Effects of climate on the distribution and conservation of commonly observed European earthworms.

Belowground biodiversity distribution does not necessarily reflect aboveground biodiversity patterns, but maps of soil biodiversity remain scarce because of limited data availability. Earthworms belong to the most thoroughly studied soil organisms and-in their role as ecosystem engineers-have a significant impact on ecosystem functioning. We used species distribution modeling (SDMs) and available data sets to map the spatial distribution of commonly observed (i.e., frequently recorded) earthworm species (Annelida, Oligochaeta) across Europe under current and future climate conditions. First, we predicted potential species distributions with commonly used models (i.e., MaxEnt and Biomod) and estimated total species richness (i.e., number of species in a 5 × 5 km grid cell). Second, we determined how much the different types of protected areas covered predicted earthworm richness and species ranges (i.e., distributions) by estimating the respective proportion of the range area. Earthworm species richness was high in central western Europe and low in northeastern Europe. This pattern was mainly associated with annual mean temperature and precipitation seasonality, but the importance of predictor variables to species occurrences varied among species. The geographical ranges of the majority of the earthworm species were predicted to shift to eastern Europe and partly decrease under future climate scenarios. Predicted current and future ranges were only poorly covered by protected areas, such as national parks. More than 80% of future earthworm ranges were on average not protected at all (mean [SD] = 82.6% [0.04]). Overall, our results emphasize the urgency of considering especially vulnerable earthworm species, as well as other soil organisms, in the design of nature conservation measures.

Efectos del clima sobre la distribución y conservación de la lombriz de tierra europea Resumen La distribución de la biodiversidad del subsuelo no refleja necesariamente los patrones de biodiversidad, pero los mapas de la biodiversidad del suelo aún son escasos debido a la disponibilidad limitada de datos. Las lombrices son uno de los organismos del suelo más estudiados a detalle­en su papel de ingenieros del ecosistema­y tienen un impacto significativo sobre el funcionamiento de ecosistema. Usamos modelos de distribución de especies (MDE) y conjuntos de datos disponibles para mapear la distribución espacial de las especies (Annelida, Oligochaeta) de lombrices más observadas (es decir, registradas con frecuencia) en toda Europa bajo el clima actual y el futuro. Primero pronosticamos la distribución potencial de las especies con modelos de uso común (MaxEnt y Biomod) y estimamos la riqueza total de especies (número de especies en una cuadrícula de 5 × 5 km). Después determinamos cuánto pronosticaban los diferentes tipos de áreas protegidas contempladas la riqueza de lombrices y la distribución de las especies mediante la estimación de la proporción respectiva del rango del área. La riqueza de especies fue alta en el occidente central y baja en el noreste de Europa. Este patrón estuvo asociado principalmente con la temperatura media anual y la estacionalidad de la precipitación, aunque la importancia de las variables de pronóstico para la presencia de la especie varió entre especies. Se pronosticó que la distribución geográfica de la mayoría de las especies cambiaría al este de Europa y disminuiría parcialmente bajo los escenarios climáticos futuros. El pronóstico de la distribución actual y futura contaba con una cobertura deficiente de las áreas protegidas, como los parques nacionales. En promedio, más del 80% de la distribución futura de las lombrices no estaba protegido (promedio [SD] = 82.6% [0.04]). En general, nuestros resultados destacan la urgencia por considerar a las especies vulnerables de lombrices, así como a otros organismos del suelo, en el diseño de las medidas de conservación.

Fitness consequences and ancestry loss in the Apennine brown bear after a simulated genetic rescue intervention.

Reduction in population size, with its predicted effects on population fitness, is the most alarming anthropogenic impact on endangered species. By introducing compatible individuals, genetic rescue (GR) is a promising but debated approach for reducing the genetic load unmasked by inbreeding and for restoring the fitness of declining populations. Although GR can improve genetic diversity and fitness, it can also produce loss of ancestry, hampering local adaptation, or replace with introduced variants the unique genetic pools evolved in endemic groups. We used forward genetic simulations based on empirical genomic data to assess fitness benefits and loss of ancestry risks of GR in the Apennine brown bear (Ursus arctos marsicanus). There are approximately 50 individuals of this isolated subspecies, and they have lower genetic diversity and higher inbreeding than other European brown bears, and GR has been suggested to reduce extinction risks. We compared 10 GR scenarios in which the number and genetic characteristics of migrants varied with a non-GR scenario of simple demographic increase due to nongenetic factors. The introduction of 5 individuals of higher fitness or lower levels of deleterious mutations than the target Apennine brown bear from a larger European brown bear population produced a rapid 10-20% increase in fitness in the subspecies and up to 22.4% loss of ancestry over 30 generations. Without a contemporary demographic increase, fitness started to decline again after a few generations. Doubling the population size without GR gradually increased fitness to a comparable level, but without losing ancestry, thus resulting in the best strategy for the Apennine brown bear conservation. Our results highlight the importance for management of endangered species of realistic forward simulations grounded in empirical whole-genome data.

Consecuencias en la aptitud y pérdida de ascendencia del oso pardo de los Apeninos después de un rescate genético simulado Resumen La reducción del tamaño poblacional, con los previsibles efectos sobre su aptitud, es el impacto antropogénico más alarmante sobre las especies amenazadas. Mediante la introducción de individuos compatibles, el rescate genético (RG) es una estrategia prometedora para reducir la carga genética revelada por la endogamia y restaurar la aptitud de las poblaciones en declive, aunque todavía se debate la eficiencia de esta. Aunque el RG puede mejorar la diversidad genética y la aptitud, también puede producir pérdida de ascendencia, lo que puede dificultar la adaptación local, o sustituir con variantes introducidas por los migrantes los acervos genéticos únicos que han evolucionado en grupos endémicos. En este trabajo realizamos simulaciones genéticas a futuro basadas en datos genómicos empíricos para evaluar los beneficios del RG en términos de aptitud y los riesgos de la pérdida de ascendencia en el oso pardo de los Apeninos (Ursus arctos marsicanus). Quedan aproximadamente 50 individuos de esta subespecie aislada que cuentan con una menor diversidad genética y un mayor nivel de endogamia comparado con otros osos pardos europeos y se ha sugerido que el RG podria reducir el riesgo de extinción de esta población. Comparamos 10 escenarios de RG en los que variaban el número y las características genéticas de los osos migrantes con un escenario sin RG con aumento demográfico causado por factores no genéticos. La introducción de 5 individuos procedentes de una población europea de oso pardo con mayor aptitud o niveles menores de mutaciones deletéreas que el oso pardo de los Apeninos produjo un rápido aumento de la aptitud del 10-20% en la subespecie y hasta un 22.4% de pérdida de ascendencia durante 30 generaciones. En las simulaciones sin un aumento demográfico, la aptitud empezó a disminuir de nuevo después de unas pocas generaciones. La duplicación del tamaño de la población sin RG aumentó gradualmente la aptitud hasta un nivel comparable al de algunos escenarios de RG, pero sin pérdida de ascendencia, por lo que parece ser la mejor estrategia para la conservación del oso pardo de los Apeninos. Nuestros resultados resaltan la importancia que tienen las simulaciones realistas a futuro basadas en datos empíricos del genoma completo para la gestión de especies amenazadas.

Redefining and mapping global irreplaceability.

Irreplaceability is a concept used to describe how close a site is to being essential for achieving conservation targets. Current methods for measuring irreplaceability are based on representative combinations of sites, giving them an extrinsic nature and exponential computational requirements. Surrogate measures based on efficiency (complementarity) are often used as alternatives, but they were never intended for this purpose and do not measure irreplaceability. Current approaches used to estimate irreplaceability have key limitations. Some of these are a result of the tools used, but some are due to the nature of the current definition of irreplaceability. For irreplaceability to be stable and useful for conservation purposes and to resolve limitations, irreplaceability measures should adhere to five axioms; baseline coherence, monotonic responsiveness, proportional responsiveness, intrinsic stability, and bounded outputs. We designed a robust method for measuring a site's proximity to irreplaceability that adheres to these requirements and used it to develop the first systematic global map of irreplaceability based on data for terrestrial vertebrates (n = 29,837 species, >1 million grid cells). At least 3.5% of land surface was highly irreplaceable, and 47.6% of highly irreplaceable cells were contained in 12 countries. More generous thresholds of irreplaceability flag greater portions of land surface that would still be realistic to protect under current global objectives. Irreplaceable sites should form a critical component of any global conservation plan and should be part of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity's post2020 Global Biodiversity Framework strategy, forming part of the 30% protection by 2030 target that is gaining support. The reliable identification of irreplaceable sites will be crucial to halting extinctions.

Redefinición y Mapeo de la Irremplazabilidad Global Resumen El irremplazabilidad es un concepto utilizado para describir cuán cerca está un sitio de ser esencial para lograr los objetivos de conservación. Los métodos actuales para medir la irremplazabilidad están basados en las combinaciones representativas de sitios, proporcionándoles una naturaleza extrínseca y requerimientos computacionales exponenciales. Comúnmente se usan medidas sustitutas basadas en la eficiencia (complementariedad) como alternativas, pero nunca se pensó que se usaron con este propósito y no miden el carácter irremplazable. Las estrategias actuales para estimar la irremplazabilidad tienen limitantes importantes. Algunas de estas son el resultado de las herramientas utilizadas, pero otras surgen debido a la naturaleza de la actual definición de irremplazabilidad. Para que este concepto sea estable y útil para los propósitos de conservación y para resolver las limitantes, las medidas de la irremplazabilidad deberían adherirse a cinco axiomas: coherencia de la línea base, receptividad monotónica, receptividad proporcional, estabilidad intrínseca y resultados delimitados. Diseñamos un método robusto para medir la aproximación de un sitio a la irremplazabilidad que se adhiere a estos requerimientos y lo usamos para desarrollar el primer mapa mundial sistemático de irremplazabilidad basado en datos de vertebrados terrestres (n = 29,837 especies, >1 millón de celdas de cuadrícula). Al menos el 3.5% de la superficie terrestre es altamente irremplazable, y el 47.6% de las celdas altamente irremplazables estuvieron contenidas en doce países. Unos umbrales más generosos de la irremplazabilidad marcan porciones más grandes de superficie terrestre que todavía podría ser realista proteger bajo los objetivos mundiales actuales. Los sitios irremplazables deberían ser un componente crítico de cualquier plan de conservación global y deberían formar parte de la estrategia del Marco para la Biodiversidad Global post-2020 de la Convención sobre la Diversidad Biológica de la ONU, constituyendo una parte del objetivo de 30% de protección para el 2030 que está ganando apoyo. La identificación confiable de los sitios irremplazables será de suma importancia para detener las extinciones.

An agenda for research and action toward diverse and just futures for life on Earth.

Decades of research and policy interventions on biodiversity have insufficiently addressed the dual issues of biodiversity degradation and social justice. New approaches are therefore needed. We devised a research and action agenda that calls for a collective task of revisiting biodiversity toward the goal of sustaining diverse and just futures for life on Earth. Revisiting biodiversity involves critically reflecting on past and present research, policy, and practice concerning biodiversity to inspire creative thinking about the future. The agenda was developed through a 2-year dialogue process that involved close to 300 experts from diverse disciplines and locations. This process was informed by social science insights that show biodiversity research and action is underpinned by choices about how problems are conceptualized. Recognizing knowledge, action, and ethics as inseparable, we synthesized a set of principles that help navigate the task of revisiting biodiversity. The agenda articulates 4 thematic areas for future research. First, researchers need to revisit biodiversity narratives by challenging conceptualizations that exclude diversity and entrench the separation of humans, cultures, economies, and societies from nature. Second, researchers should focus on the relationships between the Anthropocene, biodiversity, and culture by considering humanity and biodiversity as tied together in specific contexts. Third, researchers should focus on nature and economies by better accounting for the interacting structures of economic and financial systems as core drivers of biodiversity loss. Finally, researchers should enable transformative biodiversity research and action by reconfiguring relationships between human and nonhuman communities in and through science, policy, and practice. Revisiting biodiversity necessitates a renewed focus on dialogue among biodiversity communities and beyond that critically reflects on the past to channel research and action toward fostering just and diverse futures for human and nonhuman life on Earth.

Una Agenda para la Investigación y la Acción hacia un Futuro Diverso y Justo para la Vida sobre la Tierra Resumen Las décadas de investigación e intervenciones políticas sobre la biodiversidad han tratado significativamente los temas de la degradación de la biodiversidad y la justicia social. Debido a esto, se requieren nuevas estrategias. Diseñamos una agenda de investigación y acción que llama a la labor colectiva de revisar la biodiversidad hacia el objetivo de sustentar un futuro diverso y justo para la vida sobre la Tierra. Cuando se revisa la biodiversidad, se requiere de una reflexión crítica sobre las investigaciones, políticas y prácticas presentes y pasadas sobre la biodiversidad para inspirar un pensamiento creativo acerca del futuro. Desarrollamos la agenda por medio de un proceso de diálogo de dos años que involucró a casi 300 expertos de diversas disciplinas y localidades. Este proceso estuvo orientado por el conocimiento de las ciencias sociales que muestra cómo la investigación y la acción para la biodiversidad están sostenidas por las opciones de cómo están conceptualizados los problemas. Reconocimos al conocimiento, la acción y la ética como inseparables y sintetizamos un conjunto de principios que ayuda a navegar la labor de revisar la biodiversidad. La agenda articula cuatro áreas temáticas para la investigación en el futuro. Primero, los investigadores necesitan revisar las narrativas de la biodiversidad mediante el cuestionamiento de las conceptualizaciones que excluyen a la diversidad y consolidan la separación entre humanos, culturas, economías y sociedades y la naturaleza. Segundo, los investigadores deberían enfocarse en las relaciones entre el antropoceno, la biodiversidad y la cultura al considerar a la humanidad y la biodiversidad como interconectadas en contextos específicos. Tercero, los investigadores deberían enfocarse en la naturaleza y las economías al tener en mejor cuenta la interacción de las estructuras de los sistemas económico y financiero como conductores nucleares de la pérdida de la biodiversidad. Finalmente, los investigadores deberían permitir la investigación y acción transformadoras de la biodiversidad al reconfigurar las relaciones entre las comunidades humanas y no humanas dentro y a través de la ciencia, la política y la práctica. La revisión de la biodiversidad necesita de un enfoque renovado sobre el diálogo entre las comunidades de la biodiversidad y más allá, que reflexione críticamente sobre el pasado para canalizar a la investigación y acción hacia el fomento del futuro justo y diverso para la vida humana y no humana sobre la Tierra.

Conservation geopolitics.

We reviewed recent work concerning the impact of geopolitics on wildlife conservation (and vice versa) and identified future priorities in conservation geopolitics research. Geopolitics is understood as both an analytical focus on geopolitical practices (especially concerning the behavior) of countries with respect to territory and national security and a set of theories developed to explain and predict those behaviors. We developed a typology of core geopolitical practices of relevance to conservation: territorial practices of colonization and the management of migrations and borders, and security practices relating to military, economic, and environmental security. We identified research that considers how these practices affect conservation situations and outcomes, noting the recent emergence of conceptual developments such as "environmental geopolitics" and "geopolitical ecology" that draw on multiple fields within the social sciences to theorize the links between geopolitics and environmental management. We defined a "geopolitical perspective" as a focus on geopolitical practices combined with an explicit engagement with geopolitical theory and identified conservation situations where this perspective could contribute to analytical clarity. We suggest the most pressing questions in conservation research to which the geopolitical perspective might contribute are how political and economic differences between countries affect biodiversity outcomes, how geopolitical practices to address those differences facilitate or frustrate conservation efforts, how national borders and human and wildlife movements can be better managed for the benefit of both, and how the most effective conservation strategies can be best selected to suit existing (and future) geopolitical realities.

Geopolítica de la Conservación Resumen Revisamos el trabajo reciente relativo al impacto que tiene la geopolítica sobre la conservación de la vida silvestre (y viceversa) e identificamos prioridades futuras para la investigación de la geopolítica de la conservación. Se define a la geopolítica como un enfoque analítico en las prácticas geopolíticas (especialmente en relación con el comportamiento) de los países con respecto al territorio y a la seguridad nacional y como un conjunto de teorías desarrolladas para explicar y predecir aquellos comportamientos. Desarrollamos una tipología de prácticas nucleares de geopolítica relevantes para la conservación: prácticas territoriales de colonización y el manejo de migraciones y de las fronteras, y prácticas de seguridad relacionadas con la seguridad militar, económica y ambiental. Identificamos las investigaciones que consideran cómo estas prácticas afectan a las situaciones de conservación y sus resultados, tomando en cuenta el surgimiento reciente de desarrollos conceptuales como los de "geopolítica ambiental" y "ecología geopolítica" que parten de múltiples campos de estudio situados dentro de las ciencias sociales para teorizar las conexiones entre la geopolítica y el manejo ambiental. Definimos una perspectiva geopolítica como el enfoque en las prácticas geopolíticas combinada con una participación explícita de la teoría geopolítica e identificamos situaciones de conservación en donde esta perspectiva podría contribuir a la claridad analítica. Sugerimos que las preguntas más urgentes para la investigación en la conservación para las cuales la perspectiva geopolítica podría contribuir son cómo las diferencias políticas y económicas entre los países afectan a los resultados de la biodiversidad, cómo las prácticas geopolíticas abordan esas diferencias facilita o frustra los esfuerzos de conservación, cómo las fronteras nacionales y los movimientos humanos y faunísticos pueden manejarse de mejor manera para el beneficio de ambos, y cómo las estrategias de conservación más efectivas pueden seleccionarse de mejor forma para acoplarse a las realidades geopolíticas existentes (y futuras).

Specificity of the Association between Marital Discord and Longitudinal Changes in Symptoms of Depression and Generalized Anxiety Disorder in the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing.

This longitudinal study was conducted to evaluate actor and partner effects of marital discord on changes in symptoms of depression and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in a large population sample of Irish adults (N = 1,445 couples), adjusting for the potential confounds of quality of other social relationships and other psychopathology symptoms. The Actor-Partner Interdependence Model was used to examine actor and partner effects of marital discord on changes in symptoms of depression and GAD at a 2-year follow-up. Additional models examined these associations adjusting for family and friend discord and symptoms of the other type of psychopathology (depressive or GAD symptoms). Actor effects of marital discord on depressive and anxiety symptoms were greater for men than for women. There were significant, positive actor effects of marital discord on depressive symptoms for husbands and wives, which remained significant when adjusting for family and friend discord and GAD symptoms. There were significant, positive actor effects of marital discord on GAD symptoms for husbands, which remained significant when adjusting for family and friend discord and depressive symptoms. Results demonstrate that longitudinal associations between marital discord and depressive symptoms (for wives and husbands) and GAD symptoms (for husbands) are incremental to other rival explanations (family and friend discord and the other set of symptoms). Findings provide evidence for a potential causal association leading from marital discord to symptoms of depression and GAD.

[Influenza vaccination. Effectiveness of current vaccines and future challenges]. / Vacunación antigripal. Efectividad de las vacunas actuales y retos de futuro.

Seasonal influenza is an annual challenge for health-care systems, due to factors such as co-circulation of 2 influenza A subtypes jointly with 2 influenza B lineages; the antigenic drift of these virus, which eludes natural immunity, as well as immunity conferred by vaccination; together with influenza impact in terms of morbidity and mortality. Influenza vaccines have been available for more than 70 years and they have progressed in formulation, production and delivery route. Recommendations on vaccination are focused on those with a higher probability of severe disease, and have a progressively wider coverage, and classically based on inactivated vaccines, but with an increasing importance of attenuated live vaccines. More inactivated vaccines are becoming available, from adyuvanted and virosomal vaccines to intradermal delivery, cell-culture or quadrivalent. Overall vaccine effectiveness is about 65%, but varies depending on characteristics of vaccines, virus, population and the outcomes to be prevented, and ranges from less than 10% to almost 90%. Future challenges are formulations that confer more extensive and lasting protection, as well as increased vaccination coverage, especially in groups such as pregnant women and health-care professionals, as well as being extended to paediatrics.

Future directions for simulation in healthcare: A critical review.

There was a widespread discontinuation of simulation programs during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The objective is to explore how to facilitate greater integration of simulation in healthcare organizations. A literature review was conducted in PubMed, MEDES, IBECS and DOCUMED databases. Twenty-three articles published after the pandemic were selected, categorized in seven themes and critically reviewed. In order to consistently and fully integrate simulation into the organizational culture it is recommended to prioritize the development of new strategies that enhance the efficiency and safety of healthcare delivery. And also strategies that enhance the satisfaction and well-being of all stakeholders.

Tackling the future in hospital pharmacy: Training as a pillar of success. / Conquistando el futuro en farmacia hospitalaria: la formación como pilar del éxito.

The training of hospital pharmacists in the coming years must adapt and respond to constant current and future social and technological challenges, without neglecting the basic areas of the profession. It is necessary to acquire knowledge in what is known as digital comprehensive health: Artificial intelligence, technology and automation, digital skills, and new forms of communication with patients, such as telemedicine and telepharmacy that are already a reality in many hospitals. We must provide knowledge in automated systems for the distribution and dispensing of medicines, robots for preparing sterile preparations, traceability systems, the use of drones in clinical care, etc., as well as including training in the application of technology in pharmaceutical care, through devices and applications that help identify patients who require specific care early and effectively. In this digital scenario, new risks and challenges must be faced, such as cybersecurity and cyber-resilience, which makes the training and education of healthcare professionals in general, and hospital pharmacists in particular, essential. On the other hand, the appearance of increasingly complex and innovative therapies has a great impact not only on health population but also on economic and environmental issues, which makes new competencies and skills essential to develop and implement disruptive and competent financing, equity, and sustainability strategies. In this demanding and hyper-connected environment, it is understandable that the well-known "burned out worker syndrome" appears, which prevents the correct personal and professional development of the team and highlights the importance of quality training for its prevention and management. In short, in the next decade, the training of hospital pharmacists must be aimed at providing knowledge in innovation and in basic skills needed to adapt and succeed to current demands and changes.

[Translated article] Conquering the future in hospital pharmacy: Training as a pillar of success.

The training of hospital pharmacists in the coming years must adapt and respond to constant current and future social and technological challenges, without neglecting the basic areas of the profession. It is necessary to acquire knowledge in what is known as digital comprehensive health: artificial intelligence, technology and automation, digital skills, and new forms of communication with patients, such as telemedicine and telepharmacy that are already a reality in many hospitals. We must provide knowledge in automated systems for the distribution and dispensing of medicines, robots for preparing sterile preparations, traceability systems, the use of drones in clinical care, etc. as well as training in the application of technology in pharmaceutical care, through devices and applications that help identify patients who require specific care early and effectively. In this digital scenario, new risks and challenges must be faced, such as cybersecurity and cyber resilience, which makes the training and education of healthcare professionals in general, and hospital pharmacists in particular, inexcusable. On the other hand, the appearance of increasingly complex and innovative therapies has a great impact not only on health population but also on economic and environmental issues, which makes new competencies and skills essential to develop and implement disruptive and competent financing, equity, and sustainability strategies. In this demanding and hyper-connected environment, it is understandable that the well-known "burned out worker syndrome" appears, which prevents the correct personal and professional development of the team and highlights the importance of quality training for its prevention and management. In short, in the next decade, the training of hospital pharmacists must be aimed at providing knowledge in innovation and in basic skills needed to adapt and succeed to current demands and changes.

The Hospital of the Future in 10 points. / El hospital del futuro en 10 puntos.

Over the course of 2018 and 2019, the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine carried out a project called "The Future Hospital." Based on cumulative knowledge on the Spanish National Health System, this project seeks to transfer the observations on the organization of healthcare in future hospitals made by the Royal College of Physicians in the United Kingdom to the context of the Spanish healthcare system. The project's participants included numerous scientific and medical societies, professional associations in the health sector, and patient associations. This aim of this article is to highlight, in 10 points, predictions that arose from this project that we consider to be the most relevant, reserving the last point for the challenges for the field of internal medicine that can be surmised from these proposals.

Cardiologists and the Cardiology of the Future. Vision and proposals of the Spanish Society of Cardiology for the Cardiology of the 21st Century.

The Cardiology of the Future is a project of the Spanish Society of Cardiology (SEC) whose objectives are as follows: to define the action policies of the SEC; to analyze the trends and changes in the environment that will influence the practice of cardiology in Spain; to define the profile of the cardiologists needed in the future; to propose policies to achieve the objectives resulting from the identified needs; and to identify the role of the SEC in the development and implementation of these policies. This article describes the methodology and the most relevant findings of the final report of this project and the strategic lines to be developed by the SEC in the immediate future, resulting from the analysis performed.

La cirugía de corazón: pasado, presente y futuro

Toda especialidad médica, y en especial las quirúrgicas, necesitan, de alguna manera, vislumbrar el futuro que puedan ofrecer a los miembros más jóvenes de la especialidad y eventuales interesados en esta, de manera de asegurarles las mejores posibilidades de desarrollo profesional y personal, para, a su vez, poder reclutar a los mejores. Empero, para imaginar y forjar el futuro, es necesario vivir y enfrentar el presente. Pero, todo presente se asienta en un pasado, que es necesario conocer y meditar. Y de esto trata este artículo especial: pasado, presente y futuro de la cirugía de corazón, desde la particular visión de su autor.

Every medical specialty, mainly surgical specialties, needs to envision the future they can offer to the specialty's younger members and those eventually interested in it to assure them of the best possibilities for professional and personal development and, in turn, to be able to recruit the best one. However, it is necessary to live and face the present to imagine and forge the future. But every present is based on a past, which must be known and meditated upon. This article is about the past, present, and future of heart surgery, according to the particular vision of its author.

Futuros y educación en los activismos juveniles socioambientales / Futures and education in socio-environmental youth activism / Futuros e educação em ativismos juvenis socioambientais

Resumen (analítico) Las juventudes protagonizan la acción de los movimientos sociales antihegemónicos. Particularmente, su activismo socioambiental impacta en la lucha global contra el modelo capitalista que pone en peligro al planeta. Este artículo explora el rol educativo de las organizaciones chilenas Viernes por el Futuro, Tremendas y Wila Pacha, en relación con sus visiones de futuro. Se realizó una etnografía digital con metodología cualitativa y enfoque interpretativo, a partir de un corpus de 591 entradas de sus discursos en Instagram. Los resultados muestran un futuro próximo con caducidad, con visiones sustentadas en conocimientos científicos, ancestrales y territoriales. También proyectan un futuro alternativo imaginado, desde el deseo y los valores de la comunidad que representa cada colectivo. Educar a la sociedad desde el accionar digital resulta clave para acercarse a ese futuro alternativo.

Abstract (analytical) Young people are protagonists of the actions carried out by antihegemonic social movements. Their socio-environmental activism has an impact on the global struggle against a capitalist model that endangers our planet. This article explores the educational role of the Chilean organizations Viernes por el Futuro (Fridays for Future), Tremendas and Wila Pacha in relation to their visions of the future. A digital ethnography was carried out using a qualitative methodology and an interpretive approach based on a corpus of 591 posts that contain the groups' discourses on Instagram. The results evidence the conceptualization of a near future that has an expiration date for humanity. The groups' visions of these futures are supported by scientific, ancestral and territorial knowledge. They also project an imagined alternative future that is based on the dreams and values of the communities that each group represents. For all three of the groups, educating society through digital actions is essential for working towards these alternative futures.

Resumo (analítico) Os jovens são protagonistas da ação dos movimentos sociais anti-hegemônicos. Particularmente, seu ativismo socioambiental tem impacto na luta global contra o modelo capitalista que põe em risco o planeta. Este artigo explora o papel educativo das organizações chilenas Viernes por el Futuro, Tremendas e Wila Pacha, em relação às suas visões de futuro. Foi realizada uma etnografia digital com metodologia qualitativa e abordagem interpretativa, a partir de um corpus de 591 postagens com seus discursos no Instagram. Os resultados mostram um futuro próximo com vencimento, com visões apoiadas em saberes científicos, ancestrais e territoriais. Eles também projetam um futuro alternativo imaginado, baseado no desejo e nos valores da comunidade que cada grupo representa. Educar a sociedade a partir de ações digitais é fundamental para abordar esse futuro alternativo.

Future Anxiety in Young Spanish Adults: Psychometric Properties of the Dark Future Scale / Ansiedad Futura en Adultos Jóvenes Españoles: Propiedades Psicométricas de la Dark Future Scale

Background/Objective: The Dark Future Scale (DFS) is a self-report instrument which assesses the tendency to think about the future with anxiety, fear, and uncertainty. Although it has been applied in different populations, instrumental studies are scarce, and there is no validated Spanish version. The aim was therefore to develop a Spanish version of the scale (DFS-S) and to analyze its psychometric properties in a sample of young adults. Method: Participants were 1,019 individuals aged from 18 to 24 years. They completed the DFS-S and the IPIP-BFM-20. Validity evidence based on the internal structure, including measurement invariance across gender, as well as on relationships with personality traits was obtained. Reliability and gender differences in DFS-S scores were also examined. Results: Results supported a single-factor structure, χ2(5) = 10.79, CFI = .999, RMSEA = .034, SRMR = .016, that was invariant across gender. Reliability of test scores was satisfactory (ω = .92). In the correlation analysis, future anxiety showed a strong positive correlation with neuroticism (.42) and a moderate negative correlation with extraversion (-.25). Females scored higher than males on future anxiety. Conclusions: The DFS-S has satisfactory psychometric properties and it is an adequate tool for measuring future anxiety among young adults.(AU)

Antecedentes/Objetivo: La Dark Future Scale (DFS) evalúa la ten-dencia a pensar en el futuro con ansiedad, miedo e incertidumbre. Aunque ha sido usadaen diferentes poblaciones, los estudios instrumentales son es-casos y no hay una versión adaptada al español. El objetivo del estudio fue adaptarla al español (DFS-S) y analizar sus propiedades psicométricas en una muestra de adultos jóvenes. Método:Participaron 1.019 jóvenes entre 18 y 24 años. Completaron la DFS-S y el IPIP-BFM-20. Se analizan evidencias de validez basadas en la estructura interna, incluyendo la invarianza de me-dida según el género, y basadas en las relaciones con rasgos de personali-dad, así como análisis de la fiabilidad y de las diferencias de género. Resulta-dos:Los resultados apoyaron una estructura de un solo factor, χ2(5) = 10.79, CFI = .999, RMSEA = .034, SRMR = .016, con invarianza respecto al gé-nero, y con coeficiente de fiabilidad satisfactorio (ω= .92). Se encontró co-rrelación positiva fuerte entre ansiedad futura y neuroticismo (.42) y una correlación negativa moderada con extraversión (-.25). Las puntuaciones en ansiedad futura fueron mayores en las mujeres. Conclusiones:Los resultados muestran propiedades psicométricas satisfactorias delaDFS-S, siendo un instrumento adecuado para medir la ansiedad futura en adultos jóvenes.(AU)

Temporalidades e racialização de jovens gays negros: Entre memórias e imagens de futuro / Temporalities and racialization of young black gay men: between memories and images of future / Temporalidades y racialización de los jóvenes negros gay: entre recuerdos e imágenes de futuro

Resumo Este artigo tem o objetivo de problematizar as singularidades presentes nas narrativas de jovens gays negros acerca das suas memórias e o que imaginam para o futuro. No contexto brasileiro, as suas experiências são atravessadas pelo racismo, homofobia e desigualdades sociais que se perpetuam ao longo das gerações ocasionando altas taxas de violência, exclusão e morte. Para compor essa discussão apresentamos reflexões, desde uma perspectiva dos estudos raciais e de gênero, de conversas realizadas com dois jovens negros e gays com o intuito de abordar as suas vivências e o que imaginam para o futuro. No diálogo construído com nossos interlocutores se revelam as singularidades presentes no modo de narrar as conexões e vínculos construídos em suas histórias de vida e como se relacionam com as narrativas de futuro, onde imaginam espaços de cuidado de si, lançando luz às resistências e possibilidades de existência encontradas pelos jovens.

Abstract This article aims to problematize the singularities present in the narratives of young black gay men about their memories and what they imagine for the future. In the Brazilian context, their experiences are crossed by racism, homophobia, and social inequalities that are perpetuated throughout generations, causing high rates of violence, exclusion, and death. To compose this discussion we present reflections, from a perspective of racial and gender studies, of conversations held with two young black and gay men in order to address their experiences and what they imagine for the future. In the dialog constructed with our interlocutors, the singularities present in the way of narrating the connections and bonds built in their life stories are revealed, and how they relate to the narratives of the future, where they imagine spaces of self-care, shedding light on the resistances and possibilities of existence encountered by young people.

Resumen Este artículo tiene por objetivo problematizar las singularidades presentes en las narrativas de jóvenes gays negros sobre sus memorias y lo que imaginan para el futuro. En el contexto brasileño, sus experiencias están atravesadas por el racismo, la homofobia y las desigualdades sociales que se perpetúan a lo largo de las generaciones, provocando altos índices de violencia, exclusión y muerte. Para componer esta discusión, presentamos reflexiones, desde una perspectiva de estudios raciales y de género, de conversaciones mantenidas con dos jóvenes gays negros con el objetivo de abordar sus experiencias y lo que imaginan para el futuro. El diálogo con nuestros interlocutores revela las singularidades presentes en la forma en que narran las conexiones y vínculos construidos en sus historias de vida y cómo se relacionan con las narrativas del futuro, donde imaginan espacios de autocuidado, arrojando luz sobre las resistencias y posibilidades de existencia encontradas por los jóvenes.

Uma juventude privada de escola: luto e sonhos em tempos de pandemia / Una juventud privada de escuela: duelo y sueños en tiempos de pandemia / A youth deprived of school: mourning and dreams in times of pandemic / Une jeunesse privée d'école: deuil et rêve en temps de pandémie

No contexto brasileiro de fechamento de escolas devido à pandemia da Covid-19, diante de múltiplas formas de crise social e de um projeto de destruição do país liderado pelas autoridades políticas, esta contribuição testemunha como os jovens que encontramos no momento da transição entre o ensino médio e a universidade no âmbito de um projeto de pesquisa viveram este período. As entrevistas realizadas trouxeram à tona a importante questão do relacionamento deles com a escola, enquanto instituição, nesse momento existencial de projeção. A pesquisa destaca o fato de que estes jovens foram capazes de atravessar estas crises se apoiando em uma forma de escola internalizada, um traço identificatório que tornou possível o trabalho psíquico do luto, permitindo-lhes não cair em um estado melancólico

En el contexto brasileño de cierre de escuelas debido a la pandemia del Covid-19, frente a múltiples formas de crisis socialy a un proyecto de destrucción del país liderado por las autoridades políticas, esta contribución da testimonio de cómo vivieron este período los jóvenes que conocimos en el momento de la transición entre la enseñanza media y la universidad en el marco de un proyecto de investigación. Las entrevistas realizadas sacaron a la luz la importante cuestión de su relación con la escuela, como institución,en este momento existencial de proyección. La investigación destaca el hecho de que estos jóvenes pudieron atravessar estas crisis apoyándose en una forma interiorizada de escuela, un rasgo de identificación que hizo posible el trabajo psíquico del duelo, permitiéndoles no caer en un estado melancólico

In the Brazilian context of school closures due to the Covid-19 pandemic, in the face of multiple forms of social crisis and a project of destruction of the country led by the political authorities, this contribution bears witness to how the young people we met at the moment of transition between high school and university within the framework of a research project experienced this period. The interviews conducted brought to light the important issue of their relationship with school, as an institution, at this existential moment of projection. The research highlights the fact that these young people were able to cross these crises by relying on an internalized form of school, an identificatory trait that made possible the psychic work of mourning, allowing them not to fall into a melancholic state

Dans le contexte brésilien de fermeture des écoles en raison de la pandemie de la Covid-19, face aux multiples formes de crises sociales et à un projet de destruction du pays mené par les autorités politiques, cette contribution témoigne de comment les jeunes rencontrés au moment du passage entre le lycée et l'université dans le cadre d'une recherche ont vécu cette période. Les entretiens menés ont fait émerger la question importante de leur rapport à l'école, en tant qu'institution,dans ce moment existentiel de projection. La recherche met en lumière le fait que ces jeunes ont pu traverser ces crisesen s'appuyant sur une forme d'école intériorisée, un trait identificatoire qui a renduossible le travail psychique du deuil,leur permettant de ne pas tomber dans un état mélancolique

O lugar do sonho e da temporalidade para povos indígenas: uma questão preliminar ao tratamento decolonial do inconsciente / The place of dreams and temporality for indigenous peoples: a preliminary question to the decolonial treatment of the unconscious

RESUMO: Levantamos neste trabalho uma questão preliminar à perspectiva ética de uma possível clínica psicanalítica com povos indígenas. Esta questão é tratada em dois planos; através de um reposicionamento dos psicanalistas frente à dimensão hegemônica da branquitude colonial e, por outro, circunscrita a partir das noções da temporalidade em psicanálise; seja por meio da atemporalidade do inconsciente freudiano, seja pelo manejo inédito do tempo lógico introduzido por Lacan. Avançamos perguntando sobre o estatuto do inconsciente experienciado pelo compartilhamento coletivo dos sonhos por diferentes etnias indígenas e, em paralelo, por meio da leitura do extermínio e apagamento da língua, da cultura e dos sujeitos indígenas, autênticos donos dessas terras, em uma interpretação da história colonial do país através da repetição presente no famoso slogan: "Brasil; o país do futuro". O que a assertiva de Ailton Krenak - "o futuro é ancestral" - nos ensina em relação à ideia de retomada como possibilidade de um futuro para o Brasil?

ABSTRACT: In this work, we raised a preliminary question regarding the ethical perspective of a possible psychoanalytic clinic with indigenous peoples. This issue is addressed on two levels through a repositioning of psychoanalysts toward the hegemonic dimension of colonial whiteness and, on the other, circumscribed by the notions of temporality in psychoanalysis, whether through the timelessness of the Freudian unconscious or through the unprecedented management of logical time introduced by Lacan. We advance by asking about the status of the unconscious experienced by the collective sharing of dreams by different indigenous ethnicities and, in parallel, through the reading of the extermination and erasure of language, culture, and indigenous subjects, authentic owners of these lands, in an interpretation of the colonial history of the country through the repetition present in the famous slogan: "Brazil; the country of the future". What does Ailton Krenak's statement - "the future is ancestral" - teach us about the idea of recovery as a possibility of a future for Brazil?

Future expectations of adolescents from different social backgrounds / Expectativas de futuro de adolescentes procedentes de distintos contextos sociales

Este trabajo analiza las expectativas futuras durante la adolescencia y su relación con variables personales (edad, sexo, autoestima y satisfacción vital) y contextuales (apoyo social percibido y nivel de riesgo). La muestra está formada por 748 adolescentes, con edades comprendidas entre los 9 y 16 años (M = 11.93, SD = 1.42) procedentes de contextos con distinto nivel de riesgo social. Los resultados muestran que las expectativas futuras disminuyen a medida que aumenta la edad, con pocas diferencias encontradas en función del sexo. Autopercepciones y sentimientos de apoyo social más positivos se asocian a mejores expectativas futuras. En relación al nivel de riesgo, contextos más vulnerables tienen un efecto negativo en las expectativas futuras. Los análisis de regresión muestran la capacidad predictiva de las variables estudiadas. Finalmente, el modelo de ecuaciones estructurales confirma el efecto causal positivo del ajuste psicológico y del apoyo social percibido, así como la influencia negativa de los contextos con mayores desventajas sociales, sobre las expectativas de futuro. Los resultados encontrados proponen la necesidad de instaurar programas preventivos orientados a fomentar los recursos personales de los niños, especialmente en aquellos que pertenecen a contextos vulnerables.(AU)

This paper analyzes adolescents’ future expectations (FE) and their relationship with personal variables (age, sex, self-esteem, and life sat-isfaction) and contextual variables (perceived social support and level of risk). The sample includes 748 adolescents, aged 9-16 (M= 11.93, SD= 1.42), coming from contexts with different levels of social risk. The results show that FE decrease as age increases, with few differences found based on sex. More positive self-perceptions and perceived social support are as-sociated with better FE. Concerning the level of risk, more vulnerable con-texts have a higher negative effect on FE. The regression analysis reveals the predictive capacity of the studied variables. The structural equation model confirms the positive causal effect of psychological adjustment and perceived social support, as well as the negative influence of contexts with greater social disadvantages on adolescent FE. The results suggest the need to establish preventive programs aimed at promoting personal resources of children, especially those who come from vulnerable contexts.(AU)

Pensamiento episódico futuro para la prevención y el tratamiento deconductas de riesgo para la salud / Episodic future thinking for the prevention and treatment of health risk behaviors

Las enfermedades no transmisibles (i.e., enfermedades cardiovasculares, oncológicas, respiratorias y endocrinas) representan la principal causa de muerte y morbilidad en el mundo, siendo el consumo de tabaco y alcohol, una dieta no saludable y un estilo de vida sedentario los principales factores de riesgo. Desde la teoría de la patología del refuerzo, sustentada en el modelo de la Economía Conductual (EC), estas conductas de riesgo para la salud se entienden como trastornos de elección, caracterizados por una valoración excesiva del reforzador (p.ej., droga) y una preferencia por los reforzadores inmediatos en detrimento de los demorados. El pensamiento episódico futuro (PEF) es una intervención psicológica que consiste en visualizar vívidamente eventos futuros y proyectarse en ellos, con el fin de incrementar la valoración de los reforzadores asociados a la ejecución de una conducta saludable. Esta técnica presenta resultados prometedores en la reducción de la toma de decisiones impulsiva y en el aumento de conductas relacionadas con la salud (p.ej., abstinencia, dieta, actividad física).(AU)

Non-communicable diseases (i.e., cardiovascular, oncological, respiratory, and endocrine diseases) represent the main cause of death and morbidity in the world, with tobacco and alcohol use, an unhealthy diet, and a sedentary lifestyle being the main risk factors. From reinforcer pathology theory, based on behavioral economics (BE), these health risk behaviors are understood as choice disorders, characterized by an excessive valuation of the reinforcer (e.g., the drug) and a preference for immediate reinforcers over delayed ones. Episodic future thinking (EFT) is a psychological intervention that consists of vividly visualizing future events and projecting oneself into them, in order to increase the valuation of the reinforcers associated with the execution of a healthy behavior. This technique shows promising results in reducing impulsive decision-making and increasing health-related behaviors (e.g., abstinence, diet, physical activity).(AU)