Rapid Mobilization Reveals a Highly Engraftable Hematopoietic Stem Cell.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a potential curative therapy for malignant and nonmalignant diseases. Improving the efficiency of stem cell collection and the quality of the cells acquired can broaden the donor pool and improve patient outcomes. We developed a rapid stem cell mobilization regimen utilizing a unique CXCR2 agonist, GROß, and the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100. A single injection of both agents resulted in stem cell mobilization peaking within 15 min that was equivalent in magnitude to a standard multi-day regimen of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Mechanistic studies determined that rapid mobilization results from synergistic signaling on neutrophils, resulting in enhanced MMP-9 release, and unexpectedly revealed genetic polymorphisms in MMP-9 that alter activity. This mobilization regimen results in preferential trafficking of stem cells that demonstrate a higher engraftment efficiency than those mobilized by G-CSF. Our studies suggest a potential new strategy for the rapid collection of an improved hematopoietic graft.

Steroid receptor coactivator 1 promotes human hepatocellular carcinoma invasiveness through enhancing MMP-9.

SRC-1 functions as a transcriptional coactivator for steroid receptors and various transcriptional factors. Notably, SRC-1 has been implicated in oncogenic roles in multiple cancers, including breast cancer and prostate cancer. Previous investigations from our laboratory have established the high expression of SRC-1 in human HCC specimens, where it accelerates HCC progression by enhancing Wnt/beta-catenin signalling. In this study, we uncover a previously unknown role of SRC-1 in HCC metastasis. Our findings reveal that SRC-1 promotes HCC metastasis through the augmentation of MMP-9 expression. The knockdown of SRC-1 effectively mitigated HCC cell metastasis both in vitro and in vivo by suppressing MMP-9 expression. Furthermore, we observed a positive correlation between SRC-1 mRNA levels and MMP-9 mRNA levels in limited and larger cohorts of HCC specimens from GEO database. Mechanistically, SRC-1 operates as a coactivator for NF-κB and AP-1, enhancing MMP-9 promoter activity in HCC cells. Higher levels of SRC-1 and MMP-9 expression are associated with worse overall survival in HCC patients. Treatment with Bufalin, known to inhibit SRC-1 expression, significantly decreased MMP-9 expression and inhibited HCC metastasis in both in vitro and in vivo settings. Our results demonstrated the pivotal role of SRC-1 as a critical modulator in HCC metastasis, presenting a potential therapeutic target for HCC intervention.

Interaction of MMP-9 in the active phase of Graves' disease with and without ophthalmopathy.

Thyroid eye disease (TED) is expressed as orbital inflammation, and serum levels of several proinflammatory cytokines have been studied among patients with Graves' disease (GD) with and without TED; however, a more sensitive and specific marker for the different phases of GD and TED is still lacking. Seventeen active TED, 16 inactive TED, 16 GD without TED, and 16 healthy controls were recruited. Serum IL-17A, MMP-2, MMP-3, and MMP-9 were measured by multiplex bead assay. TED hormone and eye parameters were evaluated, and their relationship with cytokine levels was analyzed. Serum MMP-9 was higher in active TED than healthy controls, whereas IL-17A was lower among these patients than in GD without TED and healthy controls. No differences were found in MMP-3 and MMP-2 concentrations. MMP-9 levels were lower in patients with inactive TED who underwent radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy and those on levothyroxine replacement. MMP-9 levels were elevated in patients on methimazole. A negative correlation was found between age at assessment and time of follow-up with MMP-9 levels in inactive TED. Free T3 and ophthalmometry values were positively correlated with MMP-9 in the GD without TED and inactive TED groups, respectively. In conclusion, serum MMP-9 was increased in patients with active TED and was related to the RAI treatment, longer follow-up time, and higher ophthalmometry in patients with inactive TED, as well as thyroid function in GD without TED. MMP-9 may be involved in both the active phase of TED and the active phase of inflammation related to GD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study addresses clinical aspects of specific ophthalmological examination and serum cytokine concentrations of patients with Graves' disease (GD) with and without ophthalmopathy. Our findings suggest that MMP-9 may be involved in the active phase of ophthalmopathy and in the active phase of GD. The central question is whether MMP-9 is a potential target for future treatments.

Phagocytosis of aggrecan-positive perineuronal nets surrounding motor neurons by reactive microglia expressing MMP-9 in TDP-43Q331K ALS model mice.

Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are extracellular matrix structures that surround excitable neurons and their proximal dendrites. PNNs play an important role in neuroprotection against oxidative stress. Oxidative stress within motor neurons can act as a trigger for neuronal death, and this has been implicated in motor neuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We therefore characterised PNNs around alpha motor neurons and the possible contributing cellular factors in the mutant TDP-43Q331K transgenic mouse, a slow onset ALS mouse model. PNNs around alpha motor neurons showed significant loss at mid-stage disease in TDP-43Q331K mice compared to wild type strain control mice. PNN loss coincided with an increased expression of matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9), an endopeptidase known to cleave PNNs, within the ventral horn. During mid-stage disease, increased numbers of microglia and astrocytes expressing MMP-9 were present in the ventral horn of TDP-43Q331K mice. In addition, TDP-43Q331K mice showed increased levels of aggrecan, a PNN component, in the ventral horn by microglia and astrocytes during this period. Elevated aggrecan levels within glia were accompanied by an increase in fractalkine expression, a chemotaxic protein responsible for the recruitment of microglia, in alpha motor neurons of onset and mid-stage TDP-43Q331K mice. Following PNN loss, alpha motor neurons in mid-stage TDP-43Q331K mice showed increased 3-nitrotyrosine expression, an indicator of protein oxidation. Together, our observations along with previous PNN research provide suggests a possible model whereby microglia and astrocytes expressing MMP-9 degrade PNNs surrounding alpha motor neurons in the TDP-43Q331K mouse. This loss of nets may expose alpha-motor neurons to oxidative damage leading to degeneration of the alpha motor neurons in the TDP-43Q331K ALS mouse model.

ILT4 facilitates angiogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer.

Antiangiogenic therapy targeting VEGF-A has become the standard of first-line therapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, its clinical response rate is still less than 50%, and most patients eventually develop resistance, even when using combination therapy with chemotherapy. The major cause of resistance is the activation of complex bypass signals that induce angiogenesis and tumor progression. Therefore, exploring novel proangiogenic mechanisms and developing promising targets for combination therapy are crucial for improving the efficacy of antiangiogenic therapy. Immunoglobulin-like transcript (ILT) 4 is a classic immunosuppressive molecule that inhibits myeloid cell activation. Recent studies have shown that tumor cell-derived ILT4 drives tumor progression via the induction of malignant biologies and creation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. However, whether and how ILT4 participates in NSCLC angiogenesis remain elusive. Herein, we found that enriched ILT4 in NSCLC is positively correlated with high microvessel density, advanced disease, and poor overall survival. Tumor cell-derived ILT4 induced angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo and tumor progression and metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, ILT4 was upregulated by its ligand angiopoietin-like protein 2 (ANGPTL2). Their interaction subsequently activated the ERK1/2 signaling pathway to increase the secretion of the proangiogenic factors VEGF-A and MMP-9, which are responsible for NSCLC angiogenesis. Our study explored a novel mechanism for ILT4-induced tumor progression and provided a potential target for antiangiogenic therapy in NSCLC.

Validation of a rapid collagenase activity detection technique based on fluorescent quenched gelatin with synovial fluid samples.

BACKGROUND: Measuring collagenase activity is crucial in the field of joint health and disease management. Collagenases, enzymes responsible for collagen degradation, play a vital role in maintaining the balance between collagen synthesis and breakdown in joints. Dysregulation of collagenase activity leads to joint tissue degradation and diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. The development of methods to measure collagenase activity is essential for diagnosis, disease severity assessment, treatment monitoring, and identification of therapeutic targets. RESULTS: This study aimed to validate a rapid collagenase activity detection technique using synovial fluid samples. Antibody microarray analysis was initially performed to quantify the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), a major collagenase in joints. Subsequently, the developed gelatin-based test utilizing fluorescence measurement was used to determine collagenase activity. There was a significant correlation between the presence of MMP-9 and collagenase activity. In addition, Lower Limit of Detection and Upper Limit of Detection can be preliminary estimated as 8 ng/mL and 48 ng/mL respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The developed technique offers a potential point-of-care assessment of collagenase activity, providing real-time information for clinicians and researchers. By accurately quantifying collagenase activity, healthcare professionals can optimize patient care, improve treatment outcomes, and contribute to the understanding and management of joint-related disorders. Further research and validation are necessary to establish the full potential of this rapid collagenase activity detection method in clinical practice.

Perineuronal nets are phagocytosed by MMP-9 expressing microglia and astrocytes in the SOD1G93A ALS mouse model.

AIMS: Perineuronal nets (PNNs) are an extracellular matrix structure that encases excitable neurons. PNNs play a role in neuroprotection against oxidative stress. Oxidative stress within motor neurons can trigger neuronal death, which has been implicated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We investigated the spatio-temporal timeline of PNN breakdown and the contributing cellular factors in the SOD1G93A strain, a fast-onset ALS mouse model. METHODS: This was conducted at the presymptomatic (P30), onset (P70), mid-stage (P130), and end-stage disease (P150) using immunofluorescent microscopy, as this characterisation has not been conducted in the SOD1G93A strain. RESULTS: We observed a significant breakdown of PNNs around α-motor neurons in the ventral horn of onset and mid-stage disease SOD1G93A mice compared with wild-type controls. This was observed with increased numbers of microglia expressing matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9), an endopeptidase that degrades PNNs. Microglia also engulfed PNN components in the SOD1G93A mouse. Further increases in microglia and astrocyte number, MMP-9 expression, and engulfment of PNN components by glia were observed in mid-stage SOD1G93A mice. This was observed with increased expression of fractalkine, a signal for microglia engulfment, within α-motor neurons of SOD1G93A mice. Following PNN breakdown, α-motor neurons of onset and mid-stage SOD1G93A mice showed increased expression of 3-nitrotyrosine, a marker for protein oxidation, which could render them vulnerable to death. CONCLUSIONS: Our observations suggest that increased numbers of MMP-9 expressing glia and their subsequent engulfment of PNNs around α-motor neurons render these neurons sensitive to oxidative damage and eventual death in the SOD1G93A ALS model mouse.

Autophagy Induced by Low Shear Stress Leads to Endothelial Glycocalyx Disruption.

INTRODUCTION: Previous studies have confirmed that low shear stress (LSS) induces glycocalyx disruption, leading to endothelial dysfunction. However, the role of autophagy in LSS-induced glycocalyx disruption and relevant mechanism are not clear. In this study, we hypothesized that LSS may promote autophagy, disrupting the endothelium glycocalyx. METHODS: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were subjected to physiological shear stress and LSS treatments, followed by the application of autophagy inducers and inhibitors. Additionally, cells were treated with specific matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) inhibitor. The expression of autophagic markers, glycocalyx, MMP-2, and MMP-9 was measured. RESULTS: LSS impacted the expression of endothelium autophagy markers, increasing the expression of LC3II.LC3I-1 and Beclin-1, and decreasing the levels of p62, accompanied by glycocalyx disturbance. Moreover, LSS upregulated the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and downregulated the levels of syndecan-1 and heparan sulfate (HS). Additionally, expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was increased by an autophagy promoter but was decreased by autophagy inhibitor treatment under LSS. Autophagy and MMP-2 and MMP-9 further caused glycocalyx disruption. CONCLUSION: LSS promotes autophagy, leading to glycocalyx disruption. Autophagy increases the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9, which are correlated with the glycocalyx destruction induced by LSS.

Prognostic value of matrix metalloproteinase-2 protein and matrix metalloproteinase-9 protein in colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) are critical components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in colorectal cancer (CRC). We aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in patients with CRC. METHODS: We performed a meta-analysis of cohort studies with available data on the effect of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression on both disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) by the risk ratios (RRs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Studies were subgrouped based on the different tissue types, including cancer tissue and normal tissue, and the subgroup effect of MMP expression in different tissues was analyzed through meta-regression. To ensure the quality and reduce the risk of bias, the Newcastle‒Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess the included studies. A sensitivity analysis was randomly performed to assess the potential impact of each study on our results. RESULTS: Eighteen trials were selected (Table 1) and included a total of 3944 patients. According to our primary meta-analysis, the expression of MMP-2 was significantly associated with a decrease in OS (RR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.34 to 2.29, P < 0.001) and DFS (RR = 2.62, 95% CI = 1.25 to 5.49, P < 0.001), and the expression of MMP-9 was not significantly associated with a decrease in OS (RR = 1.48, 95% CI = 0.97 to 2.24, P = 0.069) or DFS (RR = 1.60, 95% CI = 0.87 to 2.94, P = 0.133). According to the subgroup analysis of MMPs in different tissues, high MMP-2 expression in cancer tissue (RR = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.29 to 2.79) and normal tissue (RR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.17 to 2.17) were significant indicators of poor OS. High MMP-2 expression in cancer tissue was significant indicator of poor DFS (RR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.09 to 4.11). MMP-9 expression was also associated with poor OS (RR = 1.40, 95% CI = 0.85 to 2.29), but the difference in OS between the high and low expression groups was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: High MMP-2 expression, especially in cancer tissue, is significantly associated with both poor DFS and poor OS in patients with CRC. High MMP-9 expression tended to indicate a poor prognosis of CRC but the correlation was not significant.

Possible effects of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 on promoting angiogenesis through matrix metalloproteinase 9 in advanced mycosis fungoides.

Mycosis fungoides (MF) progresses slowly before advancing to skin tumors followed by lymph node and visceral involvement. Among MF progression, stage IIB is an initial time point of tumor formation in MF. Since MF in tumor stage possess abundant blood vessels, it is important to evaluate the pro-angiogenic factors before and after MF in stage IIB. In this report, we investigated pro-angiogenic soluble factors in MF patients, as well as its pro-angiogenetic effects on tumor cells and stroma cells. We first evaluated the serum levels of pro-angiogenic factors in 9 MF patients without tumor formation and 8 MF patients with tumor formation. Among them, the serum MMP-9 and plasminogen activator inhibitors 1 (PAI-1) was significantly increased in MF with tumor formation compared in MF without tumor formation, leading to favorable formation of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells tube networks. Moreover, PAI-1 stimulation significantly increased the mRNA expression and protein production MMP-9 on monocytes derived M2 macrophages and HUT-78. Furthermore, since MMP-9 production from tumor cells as well as stromal cells is suppressed by bexarotene, we evaluate the baseline serum pro-angiogenic factors including MMP-9 in 16 patients with advanced cutaneous T cell lymphoma treated with bexarotene. The serum levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was significantly increased in bexarotene non-responded patients compared to responded patients. Our present study suggested the significance of MMP-9 and PAI-1 for the progression of MF stage toward to the tumor stage, and could be a therapeutic target in future.

METTL3-mediated ANXA2 inhibition confers neuroprotection in ischemic stroke: Evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies.

Given the important role of m6A, the most common and reversible mRNA modification, in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke, this study investigates the mechanisms of m6A methyltransferase METTL3 in neuronal damage in ischemic stroke. In silico analysis was used to pinpoint the expression of ANXA2, which was verified in clinical peripheral blood samples. SD rats were used for middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) establishment. The experimental data suggested that T lymphocytes were increased in peripheral blood samples of ischemic stroke patients and MCAO rats. The MCAO rats were treated with anti-ANXA2 alone or combined with RP101075 (T lymphocyte infiltration inhibitor), followed by brain injury assessment. Oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) was induced in primary cortical neurons, where shRNAs targeting ANXA2 or METTL3, or overexpression plasmids of METTL3 were introduced to verify the regulatory function for METTL3. Inhibition of T lymphocyte migration to the ischemic brain reduced brain injury in MCAO rats and neuronal damage in OGD/R-exposed neurons. Ablation of ANXA2 in T lymphocytes inhibited the migration of T lymphocytes to the ischemic brain and reduced neuronal damage. Mechanistically, METTL3 reduced ANXA2 expression in T lymphocytes through m6A modification and inhibited p38MAPK/MMP-9 pathway activation, exerting protective effects against neuronal damage in ischemic stroke. Overall, this study reveals the neuroprotective effects of METTL3-mediated ANXA2/p38MAPK/MMP-9 inhibition against ischemic stroke.

The RNA binding protein IGF2BP2/IMP2 alters the cargo of cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles supporting tumor-associated macrophages.

BACKGROUND: Tumor cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that contribute to the polarization of macrophages towards tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). High expression levels of the RNA binding protein IGF2BP2/IMP2 are correlated with increased tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and poor prognosis in the clinic. However, there is a lack of understanding of whether IMP2 affects the cargo of cancer cell-derived EVs, thereby modulating macrophage polarization. METHODS: EVs were isolated from IMP2-expressing HCT116 parental cells (WT) and CRISPR/Cas9 IMP2 knockout (KO) cells. EVs were characterized according to MISEV guidelines, microRNA cargo was assessed by microRNA-Seq, and the protein cargo was analyzed by proteomics. Primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDMs) were polarized by EVs, and the expression of genes and surface markers was assessed using qPCR and flow cytometry, respectively. Morphological changes of macrophages, as well as the migratory potential of cancer cells, were assessed by the Incucyte® system and macrophage matrix degradation potential by zymography. Changes in the metabolic activity of macrophages were quantified using a Seahorse® analyzer. For in vivo studies, EVs were injected into the yolk sac of zebrafish larvae, and macrophages were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. RESULTS: EVs from WT and KO cells had a similar size and concentration and were positive for 25 vesicle markers. The expression of tumor-promoting genes was higher in macrophages polarized with WT EVs than KO EVs, while the expression of TNF and IL6 was reduced. A similar pattern was observed in macrophages from zebrafish larvae treated in vivo. WT EV-polarized macrophages showed a higher abundance of TAM-like surface markers, higher matrix degrading activity, as well as a higher promotion of cancer cell migration. MicroRNA-Seq revealed a significant difference in the microRNA composition of WT and KO EVs, particularly a high abundance of miR-181a-5p in WT EVs, which was absent in KO EVs. Inhibitors of macropinocytosis and phagocytosis antagonized the delivery of miR-181a-5p into macrophages and the downregulation of the miR-181a-5p target DUSP6. Proteomics data showed differences in protein cargo in KO vs. WT EVs, with the differentially abundant proteins mainly involved in metabolic pathways. WT EV-treated macrophages exhibited a higher basal oxygen consumption rate and a lower extracellular acidification rate than KO EV-treated cells. CONCLUSION: Our results show that IMP2 determines the cargo of EVs released by cancer cells, thereby modulating the EVs' actions on macrophages. Expression of IMP2 is linked to the secretion of EVs that polarize macrophages towards a tumor-promoting phenotype.

Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) confers acquired resistance to almonertinib in NSCLC through LCN2-MMP-9 signaling pathway.

Almonertinib, a third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is highly selective for EGFR-activating mutations as well as the EGFR T790M mutation in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the development of resistance inevitably occurs and poses a major obstacle to the clinical efficacy of almonertinib. Therefore, a clear understanding of the mechanism is of great significance to overcome drug resistance to almonertinib in the future. In this study, NCI-H1975 cell lines resistant to almonertinib (NCI-H1975 AR) were developed by concentration-increasing induction and were employed for clarification of underlying mechanisms of acquired resistance. Through RNA-seq analysis, the HIF-1 and TGF-ß signaling pathways were significantly enriched by gene set enrichment analysis. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), as the core node in these two signaling pathways, were found to be positively correlated to almonertinib-resistance in NSCLC cells. The function of LCN2 in the drug resistance of almonertinib was investigated through knockdown and overexpression assays in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) was further identified as a critical downstream effector of LCN2 signaling, which is regulated via the LCN2-MMP-9 axis. Pharmacological inhibition of MMP-9 could overcome resistance to almonertinib, as evidenced in both in vitro and in vivo models. Our findings suggest that LCN2 was a crucial regulator for conferring almonertinib-resistance in NSCLC and demonstrate the potential utility of targeting the LCN2-MMP-9 axis for clinical treatment of almonertinib-resistant lung adenocarcinoma.

The role of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in cardiac remodeling and dysfunction and as a possible blood biomarker in heart failure.

Heart failure (HF) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in cardiovascular diseases, being responsible for many hospitalizations annually. HF is considered a public health problem with significant economic and social impact, which makes searches essential for strategies that improve the ability to predict and diagnose HF. In this way, biomarkers can help in risk stratification for a more personalized approach to patients with HF. Preclinical and clinical evidence shows the participation of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) in the HF process. In this review, we will demonstrate the critical role that MMP-9 plays in cardiac remodeling and dysfunction. We will also show its importance as a blood biomarker in acute and chronic HF patients.

Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in human skin within 1 hour after injury through immunohistochemical staining: a pilot study.

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is involved in tissue remodeling and in skin wound healing. The present study focuses on the MMP-9 expression in epidermal wound healing within 1 h after injury, to test whether MMP-9 can be used to estimate the time of injury in forensic practice.A sample consisting of 5 individuals undergoing surgery was analyzed. With the consent of the patients, sections of skin were removed from the surgical wound at predefined time intervals. For each subject, 8 sections were taken, one for each time interval defined at 0 '- 1' - 3 '- 5' - 10 '- 15' - 30 '- 60' minutes. The specimens were immunostained with MMP-9, and the number of positively stained cells was examined.The number of positively stained cells showed an increasing trend as a function of time. Less than 30 positively stained cells were found in all cases within 3 min. At the post-infliction time of 5 min, the number of positively stained cells exceeded 30 in 3 out of 5 cases. The number of MMP-positive cells exceeded 40 in all cases in over 10 min.In the light of these results, the count of MMP-9 positive cells might be a useful marker in the wound-age estimation within 1 h in forensic setting. More research is required to collect more samples and to compare samples from the hyperacute phase with those from several days after injury.

Associations of MMP9 polymorphism with the risk of severe pneumonia in a Southern Chinese children population.

BACKGROUND: Severe pneumonia frequently causes irreversible sequelae and represents a major health burden for children under the age of 5. Matrix Metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) is a zinc-dependent endopeptidase that is involved in various cellular processes. The correlation between MMP9 and the risk of severe childhood pneumonia remains unclear. METHODS: Here we assemble a case-control cohort to study the association of genetic variants in MMP9 gene with severe childhood pneumonia susceptibility in a Southern Chinese population (1034 cases and 8426 controls). RESULTS: Our results indicate that the allele G in rs3918262 SNP was significantly associated with an increased risk of severe pneumonia. Bioinformatic analyses by expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL), RegulomeDB and FORGEdb database analysis showed that rs3918262 SNP has potential regulatory effect on translational efficiency and protein level of MMP9 gene. Furthermore, MMP9 concentrations were significantly up-regulated in the bronchoalveolar lavages (BALs) of children with severe pneumonia. CONCLUSION: In summary, our findings suggest that MMP9 is a novel predisposing gene for childhood pneumonia.

Preliminary investigation of MMP8 (rs11225395) and MMP9 (rs3787268) polymorphisms association with breast cancer risk in pashtun women of Pakistan.

BACKGROUND: Single Nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in MMP8 and MMP9 have been widely associated with breast cancer risk in different ethnicities with inconsistent results. There is no such study conducted so far in the Pashtun population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Therefore, this study was conducted to check MMP8 (rs11225395) and MMP9 (rs3787268) polymorphism with breast cancer risk in the selected population. METHODS: This study, consisting of 300 breast cancer patients and 168 gender and age-matched healthy controls was subjected to confirm MMP8 and MMP9 polymorphisms. Clinicopathological data and blood samples were taken from all the participants. DNA was extracted and SNPs were confirmed using the T-ARMS-PCR protocol. RESULTS: Based on our study results, significant associations were observed between the MMP8 rs11225395 risk allele (G) and increased breast cancer risk, with the G allele frequency higher in patients (65%) compared to controls (51%) (OR = 1.752, 95% CI = 1.423-3.662, p = 0.002). Genotypes GG (OR = 4.218, p = 0.005) and AG (OR = 7.286, p = 0.0001) of MMP8 rs11225395 were also significantly associated with elevated breast cancer risk. Similarly, MMP9 rs3787268 exhibited a higher frequency of the risk allele (A) in breast cancer cases (81%) compared to controls (41%), correlating strongly with increased risk (OR = 6.320, p = 0.0001). Genotypes AA (OR = 14.500, p = 0.0001) and AG (OR = 2.429, p = 0.077) of MMP9 rs3787268 containing the risk allele showed significant associations with heightened breast cancer risk. Subgroup analyses based on age, disease progression, tumor size, and grade revealed noteworthy associations for both MMP8 rs11225395 and MMP9 rs3787268. MMP8 rs11225395 genotypes displayed significant correlations with age (p = 0.066), disease progression (p = 0.0001), larger tumor size (p = 0.005), and higher tumor grade (p = 0.006). Similarly, MMP9 rs3787268 genotypes were significantly associated with age (p = 0.001), disease progression (p = 0.010), larger tumor size (p = 0.018), and higher tumor grade (p = 0.037). Logistic regression analyses further underscored these genetic variants' potential role as biomarkers in breast cancer, particularly in relation to specific hormone receptor statuses such as estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positivity. CONCLUSION: The results revealed significant associations between the mutant alleles and genotypes of MMP8 (rs11225395) and MMP9 (rs3787268) with increased breast cancer risk in the Pashtun population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. However, more investigation will be required on large data sets to confirm the selected SNPs and other SNPs in the selected and other related genes with the risk of breast cancer.

The MMP-9 promoter genetic variant rs3918242, mRNA and protein expression in advanced carotid plaque tissue.

BACKGROUND: The MMP-9 is a known player in atherosclerosis, yet associations of the MMP-9 -1562 C/T variant (rs3918242) with various atherosclerotic phenotypes and tissue mRNA expression are still contradictory. This study aimed to investigate the MMP-9 -1562 C/T variant, its mRNA and protein expression in carotid plaque (CP) tissue, as a risk factor for CP presence and as a marker of different plaque phenotypes (hyperechoic and hypoechoic) in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. The MnSOD as an MMP-9 negative regulator was also studied in relation to CP phenotypes. METHODS AND RESULTS: Genotyping of 770 participants (285 controls/485 patients) was done by tetra-primer ARMS PCR. The MMP-9 mRNA expression in 88 human CP tissues was detected by TaqMan® technology. The protein levels of MMP-9 and MnSOD were assessed by Western blot analysis. The MMP-9 -1562 C/T variant was not recognized as a risk factor for plaque presence or in predisposing MMP-9 mRNA and protein levels in plaque tissue. Patients with hypoechoic plaques had significantly lower MMP-9 mRNA and protein levels than those with hyperechoic plaque (p = 0.008, p = 0.003, respectively). MnSOD protein level was significantly higher in hypoechoic plaque compared to hyperechoic (p = 0.039). MMP-9 protein expression in CP tissue was significantly affected by sex and plaque type interaction (p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Considering the differences of MMP-9 mRNA and protein expression in CP tissue regarding different plaque phenotypes and the observed sex-specific effect, the role of MMP-9 in human atherosclerotic plaques should be further elucidated.

Comparative Study Between the Effects of High Doses of Rosuvastatin and Atorvastatin on Ventricular Remodeling in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction.

BACKGROUND: Most studies reported that treating ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) patients with high doses of rosuvastatin or atorvastatin could improve left ventricular remodeling and cardiac function. PURPOSE: The current study compared the impact of high doses of rosuvastatin and atorvastatin on hypertrophy, fibrosis markers, serum inflammatory markers, and left ventricular function in STEMI patients after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHOD: After primary PCI, eighty STEMI patients were randomized to receive either 20 mg of rosuvastatin (n = 40) or 40 mg of atorvastatin (n = 40) once daily for 3 months. Soluble Suppression of Tumorigenicity-2 (sST2), Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), lipid parameters, liver enzymes, and echocardiographic parameters were assessed for the two groups at baseline and after 3 months. RESULTS: After 3 months of treatment, a statistically significant reduction was observed in the rosuvastatin group regarding the levels of CRP (16 ± 6 vs. 20 ± 10 mg/L, P = 0.024) and MMP9 (104 ± 33 vs. 130 ± 42 ng/L, P = 0.003) compared with the atorvastatin group. The median percentage decrease in sST2 level in the rosuvastatin group was higher (6.1%) than in the atorvastatin group (2.3%) after 3 months of treatment. Also, in the rosuvastatin group, LVEF was significantly increased (48.5 ± 9 vs. 43.5 ± 11%, P = 0.029), while LVEDV and LVESV were significantly decreased compared to those of the atorvastatin group (101 [81/135] vs. 134 [100/150] ml, P = 0.041) (53 [37/75] vs. 73 [52/92] ml, P = 0.033), respectively. CONCLUSION: High-intensity rosuvastatin was superior to high-intensity atorvastatin in reducing the inflammatory response and myocardial fibrosis, thus improving ventricular remodeling and cardiac function better in STEMI patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This randomized controlled trial was registered on October 11, 2022, on ClinicalTrials.gov under registration number: NCT05895123 "retrospectively registered".

Hydrogen Sulfide Ameliorates Heart Aging by Downregulating Matrix Metalloproteinase-9.

PURPOSE: Aging contributes significantly to cardiovascular diseases and cardiac dysfunction, leading to the upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in the heart and a significant decrease in hydrogen sulfide (H2S) content, coupled with impaired cardiac diastolic function. This study explores whether supplementing exogenous hydrogen sulfide during aging ameliorates the decline in H2S concentration in the heart, suppresses MMP-9 expression, and improves the age-associated impairment in cardiac morphology and function. METHODS: We collected plasma from healthy individuals of different ages to determine the relationship between aging and H2S and MMP-9 levels through Elisa detection and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MC) detection of plasma H2S content. Three-month-old mice were selected as the young group, while 18-month-old mice were selected as the old group, and sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) was injected intraperitoneally from 15 months old until 18 months old as the old + NaHS group. Plasma MMP-9 content was detected using Elisa, plasma H2S content, cardiac H2S content, and cystathionine gamma-lyase (CSE) activity were detected using LC/MC, and cardiac function was detected using echocardiography. Heart structure was assessed using hematoxylin and eosin staining, Masone staining was used to detect the degree of cardiac fibrosis, while western blot was used to detect the expression of MMP-9, CSE, and aging marker proteins. Knockdown of MMP-9 and CSE in H9c2 cells using small interfering RNA was carried out to determine the upstream-downstream relationship between MMP-9 and CSE. RESULTS: H2S content in the plasma of healthy individuals decreases with escalating age, whereas MMP-9 level rises with age progression. Aging leads to a decrease in H2S levels in the heart and plasma of mice, severe impairment of cardiac diastolic function, interstitial relaxation, and fibrosis of the heart. Supplementing with exogenous H2S can improve these phenomena. CONCLUSION: H2S maintains the structure and function of the heart by inhibiting the expression of MMP-9 during the aging process.