RESUMO
Retroelements are the widespread jumping elements considered as major drivers for genome evolution, which can also be repurposed as gene-editing tools. Here, we determine the cryo-EM structures of eukaryotic R2 retrotransposon with ribosomal DNA target and regulatory RNAs. Combined with biochemical and sequencing analysis, we reveal two essential DNA regions, Drr and Dcr, required for recognition and cleavage. The association of 3' regulatory RNA with R2 protein accelerates the first-strand cleavage, blocks the second-strand cleavage, and initiates the reverse transcription starting from the 3'-tail. Removing 3' regulatory RNA by reverse transcription allows the association of 5' regulatory RNA and initiates the second-strand cleavage. Taken together, our work explains the DNA recognition and RNA supervised sequential retrotransposition mechanisms by R2 machinery, providing insights into the retrotransposon and application reprogramming.
Assuntos
RNA , Retroelementos , RNA/metabolismo , Clivagem do DNA , DNA Polimerase Dirigida por RNA/metabolismo , Transcrição ReversaRESUMO
The target DNA specificity of the CRISPR-associated genome editor nuclease Cas9 is determined by complementarity to a 20-nucleotide segment in its guide RNA. However, Cas9 can bind and cleave partially complementary off-target sequences, which raises safety concerns for its use in clinical applications. Here, we report crystallographic structures of Cas9 bound to bona fide off-target substrates, revealing that off-target binding is enabled by a range of noncanonical base-pairing interactions within the guide:off-target heteroduplex. Off-target substrates containing single-nucleotide deletions relative to the guide RNA are accommodated by base skipping or multiple noncanonical base pairs rather than RNA bulge formation. Finally, PAM-distal mismatches result in duplex unpairing and induce a conformational change in the Cas9 REC lobe that perturbs its conformational activation. Together, these insights provide a structural rationale for the off-target activity of Cas9 and contribute to the improved rational design of guide RNAs and off-target prediction algorithms.
Assuntos
Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , RNA Guia de Cinetoplastídeos , RNA Guia de Cinetoplastídeos/metabolismo , Endonucleases/metabolismo , Pareamento de Bases , Nucleotídeos , Edição de GenesRESUMO
During cell division, newly replicated DNA is actively segregated to the daughter cells. In most bacteria, this process involves the DNA-binding protein ParB, which condenses the centromeric regions of sister DNA molecules into kinetochore-like structures that recruit the DNA partition ATPase ParA and the prokaroytic SMC/condensin complex. Here, we report the crystal structure of a ParB-like protein (PadC) that emerges to tightly bind the ribonucleotide CTP. The CTP-binding pocket of PadC is conserved in ParB and composed of signature motifs known to be essential for ParB function. We find that ParB indeed interacts with CTP and requires nucleotide binding for DNA condensation in vivo. We further show that CTP-binding modulates the affinity of ParB for centromeric parS sites, whereas parS recognition stimulates its CTPase activity. ParB proteins thus emerge as a new class of CTP-dependent molecular switches that act in concert with ATPases and GTPases to control fundamental cellular functions.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/química , Citidina Trifosfato/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Sítios de Ligação , DNA Bacteriano/genética , DNA Bacteriano/metabolismo , Myxococcus xanthus/genética , Myxococcus xanthus/metabolismo , Motivos de Nucleotídeos , Ligação ProteicaRESUMO
Genomic instability in disease and its fidelity in health depend on the DNA damage response (DDR), regulated in part from the complex of meiotic recombination 11 homolog 1 (MRE11), ATP-binding cassette-ATPase (RAD50), and phosphopeptide-binding Nijmegen breakage syndrome protein 1 (NBS1). The MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex forms a multifunctional DDR machine. Within its network assemblies, MRN is the core conductor for the initial and sustained responses to DNA double-strand breaks, stalled replication forks, dysfunctional telomeres, and viral DNA infection. MRN can interfere with cancer therapy and is an attractive target for precision medicine. Its conformations change the paradigm whereby kinases initiate damage sensing. Delineated results reveal kinase activation, posttranslational targeting, functional scaffolding, conformations storing binding energy and enabling access, interactions with hub proteins such as replication protein A (RPA), and distinct networks at DNA breaks and forks. MRN biochemistry provides prototypic insights into how it initiates, implements, and regulates multifunctional responses to genomic stress.
Assuntos
Dano ao DNA , Reparo do DNA , Replicação do DNA , Proteína Homóloga a MRE11/metabolismo , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/química , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/genética , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/química , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Humanos , Imunidade Inata , Proteína Homóloga a MRE11/química , Proteína Homóloga a MRE11/genética , Modelos Biológicos , Modelos Moleculares , Transdução de Sinais , Telômero/metabolismoRESUMO
Type I CRISPR systems feature a sequential dsDNA target searching and degradation process, by crRNA-displaying Cascade and nuclease-helicase fusion enzyme Cas3, respectively. Here we present two cryo-EM snapshots of the Thermobifida fusca type I-E Cascade: (1) unwinding 11 bp of dsDNA at the seed-sequence region to scout for sequence complementarity, and (2) further unwinding of the entire protospacer to form a full R-loop. These structures provide the much-needed temporal and spatial resolution to resolve key mechanistic steps leading to Cas3 recruitment. In the early steps, PAM recognition causes severe DNA bending, leading to spontaneous DNA unwinding to form a seed-bubble. The full R-loop formation triggers conformational changes in Cascade, licensing Cas3 to bind. The same process also generates a bulge in the non-target DNA strand, enabling its handover to Cas3 for cleavage. The combination of both negative and positive checkpoints ensures stringent yet efficient target degradation in type I CRISPR-Cas systems.
Assuntos
Actinobacteria/genética , Actinobacteria/ultraestrutura , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Hibridização de Ácido Nucleico , Actinobacteria/química , Actinobacteria/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/química , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/ultraestrutura , Sequência de Bases , Proteínas Associadas a CRISPR/química , Proteínas Associadas a CRISPR/metabolismo , Proteínas Associadas a CRISPR/ultraestrutura , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Modelos Moleculares , RNA Bacteriano/química , RNA Bacteriano/metabolismo , Pequeno RNA não Traduzido/química , Pequeno RNA não Traduzido/metabolismoRESUMO
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae), Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2 (MRX)-Sae2 nuclease activity is required for the resection of DNA breaks with secondary structures or protein blocks, while in humans, the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) homolog with CtIP is needed to initiate DNA end resection of all breaks. Phosphorylated Sae2/CtIP stimulates the endonuclease activity of MRX/N. Structural insights into the activation of the Mre11 nuclease are available only for organisms lacking Sae2/CtIP, so little is known about how Sae2/CtIP activates the nuclease ensemble. Here, we uncover the mechanism of Mre11 activation by Sae2 using a combination of AlphaFold2 structural modeling of biochemical and genetic assays. We show that Sae2 stabilizes the Mre11 nuclease in a conformation poised to cleave substrate DNA. Several designs of compensatory mutations establish how Sae2 activates MRX in vitro and in vivo, supporting the structural model. Finally, our study uncovers how human CtIP, despite considerable sequence divergence, employs a similar mechanism to activate MRN.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ligação a DNA , Endodesoxirribonucleases , Endonucleases , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/enzimologia , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Endonucleases/metabolismo , Endonucleases/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Endodesoxirribonucleases/metabolismo , Endodesoxirribonucleases/genética , Endodesoxirribonucleases/química , Humanos , Exodesoxirribonucleases/metabolismo , Exodesoxirribonucleases/genética , Modelos Moleculares , Fosforilação , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/metabolismo , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/genética , Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla , Hidrolases Anidrido Ácido/metabolismo , Hidrolases Anidrido Ácido/genética , Mutação , Proteína Homóloga a MRE11/metabolismo , Proteína Homóloga a MRE11/genética , Reparo do DNA , Ativação EnzimáticaRESUMO
Canonical prokaryotic type I CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems contain a multicomponent effector complex called Cascade, which degrades large stretches of DNA via Cas3 helicase-nuclease activity. Recently, a highly precise subtype I-F1 CRISPR-Cas system (HNH-Cascade) was found that lacks Cas3, the absence of which is compensated for by the insertion of an HNH endonuclease domain in the Cas8 Cascade component. Here, we describe the cryo-EM structure of Selenomonas sp. HNH-Cascade (SsCascade) in complex with target DNA and characterize its mechanism of action. The Cascade scaffold is complemented by the HNH domain, creating a ring-like structure in which the unwound target DNA is precisely cleaved. This structure visualizes a unique hybrid of two extensible biological systems-Cascade, an evolutionary platform for programmable DNA effectors, and an HNH nuclease, an adaptive domain with a spectrum of enzymatic activity.
Assuntos
Proteínas Associadas a CRISPR , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Clivagem do DNA , Proteínas Associadas a CRISPR/metabolismo , Proteínas Associadas a CRISPR/química , Proteínas Associadas a CRISPR/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/química , Modelos Moleculares , DNA/metabolismo , DNA/genética , DNA/química , Domínios Proteicos , DNA Bacteriano/genética , DNA Bacteriano/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Repetições Palindrômicas Curtas Agrupadas e Regularmente Espaçadas , Ligação ProteicaRESUMO
The specific nature of CRISPR-Cas12a makes it a desirable RNA-guided endonuclease for biotechnology and therapeutic applications. To understand how R-loop formation within the compact Cas12a enables target recognition and nuclease activation, we used cryo-electron microscopy to capture wild-type Acidaminococcus sp. Cas12a R-loop intermediates and DNA delivery into the RuvC active site. Stages of Cas12a R-loop formation-starting from a 5-bp seed-are marked by distinct REC domain arrangements. Dramatic domain flexibility limits contacts until nearly complete R-loop formation, when the non-target strand is pulled across the RuvC nuclease and coordinated domain docking promotes efficient cleavage. Next, substantial domain movements enable target strand repositioning into the RuvC active site. Between cleavage events, the RuvC lid conformationally resets to occlude the active site, requiring re-activation. These snapshots build a structural model depicting Cas12a DNA targeting that rationalizes observed specificity and highlights mechanistic comparisons to other class 2 effectors.
Assuntos
Acidaminococcus , Proteínas de Bactérias , Proteínas Associadas a CRISPR , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Domínio Catalítico , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , Proteínas Associadas a CRISPR/metabolismo , Proteínas Associadas a CRISPR/química , Proteínas Associadas a CRISPR/genética , Acidaminococcus/enzimologia , Acidaminococcus/genética , Acidaminococcus/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/química , Estruturas R-Loop/genética , Endodesoxirribonucleases/metabolismo , Endodesoxirribonucleases/genética , Endodesoxirribonucleases/química , RNA Guia de Sistemas CRISPR-Cas/metabolismo , RNA Guia de Sistemas CRISPR-Cas/genética , Modelos Moleculares , Domínios Proteicos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Ligação ProteicaRESUMO
The IscB proteins, as the ancestors of Cas9 endonuclease, hold great promise due to their small size and potential for diverse genome editing. However, their activity in mammalian cells is unsatisfactory. By introducing three residual substitutions in IscB, we observed an average 7.5-fold increase in activity. Through fusing a sequence-non-specific DNA-binding protein domain, the eIscB-D variant achieved higher editing efficiency, with a maximum of 91.3%. Moreover, engineered ωRNA was generated with a 20% reduction in length and slightly increased efficiency. The engineered eIscB-D/eωRNA system showed an average 20.2-fold increase in activity compared with the original IscB. Furthermore, we successfully adapted eIscB-D for highly efficient cytosine and adenine base editing. Notably, eIscB-D is highly active in mouse cell lines and embryos, enabling the efficient generation of disease models through mRNA/ωRNA injection. Our study suggests that these miniature genome-editing tools have great potential for diverse applications.
Assuntos
Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Edição de Genes , Animais , Edição de Genes/métodos , Camundongos , Humanos , Embrião de Mamíferos/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Engenharia de Proteínas/métodosRESUMO
R-loops, which consist of a DNA-RNA hybrid and a displaced DNA strand, are known to threaten genome integrity. To counteract this, different mechanisms suppress R-loop accumulation by either preventing the hybridization of RNA with the DNA template (RNA biogenesis factors), unwinding the hybrid (DNA-RNA helicases), or degrading the RNA moiety of the R-loop (type H ribonucleases [RNases H]). Thus far, RNases H are the only nucleases known to cleave DNA-RNA hybrids. Now, we show that the RNase DICER also resolves R-loops. Biochemical analysis reveals that DICER acts by specifically cleaving the RNA within R-loops. Importantly, a DICER RNase mutant impaired in R-loop processing causes a strong accumulation of R-loops in cells. Our results thus not only reveal a function of DICER as an R-loop resolvase independent of DROSHA but also provide evidence for the role of multi-functional RNA processing factors in the maintenance of genome integrity in higher eukaryotes.
Assuntos
Estruturas R-Loop , Ribonucleases , Humanos , Estruturas R-Loop/genética , Ribonucleases/genética , RNA/genética , DNA , Replicação do DNA , DNA Helicases/genética , Ribonuclease H/genética , Ribonuclease H/metabolismo , Instabilidade GenômicaRESUMO
The Ski2-Ski3-Ski8 (Ski238) helicase complex directs cytoplasmic mRNAs toward the nucleolytic exosome complex for degradation. In yeast, the interaction between Ski238 and exosome requires the adaptor protein Ski7. We determined different cryo-EM structures of the Ski238 complex depicting the transition from a rigid autoinhibited closed conformation to a flexible active open conformation in which the Ski2 helicase module has detached from the rest of Ski238. The open conformation favors the interaction of the Ski3 subunit with exosome-bound Ski7, leading to the recruitment of the exosome. In the Ski238-Ski7-exosome holocomplex, the Ski2 helicase module binds the exosome cap, enabling the RNA to traverse from the helicase through the internal exosome channel to the Rrp44 exoribonuclease. Our study pinpoints how conformational changes within the Ski238 complex regulate exosome recruitment for RNA degradation. We also reveal the remarkable conservation of helicase-exosome RNA channeling mechanisms throughout eukaryotic nuclear and cytoplasmic exosome complexes.
Assuntos
Exossomos , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Exossomos/metabolismo , RNA/metabolismo , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Complexo Multienzimático de Ribonucleases do Exossomo/genética , Complexo Multienzimático de Ribonucleases do Exossomo/metabolismo , Estabilidade de RNARESUMO
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) threaten genome stability and are linked to tumorigenesis in humans. Repair of DSBs requires the removal of attached proteins and hairpins through a poorly understood but physiologically critical endonuclease activity by the Mre11-Rad50 complex. Here, we report cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of the bacterial Mre11-Rad50 homolog SbcCD bound to a protein-blocked DNA end and a DNA hairpin. The structures reveal that Mre11-Rad50 bends internal DNA for endonucleolytic cleavage and show how internal DNA, DNA ends, and hairpins are processed through a similar ATP-regulated conformational state. Furthermore, Mre11-Rad50 is loaded onto blocked DNA ends with Mre11 pointing away from the block, explaining the distinct biochemistries of 3' â 5' exonucleolytic and endonucleolytic incision through the way Mre11-Rad50 interacts with diverse DNA ends. In summary, our results unify Mre11-Rad50's enigmatic nuclease diversity within a single structural framework and reveal how blocked DNA ends and hairpins are processed.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ligação a DNA , DNA , Proteína Homóloga a MRE11/química , Hidrolases Anidrido Ácido/genética , Hidrolases Anidrido Ácido/metabolismo , Trifosfato de Adenosina/metabolismo , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , DNA/metabolismo , Reparo do DNA , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Endodesoxirribonucleases/genética , Endodesoxirribonucleases/metabolismo , Endonucleases/genética , Exodesoxirribonucleases/genética , Exodesoxirribonucleases/metabolismo , Humanos , Conformação de Ácido NucleicoRESUMO
Adaptation in CRISPR-Cas systems immunizes bacteria and archaea against mobile genetic elements. In many DNA-targeting systems, the Cas4-Cas1-Cas2 complex is required for selection and processing of DNA segments containing PAM sequences prior to integration of these "prespacer" substrates as spacers in the CRISPR array. We determined cryo-EM structures of the Cas4-Cas1-Cas2 adaptation complex from the type I-C system that encodes standalone Cas1 and Cas4 proteins. The structures reveal how Cas4 specifically reads out bases within the PAM sequence and how interactions with both Cas1 and Cas2 activate Cas4 endonuclease activity. The Cas4-PAM interaction ensures tight binding between the adaptation complex and the prespacer, significantly enhancing integration of the non-PAM end into the CRISPR array and ensuring correct spacer orientation. Corroborated with our biochemical results, Cas4-Cas1-Cas2 structures with substrates representing various stages of CRISPR adaptation reveal a temporally resolved mechanism for maturation and integration of functional spacers into the CRISPR array.
Assuntos
Proteínas Associadas a CRISPR , Proteínas Associadas a CRISPR/metabolismo , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , DNA/metabolismoRESUMO
RAD51 and the breast cancer suppressor BRCA2 have critical functions in DNA double-strand (dsDNA) break repair by homologous recombination and the protection of newly replicated DNA from nucleolytic degradation. The recombination function of RAD51 requires its binding to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), whereas binding to dsDNA is inhibitory. Using reconstituted MRE11-, EXO1-, and DNA2-dependent nuclease reactions, we show that the protective function of RAD51 unexpectedly depends on its binding to dsDNA. The BRC4 repeat of BRCA2 abrogates RAD51 binding to dsDNA and accordingly impairs the function of RAD51 in protection. The BRCA2 C-terminal RAD51-binding segment (TR2) acts in a dominant manner to overcome the effect of BRC4. Mechanistically, TR2 stabilizes RAD51 binding to dsDNA, even in the presence of BRC4, promoting DNA protection. Our data suggest that RAD51's dsDNA-binding capacity may have evolved together with its function in replication fork protection and provide a mechanistic basis for the DNA-protection function of BRCA2.
Assuntos
DNA de Cadeia Simples , Rad51 Recombinase , Proteína BRCA2/genética , Proteína BRCA2/metabolismo , DNA/genética , Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla , Reparo do DNA , Replicação do DNA , DNA de Cadeia Simples/genética , Rad51 Recombinase/genética , Rad51 Recombinase/metabolismoRESUMO
A compact protein with a size of <1,000 amino acids, the CRISPR-associated protein CasX is a fundamentally distinct RNA-guided nuclease when compared to Cas9 and Cas12a. Although it can induce RNA-guided genome editing in mammalian cells, the activity of CasX is less robust than that of the widely used S. pyogenes Cas9. Here, we show that structural features of two CasX homologs and their guide RNAs affect the R-loop complex assembly and DNA cleavage activity. Cryo-EM-based structural engineering of either the CasX protein or the guide RNA produced two new CasX genome editors (DpbCasX-R3-v2 and PlmCasX-R1-v2) with significantly improved DNA manipulation efficacy. These results advance both the mechanistic understanding of CasX and its application as a genome-editing tool.
Assuntos
Edição de Genes , RNA Guia de Cinetoplastídeos , Animais , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas/genética , Endonucleases/genética , Endonucleases/metabolismo , Edição de Genes/métodos , Mamíferos/metabolismo , RNA/genética , RNA Guia de Cinetoplastídeos/genética , RNA Guia de Cinetoplastídeos/metabolismoRESUMO
ParB-like CTPases mediate the segregation of bacterial chromosomes and low-copy number plasmids. They act as DNA-sliding clamps that are loaded at parS motifs in the centromere of target DNA molecules and spread laterally to form large nucleoprotein complexes serving as docking points for the DNA segregation machinery. Here, we solve crystal structures of ParB in the pre- and post-hydrolysis state and illuminate the catalytic mechanism of nucleotide hydrolysis. Moreover, we identify conformational changes that underlie the CTP- and parS-dependent closure of ParB clamps. The study of CTPase-deficient ParB variants reveals that CTP hydrolysis serves to limit the sliding time of ParB clamps and thus drives the establishment of a well-defined ParB diffusion gradient across the centromere whose dynamics are critical for DNA segregation. These findings clarify the role of the ParB CTPase cycle in partition complex assembly and function and thus advance our understanding of this prototypic CTP-dependent molecular switch.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Segregação de Cromossomos , Cromossomos Bacterianos , Citidina Trifosfato/metabolismo , DNA Bacteriano/metabolismo , Myxococcus xanthus/enzimologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Sítios de Ligação , Domínio Catalítico , Cristalografia por Raios X , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Regulação Bacteriana da Expressão Gênica , Hidrólise , Mutação , Myxococcus xanthus/genética , Conformação Proteica , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Especificidade por Substrato , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Type III CRISPR systems are innate immune systems found in bacteria and archaea, which produce cyclic oligoadenylate (cOA) second messengers in response to viral infections. In these systems, Csm6 proteins serve as ancillary nucleases that degrade single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) upon activation by cOA. In addition, Csm6 proteins also possess cOA-degrading activity as an intrinsic off-switch to avoid degradation of host RNA and DNA that would eventually lead to cell dormancy or cell death. Here, we present the crystal structures of Thermus thermophilus (Tt) Csm6 alone, and in complex with cyclic tetra-adenylate (cA4) in both pre- and post-cleavage states. These structures establish the molecular basis of the long-range allosteric activation of TtCsm6 ribonuclease by cA4. cA4 binding induces significant conformational changes, including closure of the CARF domain, dimerization of the HTH domain, and reorganization of the R-X4-6-H motif within the HEPN domain. The cleavage of cA4 by the CARF domain restores each domain to a conformation similar to its apo state. Furthermore, we have identified hyperactive TtCsm6 variants that exhibit sustained cA4-activated RNase activity, showing great promise for their applications in genome editing and diagnostics.
Assuntos
Repetições Palindrômicas Curtas Agrupadas e Regularmente Espaçadas , Nucleotídeos Cíclicos , Ribonucleases , Ribonucleases/metabolismo , Regulação Alostérica , RNA/metabolismoRESUMO
Among endosymbiotic bacteria living within eukaryotic cells, Wolbachia is exceptionally widespread, particularly in arthropods. Inherited through the female germline, it has evolved ways to increase the fraction of bacterially infected offspring by inducing parthenogenesis, feminization, male killing, or, most commonly, cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). In CI, Wolbachia infection of males causes embryonic lethality unless they mate with similarly infected females, creating a relative reproductive advantage for infected females. A set of related Wolbachia bicistronic operons encodes the CI-inducing factors. The downstream gene encodes a deubiquitylase or nuclease and is responsible for CI induction by males, while the upstream product when expressed in females binds its sperm-introduced cognate partner and rescues viability. Both toxin-antidote and host-modification mechanisms have been proposed to explain CI. Interestingly, male killing by either Spiroplasma or Wolbachia endosymbionts involves deubiquitylases as well. Interference with the host ubiquitin system may therefore be a common theme among endosymbiont-mediated reproductive alterations.
Assuntos
Wolbachia , Feminino , Masculino , Humanos , Wolbachia/genética , Sêmen , Reprodução/genética , Citoplasma , Biologia Molecular , SimbioseRESUMO
CRISPR-Cas12c/d proteins share limited homology with Cas12a and Cas9 bacterial CRISPR RNA (crRNA)-guided nucleases used widely for genome editing and DNA detection. However, Cas12c (C2c3)- and Cas12d (CasY)-catalyzed DNA cleavage and genome editing activities have not been directly observed. We show here that a short-complementarity untranslated RNA (scoutRNA), together with crRNA, is required for Cas12d-catalyzed DNA cutting. The scoutRNA differs in secondary structure from previously described tracrRNAs used by CRISPR-Cas9 and some Cas12 enzymes, and in Cas12d-containing systems, scoutRNA includes a conserved five-nucleotide sequence that is essential for activity. In addition to supporting crRNA-directed DNA recognition, biochemical and cell-based experiments establish scoutRNA as an essential cofactor for Cas12c-catalyzed pre-crRNA maturation. These results define scoutRNA as a third type of transcript encoded by a subset of CRISPR-Cas genomic loci and explain how Cas12c/d systems avoid requirements for host factors including ribonuclease III for bacterial RNA-mediated adaptive immunity.
Assuntos
Bactérias/genética , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Endodesoxirribonucleases/genética , Genoma Bacteriano/imunologia , RNA Bacteriano/genética , Pequeno RNA não Traduzido/genética , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/imunologia , Bactérias/metabolismo , Proteínas de Bactérias/metabolismo , Sequência de Bases , Repetições Palindrômicas Curtas Agrupadas e Regularmente Espaçadas , DNA Bacteriano/química , DNA Bacteriano/genética , DNA Bacteriano/metabolismo , Endodesoxirribonucleases/metabolismo , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/imunologia , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Conformação de Ácido Nucleico , Filogenia , RNA Bacteriano/química , RNA Bacteriano/metabolismo , RNA Guia de Cinetoplastídeos/genética , RNA Guia de Cinetoplastídeos/metabolismo , Pequeno RNA não Traduzido/química , Pequeno RNA não Traduzido/metabolismo , Alinhamento de Sequência , Homologia de Sequência do Ácido NucleicoRESUMO
High-resolution structures solved by Schuler et al. shed light on how Cas9's evolutionary ancestor IscB operates as an RNA-guided nuclease. With only two-fifths the size of Cas9, IscB holds great promise for alleviating the cargo size constraint of in vivo CRISPR delivery.