Intestinal Parasites of Pets and Other House-kept Animals in Moscow.

A study screening pet animals (dogs, cats, chinchillas, ferrets, guinea pigs, rabbits, primates, reptiles, and hedgehogs) within Moscow city limits for intestinal parasitic diseases has been conducted over a period of 6 years. According to the study, parasitic infections caused by intestinal protozoa are found in pet animals more frequently than by intestinal helminths. Although dogs and cats exhibit the highest level of diversity of intestinal parasite species, in the group of exotic animals, helminth infection are found much less frequently and parasitic fauna is represented mostly by intestinal protozoa with a high percentage of mixed infection. The most widespread helminth infeсtion of dogs and cats is toxocarosis (respectively 2.5 and 5.7 %) and the most widespread protozoan infection is Giardia sp. (9.8 and 4.6 %). Giardia sp. was found in 47.4 % of chinchillas, Cryptosporidium sp. was more frequently found in ferrets (6.55 %), protozoa from the family Trichomonadida was found in guinea pigs (9 %), Eimeria sp. in rabbits (13.9 %), Acanthocephala in primates (15.7 %), and eggs from the generaOxyurida (59 %), along with protozoa from the family Trichomonadida, in reptiles. Capillaria sp. was most prevalent in hedgehogs (33.4 %). Acanthocephala eggs, as well as protozoa from the Giardia and Entamoeba genera, were more frequently found in primates. Parasites common to animals and humans, which may become a source of infection for the latter under certain conditions, have been identified in pet animals.

Parasite Diversity in a Freshwater Ecosystem.

Parasites are a significant component of biodiversity. They negatively affect fish appearance, growth, and reproduction. In this study, the prevalence of infection, diversity, and mean intensity of parasites were examined in 9 freshwater fish species (45 samples per fish species). Ecto-parasites were examined on the skin, gills, and fins with a hand lens. Wet mounts were prepared using mucosal scrapings from all the external and internal organs of the sampled fish. Microscopy, muscle compression, and the pepsin-HCL artificial digestion technique were also performed. In this study, 26 species of parasites were identified including three taxa belonging to 9 species of protozoan parasites, 11 treamtodes, and 6 monogenean parasites. The identified protozoan parasites were Entamoeba histolitica, Chilodonella sp., Coccidia sp., Costia sp., Cryptobia sp., Ichthyopthiris-multifilis, Microsporidia, Piscinoodinium sp., and Ichthyobodo necator. The identified trematode parasites were Fasciola gigantica, Echinostoma revolutum, Fasciola hepatica, Haplorchis pumilio, Brachylaima cribbi, Echinostoma cinetorchis, Neascus sp., Deropegus sp., Trematode Soldier, Centrocestus formosanus, and Clinostomum marginatum. The identified monogenean parasites were Dactylogyrus limipopoensis, Dactylogyrus anchoratus, Dactylogyrus myersi, Dactylogyrus vastator, Gyrodactylus salaris, and Ancyrocephalus. The diversity of parasites was maximum at the Okara site. The host's organs that were targeted for parasitic infection included the intestine, liver, gills, fins, skin, and kidneys. The majority of the parasites were identified in Labeo rohita followed by Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Oreochromis niloticus, Cyprinus carpio, and Wallagu attu. Two species appeared to be resistant species because none of the parasites were observed in Notopterus notopterus or Sperata seenghala. This study also concluded that the prevalence of parasites increased with increasing length, size, and age of fish.

Changes in the Populations of Two Lymnaeidae and Their Infection by Fasciola hepatica and/or Calicophoron daubneyi over the Past 30 Years in Central France.

Field investigations were carried out during three periods (from 1976 to 1997, in 2013-2014, and in 2020-2021) on 39 cattle-raising farms on acidic soils to track changes in the populations of two Lymnaeidae (Galba truncatula and Omphiscola glabra) and their infection with Fasciola hepatica and/or Calicophoron daubneyi. Compared to the survey between 1976 and 1997 on these farms, there was a significant decrease in the number of the two lymnaeid populations and the size of the G. truncatula populations in both 2013-2014 and 2020-2021. This decline was significantly faster in the last nine years than it was before 2013. The area of habitats colonized by G. truncatula showed no significant variation over the years, while that of habitats with O. glabra significantly decreased in the period covered by the three surveys. The prevalence of F. hepatica infection in snails significantly decreased over the years, while C. daubneyi infection increased over time in both lymnaeid species. These changes are due to the use of triclabendazole to treat fasciolosis in ruminants since the 1990s, and are probably a consequence of the successive heatwaves that have occurred since 2018 in the region.

Control and management of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: A review of the evidence and proposal of novel approaches.

Hospital-acquired infections are on the rise and are a substantial cause of clinical and financial burden for healthcare systems. While infection control plays a major role in curtailing the spread of outbreak organisms, it is not always successful. One organism of particular concern is Acinetobacter baumannii, due to both its persistence in the hospital setting and its ability to acquire antibiotic resistance. A. baumannii has emerged as a nosocomial pathogen that exhibits high levels of resistance to antibiotics, and remains resilient against traditional cleaning measures with resistance to Colistin increasingly reported. Given the magnitude and costs associated with hospital acquired infections, and the increase in multidrug-resistant organisms, it is worth re-evaluating our current approaches and looking for alternatives or adjuncts to traditional antibiotics therapies. The aims of this review are to look at how this organism is spread within the hospital setting, discuss current treatment modalities, and propose alternative methods of outbreak management.

A systematic review of MERS-CoV seroprevalence and RNA prevalence in dromedary camels: Implications for animal vaccination.

Human infection with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is driven by recurring dromedary-to-human spill-over events, leading decision-makers to consider dromedary vaccination. Dromedary vaccine candidates in the development pipeline are showing hopeful results, but gaps in our understanding of the epidemiology of MERS-CoV in dromedaries must be addressed to design and evaluate potential vaccination strategies. We aim to bring together existing measures of MERS-CoV infection in dromedary camels to assess the distribution of infection, highlighting knowledge gaps and implications for animal vaccination. We systematically reviewed the published literature on MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science that reported seroprevalence and/or prevalence of active MERS-CoV infection in dromedary camels from both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. 60 studies met our eligibility criteria. Qualitative syntheses determined that MERS-CoV seroprevalence increased with age up to 80-100% in adult dromedaries supporting geographically widespread endemicity of MERS-CoV in dromedaries in both the Arabian Peninsula and countries exporting dromedaries from Africa. The high prevalence of active infection measured in juveniles and at sites where dromedary populations mix should guide further investigation - particularly of dromedary movement - and inform vaccination strategy design and evaluation through mathematical modelling.

Uso concomitante de permanganato de potássio no curativo da inserção do cateter venoso central e a prevalência de infecções da corrente sanguínea / Concomitant use of potassium permanganate at central venous catheter insertion dressing and the prevalence of bloodstream infections

As infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde lideram as causas de morte entre as doenças de notificação obrigatória nos Estados Unidos da América do Norte e são responsáveis por custos elevados, dentre elas, um terço está relacionado às infecções de corrente sanguínea, ocupando a 3a causa de infecções em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) e a 10a causa de morte nos EUA. Portanto, a busca de medidas que possam reduzir estas infecções se faz necessária e, neste contexto, a adição de permanganato de potássio ao curativo feito no local de punção venosa central pode ser uma medida eficaz, uma vez que pouco se estuda acerca da técnica do curativo. Em novembro de 2013, este fármaco passou a ser adicionado aos curativos da punção venosa central, na UTI do Hospital Policlin, mantendo-se todas as recomendações do 2011 Guidelines for the Prevention of Intravascular Catheter-Related Infections do Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), isto é, curativo estéril, limpeza com clorexidina 0,5%, e como medida complementar adicionar uma compressa, por 20 minutos, de permanganato de potássio 1:10.000. Assim, a proposta deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de infecção de corrente sanguínea, antes e após esta intervenção, nos pacientes internados na UTI do Hospital Policlin 9 de Julho ­ São José dos Campos ­ SP. Tratou-se de um estudo de coorte, transversal e retrospectivo, com avaliação do banco de dados de 10.573 cateteres/dia de pacientes internados na UTI do Hospital, que foram divididos em dois grupos, sendo o primeiro composto por 5.273 cateteres/dia no período de 01/06/2011 a 31/10/2013 que não foram submetidos à adição de permanganato de potássio ao curativo do cateter venoso central, e o segundo composto por 5.300 cateteres/dia no período de 01/11/2013 a 30/08/2015, que foram submetidos à adição de permanganato de potássio ao curativo. Foram excluídos do estudo os cateteres/dia dos pacientes transferidos de outras unidades com diagnóstico de infecção; cateteres/dia dos pacientes transferidos de outras unidades que já estavam com cateter venoso central. Para avaliar prevalência de infecção de corrente sanguínea relacionada à utilização de cateter venoso central, foram analisados os dados clínicos que levaram ao diagnóstico de infecção, bem como os resultados das hemoculturas. No grupo de 5.273 cateteres/dia não submetidos à adição de permanganato de potássio ao curativo aconteceram 20 casos de infecção de corrente sanguínea; e no grupo de 5300 cateteres/dia que receberam curativo habitual (2011 Guidelines CDC), submetidos à adição de permanganato de potássio ao curativo do cateter venoso central aconteceram 6 casos de infecção de corrente sanguínea. Os resultados apresentaram significância estatística. Em conclusão, a redução de infecções de corrente sanguínea pela adição do permanganato de potássio 1:10.000 ao curativo habitual (2011 Guidelines CDC) é uma medida efetiva e de baixo custo no gerenciamento e prevenção das infecções de corrente sanguínea em UTI(AU)

Health-care-related infections lead the causes of death among mandatory reporting diseases in the United States and are responsible for high costs, among which onethird is related to bloodstream infections, and is the third leading cause of infection in the United States. Intensive Care Units (ICUs) and the 10th leading cause of death in the United States. Therefore, the search for measures that can reduce these infections is necessary and, in this context, the addition of Potassium Permanganate to the dressing done at the central venous puncture site can be an effective measure, since little is studied about the technique of band Aid. In November 2013, this drug was added to the dressings of the central venipuncture in the ICU of the Policlin Hospital, maintaining all the recommendations of the 2011 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, I.e., sterile dressing, 0.5% chlorhexidine cleansing, and as a supplementary measure add a pad for 20 min of 1: 10,000 Potassium Permanganate. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of bloodstream infection, before and after this intervention, in patients hospitalized in the ICU of Hospital Policlin 9 de Julho - São José dos Campos - SP. This was a cross-sectional and retrospective cohort study with a database of 10,573 catheters / day of patients hospitalized in the Hospital ICU, divided into two groups, the first consisting of 5,273 catheters / day in the period From 01/06/2011 to 10/31/2013 that were not submitted to the addition of potassium permanganate to the dressing of the central venous catheter, and the second compound for 5,300 catheters / day from 01/11/2013 to 30/08 / 2015, who were submitted to the addition of potassium permanganate to the dressing. The catheters / day of the patients transferred from other units with a diagnosis of infection were excluded from the study; Catheters / day of the patients transferred from other units that already had a central venous catheter. To evaluate the prevalence of bloodstream infection related to the use of central venous catheter, we analyzed the clinical data that led to the diagnosis of infection, as well as the results of blood cultures. In the group of 5,273 catheters / day not submitted to the addition of potassium permanganate to the dressing occurred 20 cases of bloodstream infection; And in the group of 5300 catheters / day who received usual dressing (2011 Guidelines), submitted to the addition of potassium permanganate to the dressing of the central venous catheter, 6 cases of bloodstream infection occurred. The results were statistically significant. In conclusion, the reduction of bloodstream infections by the addition of 1: 10,000 potassium permanganate to the usual dressing (2011 Guidelines CDC) is an effective and low-cost measure in the management and prevention of bloodstream infections in ICU. However, it was a cross-sectional and retrospective cohort study, with an evaluation of the hospital infection control database; And this study design may generate selection bias, so that to confirm our results, it is desirable to initiate a prospective, randomized, blind, placebo-controlled study(AU)