The Atad5 RFC-like complex is the major unloader of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in Xenopus egg extracts.

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a homo-trimeric clamp complex that serves as the molecular hub for various DNA transactions, including DNA synthesis and post-replicative mismatch repair. Its timely loading and unloading are critical for genome stability. PCNA loading is catalyzed by Replication factor C (RFC) and the Ctf18 RFC-like complex (Ctf18-RLC), and its unloading is catalyzed by Atad5/Elg1-RLC. However, RFC, Ctf18-RLC, and even some subcomplexes of their shared subunits are capable of unloading PCNA in vitro, leaving an ambiguity in the division of labor in eukaryotic clamp dynamics. By using a system that specifically detects PCNA unloading, we show here that Atad5-RLC, which accounts for only approximately 3% of RFC/RLCs, nevertheless provides the major PCNA unloading activity in Xenopus egg extracts. RFC and Ctf18-RLC each account for approximately 40% of RFC/RLCs, while immunodepletion of neither Rfc1 nor Ctf18 detectably affects the rate of PCNA unloading in our system. PCNA unloading is dependent on the ATP-binding motif of Atad5, independent of nicks on DNA and chromatin assembly, and inhibited effectively by PCNA-interacting peptides. These results support a model in which Atad5-RLC preferentially unloads DNA-bound PCNA molecules that are free from their interactors.

Functional hierarchy of PCNA-interacting motifs in DNA processing enzymes.

Numerous eukaryotic DNA processing enzymes, such as DNA polymerases and ligases, bind the processivity factor PCNA, which acts as a platform to recruit and regulate the binding of enzymes to their DNA substrate. Multiple PCNA-interacting motifs (PIPs) are present in these enzymes, but their individual structural and functional role has been a matter of debate. Recent cryo-EM reconstructions of high-fidelity DNA polymerase Pol δ (Pol δ), translesion synthesis DNA polymerase κ (Pol κ) and Ligase 1 (Lig1) bound to a DNA substrate and PCNA demonstrate that the critical interaction with PCNA involves the internal PIP proximal to the catalytic domain. The ancillary PIPs, located in long disordered regions, are instead invisible in the reconstructions, and appear to function as flexible tethers when the enzymes fall off the DNA. In this review, we discuss the recent structural advancements and propose a functional hierarchy for the PIPs in Pol δ, Pol κ, and Lig1.

Structural and functional studies of PCNA from African swine fever virus.

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) belongs to the DNA sliding clamp family. Via interacting with various partner proteins, PCNA plays critical roles in DNA replication, DNA repair, chromatin assembly, epigenetic inheritance, chromatin remodeling, and many other fundamental biological processes. Although PCNA and PCNA-interacting partner networks are conserved across species, PCNA of a given species is rarely functional in heterologous systems, emphasizing the importance of more representative PCNA studies. Here, we report two crystal structures of PCNA from African swine fever virus (ASFV), which is the only member of the Asfarviridae family. Compared to the eukaryotic and archaeal PCNAs and the sliding clamp structural homologs from other viruses, AsfvPCNA possesses unique sequences and/or conformations at several regions, such as the J-loop, interdomain-connecting loop (IDCL), P-loop, and C-tail, which are involved in partner recognition or modification of sliding clamps. In addition to double-stranded DNA binding, we also demonstrate that AsfvPCNA can modestly enhance the ligation activity of the AsfvLIG protein. The unique structural features of AsfvPCNA can serve as a potential target for the development of ASFV-specific inhibitors and help combat the deadly virus. IMPORTANCE Two high-resolution crystal structures of African swine fever virus proliferating cell nuclear antigen (AsfvPCNA) are presented here. Structural comparison revealed that AsfvPCNA is unique at several regions, such as the J-loop, the interdomain-connecting loop linker, and the P-loop, which may play important roles in ASFV-specific partner selection of AsfvPCNA. Unlike eukaryotic and archaeal PCNAs, AsfvPCNA possesses high double-stranded DNA-binding affinity. Besides DNA binding, AsfvPCNA can also modestly enhance the ligation activity of the AsfvLIG protein, which is essential for the replication and repair of ASFV genome. The unique structural features make AsfvPCNA a potential target for drug development, which will help combat the deadly virus.

Effect of post-gastrulation exposure to acrylamide on chick embryonic development.

The critical developmental stages of the embryo are strongly influenced by the dietary composition of the mother. Acrylamide is a food contaminant that can form in carbohydrate-rich foods that are heat-treated. The aim of this study was to investigate the toxicity of a relatively low dose of acrylamide on the development of the neural tube in the early stage chick embryos. Specific pathogen-free fertilized eggs (n = 100) were treated with acrylamide (0.1, 0.5, 2.5, 12.5 mg/kg) between 28-30th hours of incubation and dissected at 48th hours. In addition to morphological and histopathological examinations, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and caspase 3 were analyzed immunohistochemically. The brain and reproductive expression gene (BRE) was analyzed by RT-PCR. Acrylamide exposure had a negative effect on neural tube status even at a very low dose (0.1 mg/kg) (p < 0.05). Doses of 0.5 mg/kg and above caused a delay in neural tube development (p < 0.05). Crown-rump length and somite count decreased dose-dependently, while this decrease was not significant in the very low dose group (p > 0.05), which was most pronounced at doses of 2.5 and 12.5 mg/kg (p < 0.001). Acrylamide exposure dose-dependently decreased PCNA and increased caspase 3, with this change being significant at doses of 0.5 mg/kg and above (p < 0.001). BRE was downregulated at all acrylamide exposures except in the very low dose group (0.1 mg/kg). In conclusion, we find that acrylamide exposure (at 0.5 mg/kg and above) in post-gastrulation delays neural tube closure in chicken embryos by suppressing proliferation and apoptosis induction and downregulating BRE gene expression.

Age-dependent changes in the expression and localization of LYZL4, LYZL6 and PCNA during testicular development in the Ashidan yak.

Lysozyme like 4 (LYZL4), lysozyme like 6 (LYZL6) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) are implicated in the regulation of testicular function, but there was no research reported available on the expression patterns of LYZL4, LYZL6 and PCNA genes at different developmental stages of yak testes. In this study, we used the qRT-PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry estimated the LYZL4, LYZL6 and PCNA gene expression and protein lo-calization at different developmental stages of yak testes. The qPCR results showed that the mRNA expression of LYZL4, LYZL6 and PCNA genes significantly increased with age in the testes of yaks. Western blot results showed that the protein abundance of LYZL4, LYZL6 and PCNA in yak testes was significantly higher after puberty than before puberty. Furthermore, the results of immunohistochemistry indicated that LYZL4, LYZL6 and PCNA may be involved in the regulation of spermatogonia proliferation and Leydig cell function in immature testis. In adult yak testes, LYZL4, LYZL6 and PCNA may involve in the development of round spermatids and primary spermatocytes during testicular development. Our results indicated that LYZL4, LYZL6 and PCNA may be involved in the development of Sertoli cells, Leydig cells and gonocytes in yak testes.

Polysaccharides from Basella alba Protect Post-Mitotic Neurons against Cell Cycle Re-Entry and Apoptosis Induced by the Amyloid-Beta Peptide by Blocking Sonic Hedgehog Expression.

The amyloid-beta peptide (Aß) is the neurotoxic component in senile plaques of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains. Previously we have reported that Aß toxicity is mediated by the induction of sonic hedgehog (SHH) to trigger cell cycle re-entry (CCR) and apoptosis in post-mitotic neurons. Basella alba is a vegetable whose polysaccharides carry immunomodulatory and anti-cancer actions, but their protective effects against neurodegeneration have never been reported. Herein, we tested whether polysaccharides derived from Basella alba (PPV-6) may inhibit Aß toxicity and explored its underlying mechanisms. In differentiated rat cortical neurons, Aß25-35 reduced cell viability, damaged neuronal structure, and compromised mitochondrial bioenergetic functions, all of which were recovered by PPV-6. Immunocytochemistry and western blotting revealed that Aß25-35-mediated induction of cell cycle markers including cyclin D1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and histone H3 phosphorylated at Ser-10 (p-Histone H3) in differentiated neurons was all suppressed by PPV-6, along with mitigation of caspase-3 cleavage. Further studies revealed that PPV-6 inhibited Aß25-35 induction of SHH; indeed, PPV-6 was capable of suppressing neuronal CCR and apoptosis triggered by the exogenous N-terminal fragment of sonic hedgehog (SHH-N). Our findings demonstrated that, in the fully differentiated neurons, PPV-6 exerts protective actions against Aß neurotoxicity via the downregulation of SHH to suppress neuronal CCR and apoptosis.

Ubiquitin specific peptidase 37 and PCNA interaction promotes osteosarcoma pathogenesis by modulating replication fork progression.

BACKGROUND: Osteosarcoma is a type of bone cancer that predominantly affects young individuals, including children and adolescents. The disease progresses through heterogeneous genetic alterations, and patients often develop pulmonary metastases even after the primary tumors have been surgically removed. Ubiquitin-specific peptidases (USPs) regulate several critical cellular processes, such as cell cycle progression, transcriptional activation, and signal transduction. Various studies have revealed the significance of USP37 in the regulation of replication stress and oncogenesis. METHODS: In this study, the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was analyzed to investigate USP37 expression. RNA sequencing was utilized to assess the impact of USP37 overexpression and depletion on gene expression in osteosarcoma cells. Various molecular assays, including colony formation, immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation, and DNA replication restart, were employed to examine the physical interaction between USP37 and PCNA, as well as its physiological effects in osteosarcoma cells. Additionally, molecular docking studies were conducted to gain insight into the nature of the interaction between USP37 and PCNA. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry was performed on archived tissue blocks from osteosarcoma patients to establish a correlation between USP37 and PCNA expression. RESULTS: Analysis of the TCGA database revealed that increased expression of USP37 was linked to decreased progression-free survival (PFS) in osteosarcoma patients. Next-generation sequencing analysis of osteosarcoma cells demonstrated that overexpression or knockdown of USP37 led to the expression of different sets of genes. USP37 overexpression provided a survival advantage, while its depletion heightened sensitivity to replication stress in osteosarcoma cells. USP37 was found to physically interact with PCNA, and molecular docking studies indicated that the interaction occurs through unique residues. In response to genotoxic stress, cells that overexpressed USP37 resolved DNA damage foci more quickly than control cells or cells in which USP37 was depleted. The expression of USP37 varied in archived osteosarcoma tissues, with intermediate expression seen in 52% of cases in the cohort examined. CONCLUSION: The results of this investigation propose that USP37 plays a vital role in promoting replication stress tolerance in osteosarcoma cells. The interaction between USP37 and PCNA is involved in the regulation of replication stress, and disrupting it could potentially trigger synthetic lethality in osteosarcoma. This study has expanded our knowledge of the mechanism through which USP37 regulates replication stress, and its potential as a therapeutic target in osteosarcoma merits additional exploration.

HBV Enhances Sorafenib Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Reducing Ferroptosis via SRSF2-Mediated Abnormal PCLAF Splicing.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal human cancers. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection accounts for nearly 50% of HCC cases. Recent studies indicate that HBV infection induces resistance to sorafenib, the first-line systemic treatment for advanced HCC for more than a decade, from 2007 to 2020. Our previous research shows that variant 1 (tv1) of proliferating cell nuclear antigen clamp-associated factor (PCLAF), overexpressed in HCC, protects against doxorubicin-induced apoptosis. However, there are no reports on the relevance of PCLAF in sorafenib resistance in HBV-related HCC. In this article, we found that PCLAF levels were higher in HBV-related HCC than in non-virus-related HCC using bioinformatics analysis. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining of clinical samples and the splicing reporter minigene assay using HCC cells revealed that PCLAF tv1 was elevated by HBV. Furthermore, HBV promoted the splicing of PCLAF tv1 by downregulating serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 2 (SRSF2), which hindered the inclusion of PCLAF exon 3 through a putative cis-element (116-123), "GATTCCTG". The CCK-8 assay showed that HBV decreased cell susceptibility to sorafenib through SRSF2/PCLAF tv1. HBV reduced ferroptosis by decreasing intracellular Fe2+ levels and activating GPX4 expression via the SRSF2/PCLAF tv1 axis, according to a mechanism study. Suppressed ferroptosis, on the other hand, contributed to HBV-mediated sorafenib resistance through SRSF2/PCLAF tv1. These data suggested that HBV regulated PCLAF abnormal alternative splicing by suppressing SRSF2. HBV caused sorafenib resistance by reducing ferroptosis via the SRSF2/PCLAF tv1 axis. As a result, the SRSF2/PCLAF tv1 axis may be a prospective molecular therapeutic target in HBV-related HCC, as well as a predictor of sorafenib resistance. The inhibition of the SRSF2/PCLAF tv1 axis may be crucial in the emergence of systemic chemotherapy resistance in HBV-associated HCC.

Effects of neferine on retinal tissue in experimental diabetic rat model.

PURPOSE: To investigate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunoreactivities, as well as apoptosis and oxidative stress levels in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, and determine how neferine affected these parameters. METHODS: Thirty-five male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into five groups of seven. Fasting blood glucose was measured 72 h after diabetes mellitus (DM) induction in 21 rats using 60 mg/kg STZ dissolved in 0.4 ml (0.1 M) sodium-citrate buffer (pH:4.5), with values > 250 mg/dl considered diabetic. Group 1 received no treatment. Group 3 (healthy rats) received daily intraperitoneal (IP) 4 mg/kg neferine. Following DM induction: Group 2 (sham) received daily IP 0.25 ml/kg 0.9% normal saline; Group 4 received single IP 0.01 mL (2.5 mg/kg) bevacizumab, followed by daily IP 0.25 mL/kg 0.9% normal saline; and Group 5 received daily IP 4 mg/kg neferine. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total oxidative stress (TOS) levels in serum and ocular tissue homogenates were evaluated using ELISA. TUNEL method was used for determining apoptosis and immuno-histochemical staining for PCNA and VEGF immunoreactivities. RESULTS: Group 5 had significantly higher TAC and lower TOS in serum and ocular tissue homogenates than Group 4 (p < 0.05). Despite significantly lower VEGF levels and apoptosis (p < 0.05), there was no significant change in PCNA immunoreactivity in Group 5 (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: DM was associated with lower TAC, higher TOS and apoptotic cells, as well as VEGF and PCNA immunoreactivities in the retina. Neferine altered parameters other than PCNA in the opposite direction, demonstrating reductive effects on DM.

[Rauwolfia extract inhibits the proliferation of prostate cells in rats with benign prostatic hyperplasia].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of different concentrations of Rauwolfia extract (RE) on the proliferation of prostate cells in the rat model of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). METHODS: We randomly divided 48 male SD rats into six groups of an equal number, BPH model control, finasteride, low-concentration RE, medium-concentration RE, high-concentration RE and normal control, and established a BPH model in the former five groups by subcutaneous injection of testosterone propionate following castration. We treated the rats of the finasteride and RE groups intragastrically with finasteride solution at 5 mg/kg and RE at 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg respectively, and those of the model control and normal control groups with an equal dose of normal saline, all once a day for 28 consecutive days. Then, we killed all the animals, collected their prostate tissue, obtained the wet weight and volume of the prostate, the prostate index and the contents of serum T and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), observed the morphological changes of the prostate tissue by HE staining, counted the glands in the prostate tissue, measured the intraglandular area, and determined the expressions of PCNA and α-SMA by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Compared with the rats of the normal control group, the BPH model controls showed significantly increased wet weight (ï¼»0.923 ± 0.15ï¼½ vs ï¼»1.455 ± 0.52ï¼½ g, P < 0.05), volume (ï¼»1.035 ± 0.29ï¼½ vs ï¼»1.687 ± 0.31ï¼½ ml, P < 0.05) and index of the prostate (ï¼»0.23 ± 0.04ï¼½% vs ï¼»0.37 ± 0.15ï¼½%, P < 0.05), dilation, hyperemia and edema of the prostatic stroma and vessels, and proliferation rate of the prostatic cells, but remarkably decreased number of glands (ï¼»20.35 ± 3.83ï¼½ vs ï¼»12.56 ± 2.58ï¼½, P < 0.05), epithelial thickness (ï¼»39.76 ± 5.20ï¼½ vs ï¼»19.52 ± 1.52ï¼½ µm, P < 0.05) and intraglandular area (ï¼»12.3 ± 1.21ï¼½ vs ï¼»5.96 ± 0.34ï¼½ ×103µm2, P < 0.05). In comparison with the BPH model controls, the animals treated with RE, especially in the high-concentration RE group, exhibited marked decreases in the weight (ï¼»1.455 ± 0.52ï¼½ vs ï¼»0.862 ± 0.31ï¼½ g, P < 0.05), volume ( ï¼»1.687 ± 0.31ï¼½ vs ï¼»0.952 ± 0.28ï¼½ ml, P < 0.05) and index of the prostate (ï¼»0.37 ± 0.15ï¼½% vs ï¼»0.22 ± 0.07ï¼½%, P < 0.05), dramatic improvement in the number of glands (ï¼»12.56 ± 2.58ï¼½ vs ï¼»18.36 ± 1.25ï¼½, P < 0.05), epithelial thickness (ï¼»39.76 ± 5.20ï¼½ vs ï¼»19.04 ± 3.89ï¼½ µm, P < 0.05) and intraglandular area (ï¼»5.96 ± 0.34ï¼½ vs ï¼»10.25 ± 0.98ï¼½ ×103µm2, P<0.05ï¼½, P < 0.05), remarkable down-regulation of the expressions of PCNA and α-SMA, and significant reduction of the contents of serum T (ï¼»19.147 ± 3.214ï¼½ vs ï¼»6.016 ± 1.978ï¼½ ng/ml, P < 0.05) and DHT (ï¼»9.052 ± 0.633ï¼½ vs ï¼»2.532 ± 0.386ï¼½ ng/ml, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Rauwolfia extract can inhibit the proliferation of prostate cells and relieve BPH symptoms in a concentration-dependent manner in rats with BPH.

Unlocking the PIP-box: A peptide library reveals interactions that drive high-affinity binding to human PCNA.

The human sliding clamp, Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (hPCNA), interacts with over 200 proteins through a conserved binding motif, the PIP-box, to orchestrate DNA replication and repair. It is not clear how changes to the features of a PIP-box modulate protein binding and thus how they fine-tune downstream processes. Here, we present a systematic study of each position within the PIP-box to reveal how hPCNA-interacting peptides bind with drastically varied affinities. We synthesized a series of 27 peptides derived from the native protein p21 with small PIP-box modifications and another series of 19 peptides containing PIP-box binding motifs from other proteins. The hPCNA-binding affinity of all peptides, characterized as KD values determined by surface plasmon resonance, spanned a 4000-fold range, from 1.83 nM to 7.59 µM. The hPCNA-bound peptide structures determined by X-ray crystallography and modeled computationally revealed intermolecular and intramolecular interaction networks that correlate with high hPCNA affinity. These data informed rational design of three new PIP-box sequences, testing of which revealed the highest affinity hPCNA-binding partner to date, with a KD value of 1.12 nM, from a peptide with PIP-box QTRITEYF. This work showcases the sequence-specific nuances within the PIP-box that are responsible for high-affinity hPCNA binding, which underpins our understanding of how nature tunes hPCNA affinity to regulate DNA replication and repair processes. In addition, these insights will be useful to future design of hPCNA inhibitors.

Age and insulin-like growth factor-1 impact PCNA monoubiquitination in UVB-irradiated human skin.

Nonmelanoma skin cancers occur primarily in individuals over the age of 60 and are characterized by an abundance of ultraviolet (UV) signature mutations in keratinocyte DNA. Though geriatric skin removes UV photoproducts from DNA less efficiently than young adult skin, it is not known whether the utilization of other prosurvival but potentially mutagenic DNA damage tolerance systems such as translesion synthesis (TLS) is altered in older individuals. Using monoubiquitination of the replicative DNA polymerase clamp protein PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) as a biochemical marker of TLS pathway activation, we find that UVB exposure of the skin of individuals over the age of 65 results in a higher level of PCNA monoubiquitination than in the skin of young adults. Furthermore, based on previous reports showing a role for deficient insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling in altered UVB DNA damage responses in geriatric human skin, we find that both pharmacological inhibition of the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and deprivation of IGF-1 potentiate UVB-induced PCNA monoubiquitination in both human skin ex vivo and keratinocytes in vitro. Interestingly, though the TLS DNA polymerase Pol eta can accurately replicate the major photoproducts induced in DNA by UV radiation, we find that it fails to accumulate on chromatin in the absence of IGF-1R signaling and that this phenotype is correlated with increased mutagenesis in keratinocytes in vitro. Thus, altered IGF-1/IGF-1R signaling in geriatric skin may predispose epidermal keratinocytes to carry out a more mutagenic form of DNA synthesis following UVB exposure.

Ionizing Radiation-Induced DNA Damage Response in Primary Melanocytes and Keratinocytes of Human Skin.

Currently, our knowledge of how different cell types in a tissue microenvironment respond to low and high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation is highly restricted. In this study, a comparative analysis was performed on γ-ray-induced DNA damage and repair in primary human melanocytes and keratinocytes isolated from 3 donors. Our study demonstrates a modest interindividual variability in both melanocytes and keratinocytes in terms of both spontaneous and ionizing radiation (IR)-induced 53BP1 foci formation and persistence. Melanocytes, in general, showed a slightly elevated (1.66-2.79 folds more) 53BP1 foci induction relative to keratinocytes after exposure to different doses of γ-rays (0.1-2.5 Gy) radiation. To verify the influence of ATM kinase on IR-induced 53BP1 foci formation, melanocytes and keratinocytes were treated with a specific ATM kinase inhibitor (KU55993, 10 µM) for 1 h prior to radiation. ATM kinase inhibition resulted in the reduction of both spontaneous and IR-induced 53BP1 foci by 17-42% in both melanocytes and keratinocytes of all the 3 donors. Increased persistence of IR-induced 53BP1 foci number was observed in ATM-inhibited melanocytes and keratinocytes after different post exposure times (6 h and 24 h). Taken together, our study suggests that interindividual variations exist in the induction and repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in melanocytes and keratinocytes and that ATM is crucial for an optimal DSB repair efficiency in both human skin cell types.

Effects of Disodium Cromoglycate Treatment in the Early Stage of Diabetic Nephropathy: Focus on Collagen Deposition.

Inflammation is part of the pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy (DN), and mast cells (MCs) appear to increase in number within the kidney of humans and animals with diabetes. Disodium cromoglycate (CG) not only inhibits the degranulation of MCs but also has several secondary effects that may improve inflammation. However, little is known about the effects of CG treatment on kidney collagen deposition and myofibroblast population in animals with type I diabetes (DM1). Data presented here suggest that the increases in the density and activity of MCs within the kidney in the early stages of DN contribute to tubulointerstitial collagen deposition, even in the absence of alterations in the renal myofibroblast population. Moreover, CG treatment showed renoprotective effects in rats with DM1, which appear to be linked to its mast cell stabilizing property and its ability to avoid some detrimental morphofunctional alterations.

Single-cell RNA sequencing of mycosis fungoides reveals a cluster of actively proliferating lymphocytes.

A 70-year-old man's chronic erythematous skin lesion in the extremity had developed into a tumour one year before his first visit at our hospital. A biopsy showed atypical lymphocyte-like cells, and immunostaining identified atypical cells as CD3+, CD4+, CD5+ and FOXP3+. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis using BD Rhapsody revealed the higher expression of CD3, CD4, CD5 and FOXP3 genes in a group of cells that highly expressed genes, such as PCNA, in the S/M phase, which is in agreement with immunofluorescence staining results. The use of scRNA-seq analysis data is expected to promote personalised medicine for cutaneous lymphoma.

Oral thymoquinone modulates cyclophosphamide-induced testicular toxicity in adolescent Wistar rats.

Cyclophosphamide (CYP) is an effective anti-cancer drug that is widely accepted, but it is not devoid of unintended toxic effects. Gonadal toxicity is reported as one of the side effects of its long-time use. This study examined the effects of thymoquinone (TQ) on the biological integrities of the testes after cyclophosphamide exposure. Thirty adolescent male Wistar rats (100-110 g) were divided into six groups (n = 5), receiving normal saline (NS), 20 mg/kg of CYP (CYP), 5 mg/kg of TQ (TQ5), 10 mg/kg of TQ (TQ10), 20 mg/kg of CYP and 5 mg/kg of TQ (CTQ5), and 20 mg/kg of CYP and 10 mg/kg of TQ (CTQ10) respectively. On the 22nd day, blood, semen and testicular samples were collected for the assay of serum reproductive hormones (follicle-stimulating (FSH) and luteinizing (LH) hormones), semen analysis and testicular histology and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression. The results revealed that CYP exposure affected functional and structural integrities of the testes, by depleting sperm count and motility, testosterone, LH, spermatogenic and mature sperm cell population, Leydig cells and PCNA immunoreactive proliferating cells. TQ interventions were able to reverse all cytotoxic CYP impacts, but with differential activities on the hormonal concentrations, specifically LH and FSH. Cumulatively, thymoquinone may be a potent agent against cyclophosphamide effects on the physiological, regeneration and histological integrities of the testes, as observed in this study.

Photobiomodulation invigorating collagen deposition, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki67 expression during dermal wound repair in mice.

The present investigation focuses on understanding the role of photobiomodulation in enhancing tissue proliferation. Circular excision wounds of diameter 1.5 cm were created on Swiss albino mice and treated immediately with 2 J/cm2 and 10 J/cm2 single exposures of the Helium-Neon laser along with sham-irradiated controls. During different days of healing progression (day 5, day 10, and day 15), the tissue samples upon euthanization of the animals were taken for assessing collagen deposition by Picrosirius red staining and cell proliferation (day 10) by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki67. The positive influence of red light on collagen synthesis was found to be statistically significant on day 10 (P < 0.01) and day 15 (P < 0.05) post-wounding when compared to sham irradiation, as evident from the image analysis of collagen birefringence. Furthermore, a significant rise in PCNA (P < 0.01) and Ki67 (P < 0.05) expression was also recorded in animals exposed to 2 J/cm2 when compared to sham irradiation and (P < 0.01) compared to the 10 J/cm2 treated group as evidenced by the microscopy study. The findings of the current investigation have distinctly exhibited the assenting influence of red laser light on excisional wound healing in Swiss albino mice by augmenting cell proliferation and collagen deposition.

Dermal fibroblast from superficial layers of pig skin exhibits more proliferative capacity than that from deep layers.

OBJECTIVE: To further examine the feasibility of using pigs as an animal model for the study of dermal fibroblast heterogeneity and to explore the proliferative capacity of dermal fibroblasts from different layers of pig skin in vitro and in vivo. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cultured superficial and deep dermal fibroblasts were subjected to cell growth assay, cell cycle analysis, immunocytochemical staining and western blotting for proliferating cell nuclear antigens. Moreover, skin samples autografted with superficial/deep dermal fibroblasts were subjected to immunohistochemical staining and western blotting for proliferating cell nuclear antigen. RESULTS: The cell growth assay showed that the growth curve of the superficial dermal fibroblast was progressively higher than that of the deep layer. The cell cycle analysis showed that the (G2+S) percentage of the superficial dermal fibroblasts was significantly higher than that of the deep layer fibroblasts. The immunocytochemical staining and western blotting showed that the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in the cultured superficial dermal fibroblast was significantly higher than that of the deep layer cells. The immunohistochemical staining showed that the positive rate of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in the skin samples autografted with the superficial dermal fibroblast was significantly higher than that of the deep layer. CONCLUSIONS: This study has demonstrated that similar to human dermal fibroblasts, dermal fibroblasts from different layers of pig skin exhibit distinct proliferative capacity, which increases the feasibility of using pigs as an animal model for future studies on the heterogeneity of dermal fibroblasts.

Expressions of IGF-1R and Ki-67 in breast cancer patients with diabetes mellitus and an analysis of biological characteristics.

OBJECTIVES: There is a cross-link of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) with each other's receptors. The present study was carried out to explore the relationship of Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with the occurrence and development of breast cancer by analyzing the expression of IGF-1R and Ki-67, as well as the biological characteristics in breast cancer patients with and without diabetes mellitus. METHODS: A total of 102 cases of breast cancer patients with T2DM admitted in Hebei General Hospital from January 2019 to December 2020 were selected and grouped in T2DM group. While the control group included 106 cases of breast cancer patients without diabetes mellitus in the same period. Further comparison was conducted focusing on the general data, clinical stage, tumor histological grade, molecular classification and prognosis, and the expressions of IGF-1R and Ki-67 in breast cancer tissue between groups. RESULTS: Compared with control group, patients in T2DM group were elderly and accounted for a larger proportion of post-menopause (p<0.05), yet with no significant difference in body mass and family history (p>0.05). Compared with control group, T2DM group had advanced clinical stage, higher histological grade, and more common molecular type, with statistical differences between groups (p<0.05). Furthermore, there were higher proportions of local recurrence, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis in T2DM group than those in control group, yet with no statistical significance (p>0.05). While statistical difference was found in the comparison of the 5-year survival rate, which was lower in T2DM group than that in control group (p<0.05). In addition, compared with control group, there were significant increase in both the expressions of IGF-1R and Ki-67 in T2DM group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: T2DM may be one of the risk factors affecting the occurrence, development and prognosis of breast cancer, which may decrease the 5-year survival of breast cancer patients. Besides, high expressions of IGF-1R and Ki-67 may be the key factors for poor prognosis of breast cancer patients with diabetes mellitus.

Multisite SUMOylation restrains DNA polymerase η interactions with DNA damage sites.

Translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) mediated by low-fidelity DNA polymerases is an essential cellular mechanism for bypassing DNA lesions that obstruct DNA replication progression. However, the access of TLS polymerases to the replication machinery must be kept tightly in check to avoid excessive mutagenesis. Recruitment of DNA polymerase η (Pol η) and other Y-family TLS polymerases to damaged DNA relies on proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) monoubiquitylation and is regulated at several levels. Using a microscopy-based RNAi screen, here we identified an important role of the SUMO modification pathway in limiting Pol η interactions with DNA damage sites in human cells. We found that Pol η undergoes DNA damage- and protein inhibitor of activated STAT 1 (PIAS1)-dependent polySUMOylation upon its association with monoubiquitylated PCNA, rendering it susceptible to extraction from DNA damage sites by SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase (STUbL) activity. Using proteomic profiling, we demonstrate that Pol η is targeted for multisite SUMOylation, and that collectively these SUMO modifications are essential for PIAS1- and STUbL-mediated displacement of Pol η from DNA damage sites. These findings suggest that a SUMO-driven feedback inhibition mechanism is an intrinsic feature of TLS-mediated lesion bypass functioning to curtail the interaction of Pol η with PCNA at damaged DNA to prevent harmful mutagenesis.