Automation, organizational ambidexterity and the stability of employee relations: new tensions arising between corporate entrepreneurship, innovation management and stakeholder management.

While previous entrepreneurship research has only seldom drawn on organizational ambidexterity, the analysis of the important contemporary tensions among entrepreneurship, innovation management and strategic management issues may be facilitated by more closely analysing organizational ambidexterity in entrepreneurial settings. In this paper, we follow this thinking and more closely analyse an often applied form of corporate entrepreneurship: automation. Such automation is transferring work that was formerly conducted by humans to machines and may thus result in new tensions between corporate entrepreneurship, innovation management and the management of organizational stakeholders such as employees. The present paper investigates whether increased automation lowers the stability of firms' relationships with their employees. In addition, we expect that this relationship is moderated by organizational ambidexterity, as employees may have perceived ambidexterity as a signal that their firm will not overly invest in exploitation only, but maintain a balance between exploitation and exploration. Drawing on stakeholder theory, previous insights into corporate entrepreneurship and a survey of German Mittelstand firms, our findings show that highly ambidextrous firms are indeed more vulnerable to automation, leading to lower employee relational stability. Our findings thus suggest that in highly ambidextrous firms, novel tensions around automation-related corporate entrepreneurship will be detrimental to the stability of the firm's relations with one of its key stakeholder groups: employees.

Evolution of Sensor Research for Clarifying the Dynamics and Properties of Future Directions.

The principal goal of this study is to analyze the evolution of sensor research and technologies from 1990 to 2020 to clarify outlook and future directions. This paper applies network analysis to a large dataset of publications concerning sensor research covering a 30-year period. Results show that the evolution of sensors is based on growing scientific interactions within networks, between different research fields that generate co-evolutionary pathways directed to develop general-purpose and/or specialized technologies, such as wireless sensors, biosensors, fiber-optic, and optical sensors, having manifold applications in industries. These results show new directions of sensor research that can drive R&D investments toward promising technological trajectories of sensors, exhibiting a high potential of growth to support scientific, technological, industrial, and socioeconomic development.

Stakeholder engagement for innovation management and entrepreneurial development: A meta-analysis.

This paper reviews contemporary studies in entrepreneurship literature related to innovation management (IM), stakeholder engagement (SE), and entrepreneurial development (ED), using bibliometric techniques and longitudinal statistical analysis of 1059 articles published in the Journal of Business Research (JBR) and other relevant business and management journals indexed in Scopus from 1974 until July 2020. We have employed a structured literature review and meta-analysis to explore the emerging research patterns in prospective observational studies encompassing the field of ED, SE, and IM. Our findings suggest that dynamics of the interaction of SE, IM, and ED are shaping the scholarship of academic research in entrepreneurship. Our meta-analysis reaffirms that contemporary research conducted at the intersection of SE, IM, and ED indicates the consolidation of these tenets in future research in entrepreneurship leading to an integrative view. Finally, we present future research directions at the intersection of SE, IM, and ED for entrepreneurship research.

ITEMAS ontology for healthcare technology innovation.

BACKGROUND: The Platform for Innovation in Medical and Health Technologies (ITEMAS) is a network of 66 healthcare centres focused on fostering innovation in medical and health technologies as an essential tool for increasing the sustainability of the Spanish healthcare system. The present research is focused on defining a formal representation that details the most relevant concepts associated with the creation and adoption of innovative medical technology in the Spanish healthcare system. METHODS: The methodology applied is based on the methontology process, including peer-review identification and selection of concepts from the ITEMAS innovation indicators and innovation management system standards. This stage was followed by an iterative validation process. Concepts were then conceptualised, formalised and implemented in an ontology. RESULTS: The ontology defined describes how relationships between employees, organisations, projects and ideas can be applied to generate results that are transferrable to the market, general public and scientific forums. Overall, we identified 136 concepts, 138 object properties and 30 properties in a five-level hierarchy. The ontology was tested and validated as an appropriate framework for calculating the ITEMAS innovation indicators. CONCLUSIONS: The consensus concepts were expressed in the form of an ontology to be used as a single communication format between the members of the ITEMAS network. Healthcare centres can compare their innovation results and obtain a better understanding of their innovation context based on the reasoning techniques of artificial intelligence. As a result, they can benefit from advanced analytical capabilities to define the most appropriate innovation policies for each centre based on the common experience of the large number of healthcare centres involved. The results can be used to create a map of agents and knowledge to show capabilities, projects and services provided by each of the participating centres. The ontology could also be applied as an instrument to match needs with existing projects and capabilities from the community of organisations working in healthcare technology innovation.

Public strategies for improving eHealth integration and long-term sustainability in public health care systems: Findings from an Italian case study.

eHealth is expected to contribute in tackling challenges for health care systems. However, it also imposes challenges. Financing strategies adopted at national as well regional levels widely affect eHealth long-term sustainability. In a public health care system, the public actor is among the main "buyers" eHealth. However, public interventions have been increasingly focused on cost containment. How to match these 2 aspects? This article explores some central issues, mainly related to financial aspects, in the development of effective and valuable eHealth strategies in a public health care system: How can the public health care system (as a "buyer") improve long-term success and sustainability of eHealth solutions? What levers are available to match in the long period different interests of different stakeholders in the eHealth field? A case study was performed in the Region of Tuscany, Italy. According to our results, win-win strategies should be followed. Investments should take into account the need to long-term finance solutions, for sustaining changes in health care organizations for obtaining benefits. To solve the interoperability issues, the concept of the "platform approach" emerged, based on collaboration within and between organizations. Private sector as well as beneficiaries and final users of the eHealth solutions should participate in their design, provision, and monitoring. For creating value for all, the evidence gap and the financial needs could be addressed with a pull mechanism of funding, aimed at paying according to the outcomes produced by the eHealth solution, on the base of an ongoing monitoring, measurement, and evaluation of the outcomes.

[Science and technological innovation in health in Cuba: results in selected problemsCiência e inovação tecnológica em saúde em Cuba: resultados em problemas selecionados]. / Ciencia e innovación tecnológica en la salud en Cuba: resultados en problemas seleccionados.

In Cuba, health research is based on the priorities of national scientific policy, derived from the health status of the population. The objective of this article is to describe the characteristics of the System of Science and Technological Innovation and how the results of its research benefit the health of the population groups. To this end, research related to the generation of products and technologies, diabetes, dengue and disability was selected. This system follows a methodology outlined by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment and has 37 research entities. It is organized into programs and projects that favor basic and applied research, with a multidisciplinary and intersectoral approach; these programs and projects are funded mostly by the State and are organized in self-contained cycles, i.e., the same entity is responsible for the entire process, from research to marketing, including market studies and post-marketing surveillance. The selected research shows an alignment between the research, the generalization of the results and its effect in improving health and universal access to health in the population. Positive results were obtained in diagnostic methods, preventive and therapeutic vaccines, warning signs for the prognosis and treatment of dengue, prevention of congenital malformations, and policies and programs that have benefited people with disabilities and their families. The will of the State to develop and fund scientific research, intersectoral action, the definition of research priorities, and the systematic training and attention to human resources have been key factors for the fulfillment of the objectives of the system.

Em Cuba, a pesquisa em saúde baseia-se nas prioridades da política científica nacional, derivadas do estado de saúde da população. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever as características do Sistema de Ciência e Inovação Tecnológica e como os resultados de suas pesquisas beneficiam a saúde dos grupos populacionais. Para este fim, foram selecionadas pesquisas relacionadas à geração de produtos e tecnologias, diabetes, dengue e deficiência. Este sistema segue a metodologia do Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Meio Ambiente e possui 37 entidades de pesquisa. Está organizado em programas e projetos que favorecem pesquisas básicas e aplicadas, com abordagem multidisciplinar e intersetorial; estes são financiados principalmente pelo Estado e organizados em ciclos fechados ou completos, ou seja, a mesma entidade é responsável por todo o processo, desde pesquisa até marketing, incluindo estudos de mercado e vigilância pós-comercialização. As pesquisas selecionadas mostram a harmonia entre a pesquisa, a generalização dos resultados e seus efeitos na melhoria da saúde e no acesso universal à saúde na população. Resultados positivos foram obtidos em métodos de diagnóstico, vacinas preventivas e terapêuticas, sinais de alerta para o prognóstico e tratamento da dengue, prevenção de malformações congênitas e políticas e programas que beneficiaram pessoas com deficiência e suas famílias. A vontade do Estado de desenvolver e financiar pesquisas científicas, ações intersetoriais, a definição de prioridades de pesquisa e o treinamento e atenção sistemática do capital humano têm sido fatores determinantes para o cumprimento dos objetivos do sistema.

The Recipe for Corporate Longevity: From the Perspective of "Managing Innovation".

The elephant is in the room-a metaphorical idiom for an obvious problem or risk that nobody wants to discuss. This abstract is not intended to be a summary, to reveal major findings, or unveil conclusions. On the contrary, it is aimed to provoke curiosity as to the question of corporate survival. Is there any recipe to be followed for companies to achieve this? The answer comes neither from the modest and traditional study rooms of philosophers nor the recent fact-based studies from the offices (and well-paid opinions) of business consultants. The Archimedean point from which we can objectively explore the subject of corporate survival does not exist. Instead we offer seven analogies (or metaphors) as intellectual platforms where new perspectives can be considered. Innovation obviously plays a major role in corporate survival-yet, by its nature all innovation is messy. In order to reduce entropy, this abstract reveals some keywords in alphabetical order starting from A, such as ambidexterity, architecture, and ant colonies, moving on to B, such as, (mental) boxes and biodiversity. For obvious reasons, C plays a major role-sufficiently that we have already revealed curiosity as one part of the answer-treading over to D (Darwin, DNA, and discontinuity), followed by E (earthquakes and evolution). As a final warning signal in order to manage the expectation: It is not the intention of this article to give a comprehensive overview about the rich and complex history of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany. Indeed, only the final chapter will provide reference to this company: Before the curtains will finally close, an epilogue will start in which one of the protagonists of the 350-year journey of the company-Emanuel Merck-will appear on the stage and "let history speak for itself". Still curious?

Personalized medicine beyond genomics: alternative futures in big data-proteomics, environtome and the social proteome.

No field in science and medicine today remains untouched by Big Data, and psychiatry is no exception. Proteomics is a Big Data technology and a next generation biomarker, supporting novel system diagnostics and therapeutics in psychiatry. Proteomics technology is, in fact, much older than genomics and dates to the 1970s, well before the launch of the international Human Genome Project. While the genome has long been framed as the master or "elite" executive molecule in cell biology, the proteome by contrast is humble. Yet the proteome is critical for life-it ensures the daily functioning of cells and whole organisms. In short, proteins are the blue-collar workers of biology, the down-to-earth molecules that we cannot live without. Since 2010, proteomics has found renewed meaning and international attention with the launch of the Human Proteome Project and the growing interest in Big Data technologies such as proteomics. This article presents an interdisciplinary technology foresight analysis and conceptualizes the terms "environtome" and "social proteome". We define "environtome" as the entire complement of elements external to the human host, from microbiome, ambient temperature and weather conditions to government innovation policies, stock market dynamics, human values, political power and social norms that collectively shape the human host spatially and temporally. The "social proteome" is the subset of the environtome that influences the transition of proteomics technology to innovative applications in society. The social proteome encompasses, for example, new reimbursement schemes and business innovation models for proteomics diagnostics that depart from the "once-a-life-time" genotypic tests and the anticipated hype attendant to context and time sensitive proteomics tests. Building on the "nesting principle" for governance of complex systems as discussed by Elinor Ostrom, we propose here a 3-tiered organizational architecture for Big Data science such as proteomics. The proposed nested governance structure is comprised of (a) scientists, (b) ethicists, and (c) scholars in the nascent field of "ethics-of-ethics", and aims to cultivate a robust social proteome for personalized medicine. Ostrom often noted that such nested governance designs offer assurance that political power embedded in innovation processes is distributed evenly and is not concentrated disproportionately in a single overbearing stakeholder or person. We agree with this assessment and conclude by underscoring the synergistic value of social and biological proteomes to realize the full potentials of proteomics science for personalized medicine in psychiatry in the present era of Big Data.

Reducing domestic heating demand: Managing the impact of behavior-changing feedback devices via marketing.

Feedback devices can be used to inform households about their energy-consumption behavior. This may persuade them to practice energy conservation. The use of feedback devices can also-via word of mouth-spread among households and thereby support the spread of the incentivized behavior, e.g. energy-efficient heating behavior. This study investigates how to manage the impact of these environmental innovations via marketing. Marketing activities can support the diffusion of devices. This study aims to identify the most effective strategies of marketing feedback devices. We did this by adapting an agent-based model to simulate the roll-out of a novel feedback technology and heating behavior within households in a virtual city. The most promising marketing strategies were simulated and their impacts were analyzed. We found it particularly effective to lend out feedback devices to consumers, followed by leveraging the social influence of well-connected individuals, and giving away the first few feedback devices for free. Making households aware of the possibility of purchasing feedback devices was found to be least effective. However, making households aware proved to be most cost-efficient. This study shows that actively managing the roll-out of feedback devices can increase their impacts on energy-conservation both effectively and cost-efficiently.

The ties that bind: innovation configurations in low- and middle-income healthcare delivery settings.

PURPOSE: This study examines innovation configurations (i.e. sets of product/service, social and business model innovations) and configuration linkages (i.e. factors that help to combine innovations) across six organizations as contingent upon organizational structure. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: Using semi-structured interviews and available public information, qualitative data were collected and examined using content analysis to characterize innovation configurations and linkages in three local/private organizations and three foreign-led/public-private partnerships in Repiblik Ayiti (Haiti). FINDINGS: Organizations tend to combine product/service, social, and business model innovations simultaneously in locally founded private organizations and sequentially in foreign-based public-private partnerships. Linkages for simultaneous combination include limited external support, determined autonomy and shifting from a "beneficiary mindset," and financial need identification. Sequential combination linkages include social need identification, community connections and flexibility. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS: The generalizability of our findings for this qualitative study is subject to additional quantitative studies to empirically test the suggested factors and to examine other health care organizations and countries. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Locally led private organizations in low- and middle-income settings may benefit from considering how their innovations are in service to one another as they may have limited resources. Foreign based public-private partnerships may benefit from pacing their efforts alongside a broader set of stakeholders and ecosystem partners. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: This study is the first, to our knowledge, to examine how organizations combine sets of innovations, i.e. innovation configurations, in a healthcare setting and the first of any setting to examine innovation configuration linkages.

Influence of transformational leadership on innovative work behavior and task performance of individuals: The mediating role of knowledge sharing.

This research tries to investigate the dynamic link between higher education institution (HEIs) transformational leaders (TFL) and follower's outcome innovative work behavior (IWB) and Task Performance) through Knowledge sharing (KNS) in Pakistan. Using quantitative design an adopted construct was used to obtain response from HEIs leaders and employees behavior. The obtained information was analyzed through structural equation modeling (SEM) technique via Smart PLS. Results depict that direct link between University Transformational leadership and employees Innovative work behavior as well as Task Performance. The results further postulate that KNS mediate the relationship between Transformational leadership and employees TSP in the context of HEIs. Surprisingly, KNS could not evident to become a mediating variable to strengthen the relationship between transformational Leadership and employees IWB in the HEIs sector of Pakistan. In addition to enhancing the theoretical comprehension of higher education leadership, the outcomes of this article provide that promoting knowledge sharing culture is valuable asset for both existing and future HEIs leaders in order to promote the culture of innovation and creativity. Although recent studies investigate the role of KNS as a mediator, however the current study use KNS as contemporaneous intervening variable for IWB and Task Performance for the first time. The study also confirms theoretical underpinning of social exchange mechanism in strengthening the relationship between leader member's continuum.

Unlocking regional innovation: The role of management and organizational participation in boosting original income.

This study explores the factors influencing the innovation process and examines regional innovation management in regency and city level organizations in Indonesia. Using secondary data from financial and innovation sources, the research adopts a qualitative descriptive approach. The sample is made up of 383 regencies and 95 cities in Indonesia. The POEMS framework, which assesses five elements, is used in the analysis: Person, Object, Environment, Message/Media, and Service. The findings highlight the importance of various dimensions, including leadership, vision, and mission; income levels and regional capital spending; transparent governance and accountability mechanisms; regulatory environment; and efficient service delivery. By contextualizing the findings within the existing literature, the study adds to the body of knowledge on regional innovation management. However, limitations include relying on secondary data and focusing on specific organizational levels in Indonesia. Future research should consider primary data collection and broader samples. In designing effective strategies and policies to promote regional innovation, the findings of the study provide insights for policy makers, practitioners, and researchers.

Structured mathematical modelling on innovation management in project-oriented small construction firms.

The significance of innovation management in triggering and sustaining increase in corporations of distinct size, age or enterprise type, is receiving growing attention, yet scant empirical research have been carried out in project-oriented service firms, in particular small-scaled enterprises. This study aims to identify how innovation management in small construction firms could enable them to pursue innovation and achieve greater business performance. Data collection comprises 157 empirical surveys leading to a conceptual framework modelled using the structural equation modelling approach. The findings show that entrepreneurship and networking have a direct and considerable influence on both technological and non-technological innovation, which consequently improves firm performance.

The gap between development and manufacturing in gene therapy: Strategic options for overcoming traps.

Gene therapy has been one of the most promising therapeutic approaches in recent years. This study analyzed a research and development (R&D) system for adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based gene therapies, and confirmed that there was a gap between the development and manufacturing capabilities. Although a start-up company that has no academic or manufacturing facilities can begin the clinical development process, it cannot successfully continue development activities without forming alliances and capital investment or, at a certain stage, without appropriate manufacturing and marketing strategies. We reviewed a series of case studies to categorize the acquisition patterns of pharmaceutical companies that are engaged in AAV gene therapy. These results provide insights into the R&D structures for AAV gene therapies from a technological management perspective.

Standards adoption: A comprehensive multidisciplinary review.

The paper provides an overview of determinants for the adoption of standards; a topic on which little research has been done so far. An extensive review and systematic analysis was conducted of the papers that have published on the topic. This resulted in a framework with 18 factors for the adoption of standards divided into 5 categories. A distinction is made between factors for the adoption of compatibility standards and quality standards. Additional analysis have been performed investigating the completeness of the list of factors and the extent to which cross-fertilization occurs by authors that study the topic of standards adoption. The paper concludes with contributions, limitations and a future research agenda.

Innovation signals: leveraging machine learning to separate noise from news.

The early detection of and an adequate response to meaningful signals of change have a defining impact on the competitive vitality and the competitive advantage of companies. For this strategically important task, companies apply corporate foresight, aiming to enable superior company performance. With the growing dynamics of global markets, the amount of data to be analyzed for this purpose is constantly increasing. As a result, these analyses are often performed with an unreasonably high investment of financial and human resources, or are even not performed at all. To address this challenge, this paper presents a machine-learning-based approach to help companies identify early signals of change with a higher level of automation than before. For this, we combine a newly-proposed quantitative approach with the existing qualitative approaches by Cooper (stage-gate model) and by Rohrbeck (corporate foresight process). After a search field of interest has been defined, the related data is collected from web news sites, early signals are identified and selected automatically, and domain experts then assess these signals with respect to their relevance and novelty. Once it has been set up, the approach can be executed iteratively at regular time intervals in order to continuously scan for new signals of change. By means of three case studies supported by domain experts we demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach. After presenting our findings and discussing possible limitations of the approach, we suggest future research opportunities to further advance this field.

Strategic Encounters in Innovation and Regulation: Healthcare Transformation in the Era of Digital Connectivity Comment on "What Managers Find Important for Implementation of Innovations in the Healthcare Sector - Practice Through Six Management Perspectives".

Healthcare innovations emerge and develop in institutionally dense selective environments. New projects and propositions in healthcare sectoral ecosystems can be understood as product-service compacts, that is, complex solutions that dynamically integrate tangible and intangible elements in close interaction with users' needs and the evolving regulatory context under uncertainty and ambiguity. We advance the concept of "strategic encounters" to encapsulate, capitalise and extend the contribution by Palm and Fischier's on the key enabling managerial factors for healthcare innovation implementation under conditions of imperfect foresight. We intertwine creative assemblages that shape the formation of knowledge-intensive activities at the operators' level with scope of sectoral level interventions to underscore how the opportunities and constraints can enhance innovation for the common good. We use the case of digital data health regulatory agendas as illustration. We argue that this broader perspective on healthcare transformation is theoretically pertinent and practically useful, for management and policy.

An analytical assessment of industrial sector innovative management in the context of digitalization.

The accumulated potential in digitalization suggests the need to create a new paradigm for managing scientific-innovative and production-technological processes, which is reflected in the author's article. In these conditions, there is the problem of developing a mechanism for innovative management of the industrial sector of the economy. The study aims to analyze statistical and analytical data of modern industrial sector management in the context of digitalization. By analytical, comparative, and statistical analysis of international innovation management approaches, according to the rating of the global innovation index 2020/2021 and business activity of technological leaders in Asia, North America, and Europe, the authors developed a methodological approach to improve the mechanism for implementing innovative management in industrial sector. The mechanism includes such core elements: state industrial policy-purposes of industrial development-decision on innovative management implementation-development of mechanism to implement innovative decision-expected short- and long-term results based on the traceability of innovation and the overall economic context from a global perspective. The study results can be applied for implementing innovative management in industrial sector and developing industrial policies.

Analysis of the COVID-19 Vaccine Development Process: an Exploratory Study of Accelerating Factors and Innovative Environments.

Purpose: The pace of the COVID-19 vaccine development process is unprecedented and is challenging the traditional paradigm of vaccinology science. The main pressure comes from the pandemic situation, but what makes it possible is a complex set of factors and innovative environments built along the times, which this manuscript aims to study. Methods: Through an exploratory study within the scope of innovation management, the present manuscript aims to identify and explore factors that are promoting this accelerated development scenario. The method comprises the monitoring of the strategies adopted by the developers and other stakeholders, as regulatory and humanitarian agencies, specific mechanisms from governments and non-governments bodies, and the background technology that has paved this pathway. Results: Technology-based and R&D strategy factors are the two main factors identified and explored herein. The breakthrough in the field of biotechnology and molecular biology is considered the main base-science that enables the rapid development of new vaccines. Additionally, new technological platforms can also be pointed out. Relating to R&D strategies, the parallelism of phases and adaptive clinical trials in consonance with regulatory agencies are the most relevant. Conclusions: The need to rapidly develop a vaccine against COVID-19 occurs at a time of great excitement in basic scientific understanding, as well as strategies learned in the past by industry and optimization of regulatory pathways. It is expected that these factors, arising from the global emergency, may redirect the R&D processes for new drugs, especially in times of pandemic.

Responsible innovation in health and health system sustainability: Insights from health innovators' views and practices.

Although healthcare managers make increasingly difficult decisions about health innovations, the way they may interact with innovators to foster health system sustainability remains underexplored. Drawing on the Responsible Innovation in Health (RIH) framework, this paper analyses interviews (n=37) with Canadian and Brazilian innovators to identify: how they operationalize inclusive design processes; what influences the responsiveness of their innovation to system-level challenges; and how they consider the level and intensity of care required by their innovation. Our qualitative findings indicate that innovators seek to: 1) engage stakeholders at an early ideation stage through context-specific methods combining both formal and informal strategies; 2) address specific system-level benefits but often struggle with the positioning of their solution within the health system; and 3) mitigate staff shortages in specialized care, increase general practitioners' capacity or patients and informal caregivers' autonomy. These findings provide empirical insights on how healthcare managers can promote and organize collaborative processes that harness innovation towards more sustainable health systems. By adopting a RIH-oriented managerial role, they can set in place more inclusive design processes, articulate key system-level challenges, and help innovators adjust the level and intensity of care required by their innovation.