 10.4% were Hispanic/Latino, and 9.0% were unknown. Caregivers who completed ABC showed more sensitive parenting behavior and reported positive changes in their perceived self-efficacy and their beliefs around infant crying. Children who received ABC showed increased socioemotional functioning. Results demonstrate successful dissemination of ABC in the community using a learning collaborative approach.

El Alcance de Afectividad y Bio-comportamiento (ABC) es una prometedora intervención de visita a casa que promueve el cuidado sensible y una relación progenitor-niño segura en familias con niños pequeños. El propósito de este estudio fue examinar un acercamiento de aprendizaje colaborativo para diseminar el ABC en un escenario comunitario. Se examinaron los resultados de entrenamiento (v.g. que el entrenado completó el proceso, satisfacción, efectividad de los métodos de entrenamiento) y los resultados de intervención (v.g. comportamiento del progenitor, creencias del progenitor, desarrollo socioemocional del niño). Dieciocho profesionales en la práctica participaron en el proceso de aprendizaje colaborativo; 13 completaron el entrenamiento, Las medidas cuantitativas y cualitativas indicaron que quienes se entrenaban estaban satisfechos con su experiencia y valoraron las oportunidades de colaboración que el proceso de aprendizaje colaborativo ofrecía de manera única. Adicionalmente, quienes se entrenaban les sirvieron a 67 familias en la comunidad, 37 de las cuales completaron todas las sesiones del ABC. El estudio se llevó a cabo en los Estados Unidos. Los perfiles demográficos raciales de los niños incluyen: 56.7% de raza blanca, 22.4% de raza negra o Afroamericanos, 17.9% birraciales o multirraciales, con un 3.0% cuya raza se desconoce. En cuanto a la etnicidad, 80.6% no eran hispanos o latinos, 10.4% eran hispanos o latinos, con un 9.0% cuya etnicidad se desconoce. Los cuidadores que completaron el ABC mostraron una conducta de crianza más sensible y reportaron cambios positivos en cuanto a su percepción de auto efectividad y su creencia acerca del llanto del infante. Los niños que recibieron el ABC mostraron un aumento en su funcionamiento socioemocional. Los resultados demuestran una exitosa diseminación del ABC en la comunidad usando un acercamiento de aprendizaje colaborativo.

L'attachement et le rattrapage bio-comportemental (en anglais Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up, soit ABC) est une intervention prometteuse de visite à domicile promouvant des soins sensibles et un attachement parent-enfant sécure chez les familles avec de jeunes enfants. Le but de cette étude est d'examiner une approche collaborative d'apprentissage à la dissémination de l'ABC dans le contexte d'une communauté. Les résultats de la formation (par exemple le fait de terminer le stage, la satisfaction, l'efficacité des méthodes de formation) et les résultats de l'intervention (par exemple le comportement du parent, les croyances parentales, le développement socio-émotionnel de l'enfant) ont été examinés. Dix-huit praticiens ont participé à la collaboration d'apprentissage ABC; 13 ont terminé la formation. Les mesures quantitatives and qualitatives ont indiqué que les stagiaires étaient satisfaits de leur expérience et avaient apprécié la chance d'une collaboration unique offerte par la collaboration d'apprentissage. De plus les stagiaires ont aidé 67 familles dans la communauté, 37 d'entre elles ayant terminé toutes les séances de l'ABC. L'étude a été faite aux Etats-Unis d'Amérique. Les données démographiques raciales des enfants dans l'échantillon ont inclus: 56,7% blancs, 22,4% noirs américains, 17,9% métisses ou multi-ethniques, et 3,0% de race inconnue. Concernant l'ethnicité, 80,6% était Non-Hispaniques/Non-Latinos, 10,4% étaient Hispaniques/Latinos et 9,0% étaient d'une ethnicité inconnue. Les personnes prenant soin des enfants qui ont complété l'ABC ont fait preuve d'un comportement de parentage plus sensible et fait état de changements positifs dans leur auto-efficacité perçue et leurs croyances concernant les pleurs des bébés. Les enfants ayant reçu l'ABC ont démontré un fonctionnement socio-émotionnel plus élevé. Les résultats démontrent une dissémination réussie de l'ABC dans une communauté en utilisant une approche collaborative d'apprentissage.

Self-reported reflective functioning and father-child interactions in a sample of fathers who have used intimate partner violence.

Reflective functioning (RF) has been found to be associated with mother-child interactions, but less is known about the association of fathers' self and child-focused RF and father-child relationships.  Fathers who have histories of intimate partner violence (IPV) are known to have poor RF, which may impact their father-child interactions.  The current study was designed to examine how types of RF are associated with father-child relationships.  Pretreatment assessments and recorded, coded father-child play interactions were used to examine associations among fathers' history of adverse childhood experiences (ACES), RF and coded father-child play interactions in a sample of 47 fathers with a history of IPV use in the last 6 months with their coparent.  Fathers' ACES and their child's mental states (CM) were associated with father-child dyadic play interactions.  Fathers with greater ACES and higher scores on CM had the most dyadic tension and constriction during play interactions.  Those with high ACES but low CM had scores similar to those with low ACES and low CM.  These results indicate that fathers who have used IPV and have a history of significant adversity may benefit from interventions to increase their child-focused RF and further improve their interactions with their children.

Se ha determinado que el Funcionamiento con Reflexión (RF) está asociado con las interacciones madre-niño, pero menos se conoce acerca de la asociación del propio RF de los papás y enfocado en el niño con las relaciones papá-niño. A los papás que cuentan con un historial de violencia con la pareja íntima (IPV) se les conoce por tener un débil RF, lo cual puede impactar sus interacciones papá-niño. El presente estudio se diseñó para examinar cómo los tipos de RF se asocian con las relaciones papá-niño. Las evaluaciones anteriores al tratamiento y el juego papá niño grabado y codificado se usaron para examinar las asociaciones entre el historial de los papás sobre experiencias adversas de niñez (ACES), RF y las codificadas interacciones papá-niño en un grupo muestra de 47 papás con un historial de uso de IPV en los últimos 6 meses con sus co-progenitores. Las ACES de los papás y ciertamente de los estados mentales de sus niños (CM) se asociaron con las interacciones de juego diádicas papá-niño. Los papás con mayor cantidad de ACES y más altos puntajes en CM presentaron la tensión y constricción más diádica durante las interacciones de juego. Aquellos con alto número de ACES, pero un bajo CM presentaron puntajes similares a aquellos con bajo número de ACES y un bajo CM. Estos resultados indican que los papás que han usado IPV y que tienen un historial de adversidad significativo pudieran beneficiarse de intervenciones para incrementar su RF con enfoque en el niño a fin de mejorar sus interacciones con sus niños.

Il est établi que le fonctionnement de réflexion (en anglais Reflective functioning, ici abrégé selon le français FR) est lié aux interactions mère-enfant mais on sait peu de choses sur le lien entre le FR sur soi et l'enfant des pères et les relations père-enfant. On sait que les pères ayant un passé de violence entre partenaires intimes (ici VPI) ont un FR diminué qui peut impacter leurs interactions père-enfant. Cette étude a été conçue afin d'examiner la manière dont les types de FR sont liés aux relations père-enfant. Des évaluations pré-traitement et des jeux père-enfant enregistrés et codés ont été utilisés afin d'examiner les liens entre l'histoire d'expériences négatives durant l'enfance (ACE) des pères, le FR et les interactions de jeu père-enfant codées chez un échantillon de 47 pères ayant un passé de VPI dans les six derniers mois avec leur coparent. Les ACE des pères et certainement des états mentaux de leur enfant (CM en anglais) ont été liés aux interactions de jeu dyadique père-enfant. Les pères avec plus de ACE et des scores CM plus élevés avaient le plus de tension dyadique et de constriction durant les interactions de jeu. Ceux avec des ACE élevés mais des CM bas avaient des scores similaires à ceux avec des ACE faibles et des CM faibles. Ces résultats indiquent que les pères ayant fait preuve de VPI qui ont un passé d'adversité importante peuvent bénéficier d'interventions pour accroître leur FR focalisé sur l'enfant afin d'améliorer leurs interactions avec leurs enfants.

Self-report measure of parental reflective functioning: A study of reliability and validity across three samples of varying clinical risk.

The Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (PRFQ) provides an efficient way to measure a parent's capacity to recognize their child's mental states and to understand the relationship between underlying mental states and behavior. To date, limited work evaluates its psychometric properties beyond initial validation studies. Here we examined the reliability and validity of the PRFQ in three samples of varying clinical risk (e.g., community sample, previous mental health diagnosis, substance use disorder diagnosis). Across samples, the majority (e.g., 75%-78%) of mothers identified as White; all mothers were from the USA. We compared the PRFQ to task-based measures of mentalization, the Parent Development Interview (PDI), and measures of the parent-child relationship. The PRFQ was a reliable measure across samples, and it was associated in theoretically consistent ways with task-based measures of mentalization. Parental RF across the PDI and PRFQ were not highly correlated in a sample of mothers with substance use disorders. Existing RF measures may be tapping into a different component of the broader construct of parental reflective functioning (PRF). The PRFQ was further validated by demonstrating relationships with parent-report measures of the parent-child relationship. Taken together, these findings provide additional support for the reliability and validity of the PRFQ.

El Cuestionario del Funcionamiento con Reflexión del Progenitor (PRFQ) aporta una manera eficaz de medir la capacidad del progenitor para reconocer los estados mentales de su niño y comprender la relación entre los estados mentales subyacentes y el comportamiento. A la fecha, un trabajo limitado evalúa sus propiedades sicométricas más allá de los estudios de validación inicial. Aquí examinamos la confiabilidad y validez del PRFQ en tres grupos muestra de riesgo clínico variado (v.g. grupo comunitario, previa diagnosis de salud mental, diagnosis de trastorno por uso de sustancias). A través de los grupos muestra, la mayoría (v.g., 75-78%) de las madres se identifican como blancas; todas las madres eran de los Estados Unidos. Comparamos el PRFQ con medidas de mentalización basadas en tareas, la Entrevista del Desarrollo del Progenitor (PDI), y medidas de la relación progenitor-niño. El PRFQ fue una medida confiable a lo largo de los grupos muestra, y se asoció de maneras teoréticamente consistentes con las medidas de mentalización basadas en tareas. El funcionamiento con reflexión del progenitor a lo largo del PDI y PRFQ no se correlacionaron altamente en un grupo muestra de madres con trastornos de uso de sustancias. Las medidas del funcionamiento con reflexión existentes pudieran sacar provecho de un componente diferente de la más amplia edificación del funcionamiento con reflexión del progenitor. Se validó además el PRFQ por medio de demostrar las relaciones con las medidas auto reportadas por el progenitor de la relación progenitor-niño. Tomados en conjunto, estos resultados aportan un apoyo adicional para la confiabilidad y validez del PRFQ.

Le Questionnaire de Fonctionnement de Réflexion Parental (QFRP) offre une manière efficace de mesurer la capacité d'un parent à reconnaître les états mentaux de leur enfant et de comprendre la relation entre les états mentaux sous-jacents et le comportement. Jusqu'à présent peu d'études ont évalué ses propriétés psychométriques au-delà des études initiales de validation. Nous examinons ici la fiabilité et la validité du QFRP chez trois échantillons de risque clinique varié (soit un échantillon communautaire, un diagnostic de santé mentale précédent, un diagnostic de trouble lié à l'usage d'une substance). Au travers des échantillons la majorité (c'est-à-dire 75-78%) des mères se sont identifiées comme étant blanches et toutes les mères étaient américaines (des USA). Nous avons comparé le QFRP à des mesures de mentalisation faites à partir d'une tâche, à l'Entretien de Développement du Parent (en anglais Parent Development Interview, soit PDI), et à des mesures de la relation parent-enfant. Le QFRP s'est avéré être une mesure fiable au travers des échantillons et était lié de manières théoriquement cohérentes à des mesures de mentalisation (basées sur des tâches). Le FR parental au travers du PDI et le QFRP n'étaient pas fortement liés chez un échantillon de mères avec un trouble lié à l'usage d'une substance. Il est possible que les mesures FR qui existent puisent dans un composant différent de la structure plus large du fonctionnement de réflexion parental, Le QFRP a été en outre validé par la démonstration de la relation entre les mesures rapportées par les parents de la relation parent-enfant. Pris dans l'ensemble ces résultats offrent un soutien supplémentaire pour la fiabilité et la validité du QFRP.