A meta-analysis of the effect of visiting zoos and aquariums on visitors' conservation knowledge, beliefs, and behavior.

Zoos and aquariums are well placed to connect visitors with the issues facing biodiversity globally and many deliver interventions that seek to influence visitors' beliefs and behaviors with respect to conservation. However, despite primary studies evaluating the effect of such interventions, the overall effect of engaging with zoos and the factors that influence this effect remain unclear. We conducted a systematic review to investigate the effect of zoo-led interventions on knowledge, beliefs (attitudes, intentions, self-efficacy, and social norms), and behavior among zoo visitors. These outcomes were identified using the Theory of Planned Behavior as a theoretical lens. We identified and described the nature of zoo-led interventions in 56 studies and used the behavior change technique (BCT) taxonomy to identify 6 specific BCTs used in interventions to date. Multilevel meta-analyses revealed a small to medium positive effect of engaging with zoo-led interventions on outcomes (d+  = 0.40, 95% confidence interval = 0.28-0.51). Specifically, visitors were more knowledgeable about conservation issues, held more favorable attitudes toward conservation, and reported being more likely to act for the benefit of biodiversity. No evidence of publication bias was present. Effect sizes were, however, heterogeneous and subgroup analyses revealed that the nature of the intervention or type of outcome did not explain this variance. Larger effects were, however, found in studies conducted at a single institution relative to research at multiple institutions and studies that used within-participant designs relative to between-participant designs. Taken together, these findings demonstrate how behavior change frameworks can be used to describe zoo-led interventions and supports the assertion that zoos and aquariums can promote changes in beliefs and behaviors that may help protect biodiversity.

Metaanálisis del efecto de la visita a acuarios y zoológicos sobre el conocimiento, creencias y comportamientos de conservación de los visitantes © 2024 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Resumen Los zoológicos y los acuarios están bien posicionados para conectar a los visitantes con temas mundiales de biodiversidad y varios cuentan con intervenciones que buscan influir las creencias y el comportamiento de los visitantes con respecto a la conservación. Sin embargo, con todo y los estudios primarios que evalúan el efecto de dichas intervenciones, aún no está claro el efecto general de participar en los zoológicos y los factores que influyen sobre este efecto. Realizamos una revisión sistemática para investigar el efecto de las intervenciones en los zoológicos sobre el conocimiento, creencias (actitud, intención, autosuficiencia y normas sociales) y comportamiento de sus visitantes. Usamos la teoría del comportamiento planeado como lente teórico para identificar los resultados. Identificamos y describimos la naturaleza de las intervenciones en los zoológicos en 56 estudios y usamos la taxonomía de las técnicas de modificación de conducta (TMC) para identificar seis TMC específicas que se usan hoy en día en dichas intervenciones. Los metaanálisis multinivel revelaron un efecto positivo de pequeño a mediano sobre los resultados causado por la participación en las intervenciones de los zoológicos (d+ = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.28 - 0.51). En específico, los visitantes fueron más conocedores sobre los temas de conservación, tuvieron actitudes más favorables hacia la conservación y reportaron tener mayor probabilidad de actuar en beneficio de la biodiversidad. No hubo evidencias de sesgos en las publicaciones. Sin embargo, el tamaño de los efectos fue heterogéneo y el análisis de los subgrupos reveló que la naturaleza de la intervención o el tipo de resultados no explicaban esta varianza. A pesar de esto, encontramos efectos más grandes en los estudios realizados en una sola institución en relación con la investigación realizada en varias instituciones y los estudios que usaron diseños intraparticipantes en relación a los que usaron diseños interparticipantes. Nuestra revisión demuestra cómo los marcos de modificación conductual pueden usarse para describir las intervenciones en los zoológicos y acuarios y respalda la aseveración de que estas instituciones pueden promover cambios en las creencias y el comportamiento que pueden ayudar a proteger la biodiversidad.

Systematic review of the impact of restrictive wildlife trade measures on conservation of iconic species in southern Africa.

Trade restrictions are often advocated and implemented as measures to protect wild species threatened by overexploitation. However, in some instances, their efficacy has been questioned, notably by governments in the southern African (SADC) region, which tend to favor a sustainable use approach to wildlife management. We conducted a systematic review of published literature guided by the PRISMA process to examine the effectiveness of trade restrictions and directly related control measures in addressing threats to species conservation in the SADC region, with a focus on elephants (Loxodonta sp.), rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum, Diceros bicornis), lions (Panthera leo), and pangolins (Manis sp.). We focused in particular on the direct conservation impact of trade restrictions at species or population level, indirect conservation impact at human behavior or attitude level, and socioeconomic impact on rural livelihoods and well-being and on national economies. Research on these topics was uneven and focused strongly on the effects of trade restrictions and law enforcement on crime-related behavior. Research gaps include socioeconomic impacts of trade restrictions, including effects of international restrictions on local livelihoods and consequent secondary conservation impacts, and evaluations of attempts to disrupt criminal networks. Based on the reviewed impact evidence, the effectiveness of international trade restrictions depends on a range of fully aligned measures in countries of origin, transit, and consumption. For example, our results suggest positive ecological short-term but negative or unknown long-term socioeconomic impacts of domestic restrictions. Based on these findings, key policy requirements include more nuanced approaches to incorporate a range of appropriate measures in range, transit, and consumer countries, that focus on capacity development for early detection and apprehension of incursions inside protected areas; measures for constructive engagement with relevant local communities outside protected areas; and future research to improve understanding of the socioeconomic contribution of wildlife.

Revisión sistemática del impacto de las medidas restrictivas de comercio de vida silvestres sobre la conservación de especies icónicas en el sur de África Resumen Las restricciones comerciales a menudo se promueven e implementan como medidas para proteger a las especies silvestres amenazadas por la sobreexplotación. Sin embargo, en algunas instancias, su eficacia ha sido cuestionada, en particular por gobiernos de la región del sur de África (SADC), que tienden a favorecer un enfoque de uso sustentable para el manejo de la vida silvestre. Realizamos una revisión sistemática de la literatura publicada guiada por el proceso PRISMA para examinar la efectividad de las restricciones comerciales y las medidas de control directamente relacionadas para enfrentar las amenazas a la conservación de especies en la región de la SADC, con un enfoque en elefantes (Loxodonta sp.), rinocerontes (Ceratotherium simum, Diceros bicornis), leones (Panthera leo) y pangolines (Manis sp.). Nos centramos en particular en el impacto directo sobre la conservación de las restricciones comerciales a nivel de especie o población, el impacto indirecto sobre la conservación a nivel de comportamiento o actitud humana, y el impacto socioeconómico en los medios de vida y el bienestar rurales y en las economías nacionales. La investigación sobre estos temas fue desigual y se centró principalmente en los efectos de las restricciones comerciales y la aplicación de la ley en el comportamiento relacionado con el delito. Los vacíos a investigar incluyen los efectos de las restricciones internacionales sobre los medios de vida locales y los consiguientes impactos secundarios en la conservación, y evaluación de los intentos de desarticular las redes criminales. Con base en la revisión de la evidencia del impacto, la efectividad de las restricciones de comercio internacional depende de una gama de medidas totalmente alineadas en los países de origen, tránsito y consumo. Por ejemplo, nuestros resultados sugieren impactos socioeconómicos ecológicos positivos a corto plazo, pero negativos o desconocidos a largo plazo, de las restricciones nacionales. Con base en estos hallazgos, los requisitos clave para la definición de políticas incluyen enfoques más matizados para incorporar una variedad de medidas apropiadas ­ en los países de origen, tránsito y consumidores ­ que se centren en el desarrollo de capacidades para la detección temprana y la detención de incursiones dentro de áreas protegidas; medidas para un compromiso constructivo con las comunidades locales relevantes fuera de las áreas protegidas; e investigaciones futuras para mejorar la comprensión de la contribución socioeconómica de la vida silvestre.

Emotional Regulation as a Transdiagnostic Process of Emotional Disorders in Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

CONTEXT: Several studies have shown that emotional regulation (ER) is a transdiagnostic construct of emotional disorders. Therefore, if therapy improves ER, it would improve psychological distress. OBJECTIVE: This review assesses and compares the changes in ER due to psychological treatment in different therapies. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs published in the databases PubMed, PsycINFO and Web of Science was performed. It was registered in PROSPERO under the number CRD42023387317. Two independent experts in the field reviewed the articles. RESULTS: A total of 18 articles met the criteria for inclusion in the review. Analysis of these studies suggests that in unified protocol (UP), cognitive behaviour therapy, dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) and mindfulness, there is evidence to support that a moderate effect occurs during treatment. Furthermore, in mindfulness and DBT, the effect was moderate in the follow-up period, while in UP, it was high. LIMITATIONS: Given the heterogeneity of the applied interventions and the methodological limitations found in the reviewed trials, the results should be interpreted with caution. CONCLUSIONS: UP, cognitive behaviour therapy, DBT and mindfulness can improve ER after therapy, while UP, DBT and mindfulness in the follow-up period. Other therapies, such as SKY or Flotation REST, require more research.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Varios estudios han demostrado que la regulación emocional es un constructo transdiagnóstico de los trastornos emocionales. Por lo tanto, si la terapia mejora la regulación emocional, también mejorará el malestar psicológico. OBJETIVO: Evaluar y comparar el cambio en la regulación emocional debido al tratamiento psicológico en diferentes terapias. MÉTODO: Se realizó una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis de ECA publicados en las bases de datos PubMed, PsycINFO y Web of Science. Se registró en PROSPERO con el número CRD42023387317. Dos expertos independientes en la materia revisaron los artículos. RESULTADOS: Un total de 18 artículos cumplieron los criterios de inclusión en la revisión. El análisis de estos estudios sugiere que en el Protocolo Unificado, la Terapia Cognitivo Conductual, la Terapia Dialéctica Conductual y terapias basadas en mindfulness existen evidencias que apoyan que se produce un efecto moderado durante el tratamiento. Además, en las terapias basadas en mindfulness y en la Terapia Dialéctica Conductual, el efecto se moduló en el periodo de seguimiento, mientras que en el Protocolo Unificado fue mayor. LIMITACIONES: Dada la heterogeneidad de las intervenciones aplicadas y las limitaciones metodológicas encontradas en los ensayos revisados, los resultados podrán interpretarse con cautela. CONCLUSIONES: UP, CBT, DBT y mindfulness pueden mejorar la ER tras la terapia, mientras que UP, DBT y mindfulness pueden mejorar la recuperación tras un tiempo de seguimiento. Otras terapias, como SKY o Flotation REST, requieren más investigación.

[Predictor variables of contraceptive method use in young people: A systematic review]. / Variables predictoras del uso de los métodos anticonceptivos en jóvenes: una revisión sistemática.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse predictor variables of contraceptive method use in young people. DESIGN: Systematic review. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Cuiden Plus, LILACS and IME databases were consulted. STUDY SELECTION: An assessment of the quality of studies was carried out by two researchers in parallel. As a result, a total of 5 primary research studies were selected. DATA EXTRACTION: Information was extracted on the selected study population, contraceptive method studied and predictor variables identified. RESULTS: Seven predictor variables were identified that specifically explain the use of the male condom, contraceptive pill or emergency contraceptive pill. The most relevant variables were the level of knowledge and attitudes towards contraceptive use, therefore high knowledge and positive attitudes increase the likelihood of contraceptive use. Another notable finding was the presence of a formative bias with women having higher knowledge of hormonal contraceptive options and more positive attitudes. CONCLUSION: Future training programs should be oriented towards assessing behavioral changes through the development of positive attitudes towards contraceptive use by gaining knowledge of contraceptive options.

Topical and Intralesional Therapies for Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Systematic Literature Review. / [Artículo traducido] Tratamientos tópicos e intralesionales en hidradenitis supurativa. Una revisión sistemática de la literatura.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Topical and intralesional (IL) treatments may be considered the first-line therapy in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa (HS); however, the evidence supporting their use is limited. The aim of our review is to evaluate the efficacy and safety profile of topical and IL treatments in patients with HS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We designed a systematic review of the current medical literature available following the PICO(T) method. And including all types of studies (Study type [T]) of individuals with HS of any sex, age, and ethnicity (Population [P]) who received any topical or IL treatment for HS (Intervention [I]) compared to placebo, other treatments, or no treatment at all (Comparator [C]), and reported efficacy and/or safety outcomes (Outcomes [O]). Two outcomes were defined: quality of life and the no. of patients with, at least, one adverse event. The search was conducted in the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and Embase databases; study selection was performed based on pre-defined criteria. The risk of bias was determined in each study. RESULTS: We obtained a total of 11,363 references, 31 of which met the inclusion criteria. These studies included 1143 patients with HS, 62% of whom were women. A total of 10, 8, 6, 2, and 5 studies, respectively, evaluated the use of photodynamic therapy (PDT), glucocorticoids, resorcinol, topical antibiotics, and other interventions. Most articles were case series (n=25), with only five randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and one cohort study. RCTs showed improvement in disease activity with topical clindamycin and botulinum toxin (BTX) vs placebo, and PDT with methylene blue (MB) niosomal vs free MB; however, intralesional triamcinolone acetonide was not superior to placebo. The risk of bias was low in three RCTs and high in two RCTs. CONCLUSION: The quality of evidence supporting the use of topical, or IL treatments is low. However, it supports the use of topical clindamycin, PDT, and BTX. Well-designed RCTs with standardized outcomes and homogeneous populations of patients and lesions are needed to support decision-making in the routine clinical practice.

Topical and Intralesional Therapies for Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Systematic Literature Review.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Topical and intralesional (IL) treatments may be considered the first-line therapy in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa (HS); however, the evidence supporting their use is limited. The aim of our review is to evaluate the efficacy and safety profile of topical and IL treatments in patients with HS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We designed a systematic review of the current medical literature available following the PICO(T) method. And including all types of studies (Study type [T]) of individuals with HS of any sex, age, and ethnicity (Population [P]) who received any topical or IL treatment for HS (Intervention [I]) compared to placebo, other treatments, or no treatment at all (Comparator [C]), and reported efficacy and/or safety outcomes (Outcomes [O]). Two outcomes were defined: quality of life and the no. of patients with, at least, one adverse event. The search was conducted in the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and EMBASE databases; study selection was performed based on pre-defined criteria. The risk of bias was determined in each study. RESULTS: We obtained a total of 11,363 references, 31 of which met the inclusion criteria. These studies included 1143 patients with HS, 62% of whom were women. A total of 10, 8, 6, 2, and 5 studies, respectively, evaluated the use of photodynamic therapy (PDT), glucocorticoids, resorcinol, topical antibiotics, and other interventions. Most articles were case series (n=25), with only five randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and one cohort study. RCTs showed improvement in disease activity with topical clindamycin and botulinum toxin (BTX) vs placebo, and PDT with methylene blue (MB) niosomal vs free MB; however, intralesional triamcinolone acetonide was not superior to placebo. The risk of bias was low in three RCTs and high in two RCTs. CONCLUSION: The quality of evidence supporting the use of topical, or IL treatments is low. However, it supports the use of topical clindamycin, PDT, and BTX. Well-designed RCTs with standardized outcomes and homogeneous populations of patients and lesions are needed to support decision-making in the routine clinical practice.

Magnetic resonance imaging for evaluation of bowel inflammation and disease activity in Crohn's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the performance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of bowel inflammation and disease activity in Crohn's disease (CD). METHODS: MEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science databases of biomedical literature were systematically searched to identify studies that investigated the diagnostic accuracy of MRI in diagnosing bowel inflammation and disease activity in CD by comparing it with reference standards. Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool was used to assess study quality. The summary sensitivity and specificity were estimated using the bivariate model, and hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic (HSROC) parameters were calculated and plotted. RESULTS: Of 5492 citations of interest, 34 articles contained the diagnostic accuracy data. Of these, results for the small bowel and the colorectum were reported separately in 19 studies and jointly by 21 studies. The meta-analytic summary sensitivity and specificity under the bivariate model were 90.9% (95% CI, 85.8%-94.2%) and 90.2% (95% CI, 81.9%-95.0%), respectively. The sensitivities and specificities of individual studies ranged from 55% to 100% and 51% to 100%, respectively. Substantial heterogeneity was observed in both sensitivity (I2=84.9%) and specificity (I2=78.8%). The HSROC curve also showed considerable heterogeneity between studies. CONCLUSION: Although the meta-analytic summary accuracy of MRI was high for the diagnosis of bowel inflammation in CD, the summary estimates might be unreliable due to the presence of high heterogeneity.

Updating the evidence: A systematic review of a decade of Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health Consultation (IECMHC) research.

Infant and Early Childhood Mental Health Consultation (IECMHC) is a preventative, capacity-building intervention in which mental health professionals partner with early childhood professionals to indirectly improve the environments and relationships that young children experience. Prior research has demonstrated that IECMHC is associated with positive outcomes for children, teachers, and classrooms. Over the past decade, IECMHC implementation and research have expanded, warranting an updated review. The current paper provides an update of the IECMHC evidence base. Included studies (n = 16) were systematically gathered, screened, and coded for context, intervention characteristics, methods and measures, outcomes across ecological levels, and alignment with the IDEAS Impact Framework's guiding questions. Our analysis replicates prior reviews, describing the positive impact of IECMHC on outcomes such as child externalizing behavior, teacher self-efficacy, and teacher-child interactions. Beyond updating prior reviews, this analysis describes emerging, nuanced findings regarding the mechanisms of change and the differential impact of IECMHC. We augment our review with descriptions of evaluations that did not meet our inclusion criteria (e.g., IECMHC in the home visiting context, unpublished evaluation reports) to provide context for our findings. Finally, we provide policy and practice implications and articulate an agenda for future research.

Interventions for Basal Cell Carcinoma: Summary of Main Comparisons From a Cochrane Review and a Practical Interpretation of Findings. / Intervenciones para el carcinoma basocelular cutáneo (revisión Cochrane): Resumen de las principales comparaciones e interpretación práctica de los resultados.

Numerous surgical and nonsurgical modalities are available to treat basal cell carcinoma (BCC), but their true effectiveness and safety is unknown. This article summarizes the evidence presented in a recent Cochrane review and aims to facilitate the interpretation of the review's findings for the Spanish and Latin American scientific communities. Much of the evidence the reviewers found came from single studies, preventing meta-analysis. Conventional surgical excision continues to be the most effective treatment for low-risk BCC. Most studies had small sample sizes, and some had problems with blinding, limitations which will have affected the assessment of subjective outcomes, such as pain and cosmetic results. The authors identified a lack of standardization in relation to recurrences and cosmetic outcomes that threatens not only the internal validity of the studies but also their external validity and reproducibility.

Socioeconomic development and ecological traits as predictors of human-bird conflicts.

Because of the significant impacts on both human interests and bird conservation, it is imperative to identify patterns and anticipate drivers of human-bird conflicts (HBCs) worldwide. Through a global systematic review, following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we analyzed the socioeconomic factors and bird ecological traits driving the degree of knowledge and extent of HBCs. We included 166 articles published from 1971 to 2020 in our analyses through which we built a profile of the socioeconomic conditions of 52 countries with reported conflicts and the ecological traits of the 161 bird species involved in HBCs. Although HBC expanded worldwide, it had the greatest impact in less-developed countries (estimate 0. 66 [SE 0.13], p< 0.05), where agriculture is critical for rural livelihoods. Species with a relatively greater conflict extent had a relatively broader diet (estimate 0.80 [SE 0.22], p<0.05) and an increasing population trend (estimate 0.58 [SE 0.15], p<0.05) and affected human interests, such as agriculture and livestock raising. In countries with greater biodiversity, HBCs caused greater socioeconomic impacts than in more developed countries. Our results highlight the importance of understanding and addressing HBCs from multiple perspectives (ecological, sociocultural, and political) to effectively protect both biodiversity and local livelihoods.

El desarrollo socioeconómico y las características ecológicas como pronosticadores de los conflictos entre aves y humanos Resumen Debido a los impactos significativos sobre los intereses humanos y la conservación de las aves, es imperativo identificar patrones y anticiparse a las causas de los conflictos humano-aves (CHA) a nivel mundial. Por medio de una revisión sistemática, siguiendo los lineamientos de PRISMA 2020, analizamos los factores socioeconómicos y las características ecológicas de las aves que impulsan el grado de conocimiento y la extensión de los CHA. Incluimos 166 artículos publicados desde 1971 hasta 2020 en nuestros análisis, con los cuales construimos un perfil de las condiciones socioeconómicas de 52 países con reportes de conflictos y de las características ecológicas de 161 especies de aves involucradas en los CHA. Aunque los CHA se expandieron mundialmente, tuvieron un mayor impacto en los países menos desarrollados (estimado 0. 66 [ES 0.13], p< 0.05), en donde la agricultura es crítica para el sustento rural. Las especies con una extensión de conflicto relativamente más larga también contaban con una dieta más amplia (estimado 0.80 [ES 0.22], p<0.05) y una tendencia poblacional en aumento (estimado 0.58 [ES 0.15], p<0.05), lo que afectó los intereses humanos, como la agricultura y la cría de ganado. En los países con mayor biodiversidad, los CHA ocasionaron impactos socioeconómicos mayores que en los países más desarrollados. Nuestros resultados resaltan la importancia de abordar y entender los CHA desde múltiples perspectivas (ecológica, sociocultural, política) para proteger de manera efectiva tanto a la biodiversidad como a los sustentos locales.

Importance of health assessments for conservation in noncaptive wildlife.

Wildlife health assessments help identify populations at risk of starvation, disease, and decline from anthropogenic impacts on natural habitats. We conducted an overview of available health assessment studies in noncaptive vertebrates and devised a framework to strategically integrate health assessments in population monitoring. Using a systematic approach, we performed a thorough assessment of studies examining multiple health parameters of noncaptive vertebrate species from 1982 to 2020 (n = 261 studies). We quantified trends in study design and diagnostic methods across taxa with generalized linear models, bibliometric analyses, and visual representations of study location versus biodiversity hotspots. Only 35% of studies involved international or cross-border collaboration. Countries with both high and threatened biodiversity were greatly underrepresented. Species that were not listed as threatened on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List represented 49% of assessed species, a trend likely associated with the regional focus of most studies. We strongly suggest following wildlife health assessment protocols when planning a study and using statistically adequate sample sizes for studies establishing reference ranges. Across all taxa blood analysis (89%), body composition assessments (81%), physical examination (72%), and fecal analyses (24% of studies) were the most common methods. A conceptual framework to improve design and standardize wildlife health assessments includes guidelines on the experimental design, data acquisition and analysis, and species conservation planning and management implications. Integrating a physiological and ecological understanding of species resilience toward threatening processes will enable informed decision making regarding the conservation of threatened species.

Importancia de los exámenes diagnósticos para la conservación de fauna silvestre Resumen Los exámenes diagnósticos de fauna silvestre ayudan a identificar poblaciones en riesgo por desnutrición, enfermedades infecciosas y disminución poblacional, causadas por impactos antropogénicos. Revisamos los estudios disponibles que llevaron a cabo exámenes diagnósticos en fauna silvestre y diseñamos un marco de trabajo para integrar dichos exámenes en monitoreos poblacionales. Empleando un enfoque sistemático, evaluamos aquellos estudios que examinaban múltiples indicadores de salud en vertebrados no cautivos entre 1982 y 2020 (n = 261 estudios). Cuantificamos las tendencias estadísticas, clasificadas por taxones, del diseño del estudio y de los métodos diagnósticos usando modelos lineales generalizados, análisis bibliométricos y representaciones visuales del lugar de estudio versus los hotspots (puntos calientes) de biodiversidad. Sólo el 35% de los estudios incluían colaboraciones internacionales o transfronterizas, y los países ricos en biodiversidad y especies amenazadas estaban gravemente subrepresentados. Las especies no clasificadas como amenazadas en la Lista Roja de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza representaban el 49% de las especies examinadas; una tendencia posiblemente asociada al enfoque regional de la mayoría de los estudios. Recomendamos encarecidamente seguir protocolos diagnósticos y manuales de técnicas del estudio de la fauna silvestre, además de usar tamaños muestrales estadísticamente adecuados al establecer rangos de referencia. Los métodos diagnósticos más comunes para todos los taxones fueronanálisis sanguíneos (89%), evaluaciones de composición corporal (81%), exámenes físicos (72%) y análisis fecales (24% de los estudios). Presentamos un marco conceptual para mejorar y estandarizar los exámenes diagnósticos en estudios de fauna silvestre; dicho marco incluye guías para el diseño experimental, para la obtención y el análisis de datos, y para elaborar planes de acción para especies amenazadas. La combinación de conocimientos fisiológicos y ecológicos, relacionados con la resiliencia biológica de especies amenazadas, facilitará una toma de decisiones eficiente para el manejo y para la conservación de la biodiversidad.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness and adverse events of gabapentin and pregabalin for sciatica pain.

AIM: This SR aims to assess the effectiveness of pregabalin and gabapentin on pain and disability caused by acute sciatica and the adverse events associated with their clinical use. DESIGN: Systematic review. DATABASES: Electronic databases of Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Clinical Trials.gov were searched from their inception until March 1st of 2021. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized trials (RCT) with adults>18 years old with acute sciatica for a minimum of 1 week and a maximum of 1 year (at least moderate pain). DATA TREATMENT: The outcomes were pain, disability and adverse events. Data was summarized using odds ratio and mean difference. GRADE was used to calculate the level of evidence. RESULTS: Eight RCT involving 747 participants were included. The effect of pregabalin was assessed in 3 RCT and in one three-arm trial (pregabalin vs limaprost vs a combination of limaprost and pregabalin). Two trials assessed the effect of gabapentin compared with placebo and one compared with tramadol. One study assessed the effect of gabapentin vs pregabalin in a crossover head-to-head trial. A statistically significant improvement on leg pain at 2 weeks and leg pain with movement at 3 and 4 months was found in a RCT comparing gabapentin with placebo. There were no statistically differences on the remaining time periods assessed for leg pain, low back pain and functional disability. CONCLUSIONS: This SR provides clear evidence for lack of effectiveness of pregabalin and gabapentin for sciatica pain management. In view of this, its routine clinical use cannot be supported.

[The indirect costs of tension type headache. A systematic literature review]. / Los costes indirectos de la cefalea tensional. Una revisión sistemática de la literatura.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this work was to systematically review the published literature in relation to the estimated indirect costs associated with TTH. DESIGN: This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items Statement for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyzes (PRISMA). DATA SOURCES: The review was performed in two main databases, PubMed and EconLit, and was completed with the gray literature search. STUDY SELECTION: The basic criterion for the inclusion of studies was that they present at least one measure of indirect costs specific to TTH. DATA EXTRACTION: 12 studies were finally selected for information extraction. Of all the selected articles, the characteristics of the study design, the types of costs included, as well as the measurement instrument, and the main results were synthesized. RESULTS: The search yielded a total of 568 studies. Heterogeneity was found in the designs and samples/populations of the included studies. Only two studies estimated direct and indirect costs for TTH. Among the most notable results, we find an estimated moderate impact of disability due to TTH (between 0.037 and 0.15 per person, 0.06-0.09% for the population). Productivity and efficiency losses were observed and were very heterogeneous. The willingness to pay for effective treatment would range from $1.32 to $9.20 per month. Quality of life is low, between 28.2 and 28.4 points out of 100, and health-related quality of life seems to improve significantly with treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the high heterogeneity of the results, we can conclude that tension headache is characterized by a moderate impact on disability, on productivity and efficiency at work or school, and on the quality of life of those who suffer it.

Dyadic Relationships between a Surviving Parent and Children in Widowed Families: A Systematic Scoping Review.

The death of a family member affects not only individual family members but also their relationships and interactions. Grief has been studied mostly as an intrapersonal experience. Adopting the family perspective, this systematic scoping review focused on parent-child relationships in widowed families so as to identify what is already known on this topic and the research gaps for future study. The review follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Four databases (Web of Science, Psycinfo, PubMed, and CINAHL Plus) were searched. Search terms were combinations of two concepts: (1) loss of a parent (20 terms) and (2) parent-child (eight terms). 5,419 studies were identified during the search, of which 36 studies were included in the review following two rounds of screening. Four research themes emerged, and the aggregated findings were identified: (a) The surviving parent and children are likely to become closer following the loss of a parent, while other relevant factors need to be taken into account; (b) Better parent-child relationships play a protective role in children's adjustment to loss; (c) The surviving parent and children's adjustment to loss are interdependent; (d) Through parenting, communication style, coping strategy, and other attributes, the surviving parent can influence their children's adjustment. Gender and age differences were identified in parent-child relationships. The findings further justify the importance of a family perspective when conducting research and practice on bereavement. Several research gaps were identified. Existing studies paid insufficient attention to children's agency and bidirectional relationships, and the interaction process and its role underlying parent-child bidirectional causality. A conceptual framework of parent-child relationships in widowed families is proposed based on these findings.

La muerte de un miembro de la familia afecta no solo a los miembros individuales de la familia, sino también sus relaciones e interacciones. El duelo se ha estudiado habitualmente como experiencia intrapersonal. Adoptando la perspectiva familiar, esta revisión sistemática exploratoria se centró en las relaciones entre progenitor e hijos en familias donde había fallecido uno de los progenitores con el objetivo de identificar lo que ya se sabe sobre este tema y las deficiencias en las investigaciones para futuros estudios. La revisión sigue las pautas de la extensión para revisiones sistemáticas exploratorias de los Ítems de Referencia para Publicar Revisiones Sistemáticas Exploratorias y Metaanálisis (PRISMA-ScR). Se realizaron búsquedas en cuatro bases de datos (Web of Science, Psycinfo, PubMed y CINAHL Plus). Los términos buscados fueron combinaciones de dos conceptos: (1) pérdida de un progenitor (20 términos) y (2) progenitor-hijo (ocho términos). Se identificaron 5419 estudios durante la búsqueda, de los cuales 36 se incluyeron en la revisión después de dos rondas de selección. Surgieron cuatro temas de investigación y se indicaron los resultados colectivos: a. El progenitor superviviente y los hijos tienden a desarrollar un vínculo más estrecho después de la muerte del otro progenitor, si bien es necesario tener en cuenta otros factores relevantes; b. Una mejor relación entre progenitores e hijos desempeña un papel protector en la adaptación de los hijos a la pérdida; c. La adaptación a la pérdida del progenitor superviviente y de los hijos es independiente; d. Mediante la crianza, el estilo de comunicación, la estrategia de afrontamiento y otros atributos, el progenitor superviviente puede influir en la adaptación de sus hijos. Se identificaron las diferencias de género y de edad en las relaciones entre progenitores e hijos. Los resultados justifican además la importancia de una perspectiva familiar a la hora de llevar a cabo investigaciones y prácticas sobre la pérdida de un ser querido. Se detectaron varias deficiencias en las investigaciones. Los estudios existentes prestaron poca atención a la voluntad de los hijos y a las relaciones bidireccionales, así como al proceso de interacción y su papel detrás de la causalidad bidireccional entre progenitores e hijos. Sobre la base de estos resultados, se propone un marco conceptual de relaciones entre padres e hijos en familias donde falleció uno de los progenitores.

How is Systemic and Constructionist Therapy Change Process Narrated in Retrospective Accounts of Therapy? A Systematic Meta-synthesis Review.

Despite the considerable potential of qualitative approaches for studying the systemic and constructionist therapy process due to shared theoretical and epistemological premises, to date there is lack of a comprehensive qualitative synthesis of how change process is experienced and conceptualized by clients and therapists. To address this evidence gap, we performed a systematic meta-synthesis review of 30 studies reporting clients' and therapists' retrospective narratives of change process across systemic and constructionist models and across a range of client configurations, including individuals, couples, families, and groups. The studies were identified following a systematic search in PsycINFO and MEDLINE resulting in 2,977 articles, which were screened against eligibility criteria. Thematic analysis led to the identification of four main themes: (1) navigating through differences, (2) toward nonpathologizing construction of problems, (3) navigating through power imbalances, and (4) toward new and trusting ways of relating. Findings illustrate the multifaceted aspects of systemic and constructionist change process, the importance for their reflexive appraisal, and the need for further research contributing to the understanding of the challenges inherent in the systemic and constructionist therapeutic context.

A pesar del potencial considerable de los enfoques cualitativos para estudiar el proceso de la terapia sistémica y construccionista debido a premisas teóricas y epistemológicas compartidas, hasta la fecha hay una escasez de síntesis cualitativas completas de cómo los pacientes y los terapeutas viven y conceptualizan el proceso de cambio. Para abordar esta falta de datos, realizamos una revisión sistemática de la metasíntesis de 30 estudios que informan historias retrospectivas de los pacientes y los terapeutas del proceso de cambio entre modelos sistémicos y construccionistas y entre una variedad de configuraciones de pacientes, entre ellas, individuos, parejas, familias y grupos. Los estudios se identificaron después de una búsqueda sistemática en PsycINFO y MEDLINE, de donde se obtuvieron 2,977 artículos, que se analizaron según los criterios de elegibilidad. El análisis temático condujo a la identificación de cuatro temas principales: 1) orientarse entre las diferencias, 2) hacia una construcción no patologizante de los problemas, 3) orientarse entre los desequilibrios de poder, 4) hacia formas nuevas y confiables de relacionarse. Los resultados ilustran los aspectos multifacéticos del proceso de cambio sistémico y construccionista, la importancia para su valoración reflexiva y la necesidad de más investigaciones que contribuyan a la comprensión de los desafíos inherentes en el contexto terapéutico sistémico y construccionista.

Enhancing parental reflective functioning through early dyadic interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Parental reflective functioning (PRF) is an important predictor of infant attachment, and interventions that target parent-infant/toddler dyads who are experiencing significant problems have the potential to improve PRF. A range of dyadic interventions have been developed over the past two decades, some of which explicitly target PRF as part of their theory of change, and some that do not explicitly target PRF, but that have measured it as an outcome. However, no meta-analytic review of the impact of these interventions has been carried out to date. The aim of this review was to evaluate the effectiveness of dyadic interventions targeting parents of infant and toddlers, in improving PRF and a number of secondary outcomes. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted in which key electronic databases were searched up to October 2018. Eligible studies were identified and data extracted. Data were synthesised using meta-analysis and expressed as both effect sizes and risk ratios. Six studies were identified providing a total of 521 participants. The results of six meta-analyses showed a nonsignificant moderate improvement in PRF in the intervention group (standardised mean difference [SMD]: -0.46; 95% confidence interval [CI] [-0.97, 0.04]) and a significant reduction in disorganised attachment (risk ratio: 0.50; 95% CI [0.27, 0.90]). There was no evidence for intervention effects on attachment security (odds ratio: 0.71; 95% CI [0.19, 2.64]), parent-infant interaction (SMD: -0.10; 95% CI [-0.46, 0.26]), parental depression (SMD: -1.55; 95% CI [-3.74, 0.64]) or parental global distress (SMD: -0.19, 95% CI [-3.04, 22.65]). There were insufficient data to conduct subgroup analysis (i.e. to compare the effectiveness of mentalisation-based treatment with non-mentalization-based treatment interventions). Relational early interventions may have important benefits in improving PRF and reducing the prevalence of attachment disorganisation. The implications for future research are discussed.

El funcionamiento de reflexión del progenitor (PRF) es un factor importante de predicción de la afectividad del infante, y las intervenciones que se enfocan en díadas progenitor/infante/niño pequeñito que experimentan problemas significativos tienen la posibilidad de mejorar el PRF. La meta de esta revisión fue evaluar la eficacia de las intervenciones diádicas que se enfocan en los progenitores de infantes y niños pequeñitos, para mejorar el PRF y un número de resultados secundarios. Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática y un meta-análisis en los que se investigaron bancos de información electrónica claves hasta octubre de 2018. Se identificaron estudios elegibles y se sacó de ellos la información. Se sintetizó esa información usando meta-análisis y la misma fue presentada tanto en términos de dimensión de efectos como la proporción de riesgo. Se identificaron seis estudios que aportaron un total de 521 participantes. Los resultados de seis meta-análisis mostraron un moderado, poco significativo y limítrofe mejoramiento en cuanto al PRF en el grupo de intervención (SMD: -0.46; 95% CI -0.97, 0.04), una reducción significativa en la afectividad desorganizada (RR: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.27, 0.90), pero no así en la afectividad segura (OR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.19, 2.64), y ninguna evidencia de beneficio para la interacción progenitor-infante (SMD: -0.09; 95% CI: -0.51, 0.32). Se dio un mejoramiento grande no significativo en la depresión del progenitor (SMD: -1.55; 95% CI -3.74, 0.64), pero no hubo evidencia de beneficio en cuanto a la angustia total (SMD: -0.19; 95% CI: -3.04, 22.65). Se discuten las implicaciones para la futura investigación.

Le fonctionnement parental réfléchi (en anglais Parental Reflective Functioning, soit PRF) est un facteur de prédiction important de l'attachement du bébé, et les interventions qui ciblent les dyades parent-bébé/petit enfant qui font l'expérience de problèmes importants ont le potentiel d'améliorer le fonctionnement PRF. Le but de cette article était d'évaluer l'efficacité d'interventions dyadiques ciblant les parents de bébés et de petits enfants, en améliorant le fonctionnement PRF et un bon nombre de résultats secondaires. Une revue et une méta-analyse ont été faites, les bases de données électroniques clés ayant été passées au crible en octobre 2018. Les études pouvant être utilisées ont été identifiées et les données ont été extraites. Les données ont été synthétisées en utilisant une méta-analyse et exprimées sous forme d'ampleur de l'effet et de risque relatif. Six études ont été identifiées, pour un total de 521 participants. Les résultats de six méta-analyses ont montré une amélioration limite non importante modérée dans le PRF dans le groupe d'intervention (SMD: -0,46; 95% CI -0,97, 0,04), une réduction importante dans l'attachement désorganisé de l'enfant (RR: 0,50; 95% CI: 0,27, 0,90) mais non dans l'attachement sécure (OR: 0,71; 95% CI: 0,19, 2,64), ainsi qu'aucune preuve de bénéfice pour l'interaction parent-bébé (SMD: -0,09; 95% CI -0,51, 0,32). Il y avait une grande amélioration non-importante dans la dépression parentale (SMD: -1,55; 95% CI -3,74, 0,64) mais aucune preuve de bénéfice dans la détresse globale (SMD: -0,19; 95% CI: -3,04, 22,65. Les implications pour les recherches futures sont discutées.

Systematic map of conservation psychology.

Conservation science and practice commonly draw on the theories and methods of social psychology to explain human cognition, emotion, and behavior germane to biodiversity conservation. We created a systematic map of the cross-disciplinary conservation science literature, which draws on social psychology concepts and methods in their application broadly described as conservation psychology. Established protocols were used to systematically collect and collate peer-reviewed research published in an explicit selection of multidisciplinary conservation journals. We sought to catalog the literature, elucidate trends and gaps, and critically reflect on the state of conservation psychology and its research practices that aim to influence conservation outcomes. The volume of publications per year and per decade increased from 1974 to 2016. Although a diversity of research designs and methods was applied, studies disproportionately focused on specific concepts (attitudes and beliefs), locations (North America and Europe), and contexts (terrestrial, rural). Studies also tended to be descriptive, quantitative, and atheoretical in nature. Our findings demonstrate that although conservation psychology has generally become more visible and prominent, it has done so within a limited space and suggest that disciplinary research principles and reporting standards must be more universally adopted by traditional and multidisciplinary conservation journals to raise the floor of empirical research.

Mapeo Sistemático de la Psicología de la Conservación Resumen Con frecuencia, la ciencia y la práctica de la conservación parten de las teorías y los métodos de la psicología social para explicar las facultades cognitivas, las emociones y el comportamiento humano relacionado con la conservación de la biodiversidad. Creamos un mapa sistemático de la literatura sobre las ciencias interdisciplinarias de la conservación, cuya aplicación está basada en los conceptos y métodos de la psicología social y el cual está caracterizado en términos generales como psicología de la conservación. Usamos protocolos establecidos para recolectar y cotejar investigaciones revisadas por pares publicadas en una selección explícita de revistas científicas multidisciplinarias sobre conservación. Buscamos catalogar la literatura, esclarecer tendencias y vacíos y reflexionar de manera importante sobre el estado de la psicología de la conservación y sus prácticas de investigación que se enfocan en influir sobre los resultados de conservación. El volumen de publicaciones por año y por década incrementó desde 1974 hasta 2016. Aunque se aplicaron diversos métodos y diseños de investigación, los estudios estuvieron enfocados desproporcionadamente en conceptos específicos (actitudes y creencias), localidades (América del Norte y Europa) y contextos (terrestre, rural). Los estudios también tendieron a ser descriptivos, cuantitativos y de naturaleza carente de teoría. Nuestros hallazgos demuestran que, aunque la psicología de la conservación se ha vuelto más visible y prominente de manera general, lo ha hecho dentro de un espacio limitado que sugiere que los principios de investigación disciplinaria y los estándares de reporte deben ser adoptados más universalmente por las revistas científicas de conservación tradicionales y multidisciplinarias para incrementar el nivel de la investigación empírica.

Prevención de lesiones por presión: conocimientos y actitudes del personal de enfermería.

OBJECTIVE: Identify, analyse and summarise the empirical evidence on nurses' knowledge and attitudes towards pressure ulcer (PU) prevention. METHOD: A systematic literature review on articles published between 2008 y 2019 was performed following PRISMA guidelines. Databases were checked for the following terms in Spanish, English and Portuguese: attitude, knowledge, pressure ulcer, and nursing staff. RESULTS: A total of 33 articles with a quantitative descriptive approach were included in this review. The authors found a lack of knowledge on PU prevention among nursing staff. The nurses' attitudes were considered positive. Few studies examined the correlation between knowledge, attitude and clinical practice. CONCLUSION: There is a need for continued professional education in terms of PU prevention among nurses. Research on alternative ways to organise nursing staff's work is needed. Studying up-to-date guidelines on PU prevention on a regular basis and attending training in this subject might be beneficial to improve nurses' knowledge and attitudes towards PU prevention.

OBJETIVO: Identificar, analizar y sintetizar la evidencia empírica disponible sobre conocimientos y actitudes del personal de enfermería en la prevención de lesiones por presión (LPP). MÉTODO: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura publicada entre 2008 y 2019, guiada por las directrices de la declaración PRISMA. Se consultaron bases de datos con los siguientes términos en español, portugués e inglés: actitud, conocimiento, lesión por presión, y enfermeras y enfermeros. RESULTADOS: Un total de 33 artículos con abordaje cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo trasversal cumplió con los criterios de revisión. Los hallazgos revelaron un déficit de conocimientos del personal de enfermería sobre las medidas de prevención de LPP. Las actitudes fueron consideradas positivas. Pocos estudios examinaron la relación entre conocimientos, actitudes y práctica de enfermería. CONCLUSIÓN: Se necesita mayor educación continuada en conocimientos y actitudes del personal de enfermería en la prevención de LPP, e investigación sobre alternativas en la organización del trabajo de enfermería. La lectura de guías actualizadas de manera regular y realización de cursos de entrenamiento podrían ser estrategias beneficiosas para ejecutar en la práctica.

Prevención de lesiones por presión: conocimientos y actitudes del personal de enfermería.

OBJECTIVE: Identify, analyse and summarise the empirical evidence on nurses' knowledge and attitudes towards pressure ulcer (PU) prevention. METHOD: A systematic literature review on articles published between 2008 y 2019 was performed following PRISMA guidelines. Databases were checked for the following terms in Spanish, English and Portuguese: attitude, knowledge, pressure ulcer, and nursing staff. RESULTS: A total of 33 articles with a quantitative descriptive approach were included in this review. The authors found a lack of knowledge on PU prevention among nursing staff. The nurses' attitudes were considered positive. Few studies examined the correlation between knowledge, attitude and clinical practice. CONCLUSION: There is a need for continued professional education in terms of PU prevention among nurses. Research on alternative ways to organise nursing staff's work is needed. Studying up-to-date guidelines on PU prevention on a regular basis and attending training in this subject might be beneficial to improve nurses' knowledge and attitudes towards PU prevention.

OBJETIVO: Identificar, analizar y sintetizar la evidencia empírica disponible sobre conocimientos y actitudes del personal de enfermería en la prevención de lesiones por presión (LPP). MÉTODO: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura publicada entre 2008 y 2019, guiada por las directrices de la declaración PRISMA. Se consultaron bases de datos con los siguientes términos en español, portugués e inglés: actitud, conocimiento, lesión por presión, y enfermeras y enfermeros. RESULTADOS: Un total de 33 artículos con abordaje cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo trasversal cumplió con los criterios de revisión. Los hallazgos revelaron un déficit de conocimientos del personal de enfermería sobre las medidas de prevención de LPP. Las actitudes fueron consideradas positivas. Pocos estudios examinaron la relación entre conocimientos, actitudes y práctica de enfermería. CONCLUSIÓN: Se necesita mayor educación continuada en conocimientos y actitudes del personal de enfermería en la prevención de LPP, e investigación sobre alternativas en la organización del trabajo de enfermería. La lectura de guías actualizadas de manera regular y realización de cursos de entrenamiento podrían ser estrategias beneficiosas para ejecutar en la práctica.

[Questionnaires of person centered care in primary care. A systematic review]. / Cuestionarios de atención centrada en la persona en atención primaria. Una revisión sistemática.

OBJECTIVE: Despite the acknowledged importance of 'Person Centered Care' (PCC), there are obvious limitations for its determination and measurement due to the difficulty of its exact definition. The objective of our review is to identify valid tools that measure the PCC or some of its aspects in the field of Primary Health Care. DESIGN: Systematic review DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, PSYCinfo, IME-Biomedicine, LILACS and TESEO until May 31, 2018. SELECTION OF STUDIES: The inclusion criteria were: validation studies of questionnaires, systematic reviews of validation or other descriptive studies, all of which were carried out in the context of the Primary Health Care and that measured aspects of the PCC in professionals and/or patients. Two investigators independently reviewed the articles and their discrepancies were resolved by a third investigator. DATA EXTRACTION: Data were collected on the measured ACP aspects, target population, type of questionnaire, and data on validity and reliability. RESULTS: 1,415 articles were located, to which 54 additional references were subsequently added via cross references. Finally, there were 75 articles that fulfilled all the criteria and there were 39 which had the tools identified and classified according to the dimensions analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the difficulty of measuring PCC as a whole, most of the articles refer only to one of its aspects or dimensions, with the patient's perspective prevailing over that of the professional. All these tools are, nevertheless, an important starting point for future questionnaires that attempt an integral approach to the PCC.