Magma-induced tectonics at the East Pacific Rise 9°50'N: Evidence from high-resolution characterization of seafloor and subseafloor.

At fast-spreading centers, faults develop within the axial summit trough (AST; 0 to 250 m around the axis) primarily by diking-induced deformation originating from the axial magma lens (AML). The formation of the prominent abyssal-hill-bounding faults beyond the axial high (>2,000 m) is typically associated with the unbending of the lithosphere as it cools and spreads away from the AST. The presence of faults is rarely mapped between these two thermally distinct zones, where the lithosphere is still too hot for the faults to be linked with the process of thermal cooling and outside of the AST where the accretional diking process dominates the ridge axis. Here, we reveal a remarkable vertical alignment between the distinct morphological features of the magma body and the orientation of these faults, by comparison of 3-D seismic imagery and bathymetry data collected at the East Pacific Rise (EPR) 9°50'N. The spatial coincidence and asymmetric nucleation mode of the mapped faults represent the most direct evidence for magmatically induced faulting near the ridge axis, providing pathways for hydrothermalism and magma emplacement, helping to build the crust outside of the AST. The high-resolution seafloor and subsurface images also enable revised tectonic strain estimates, which shows that the near-axis tectonic component of seafloor spreading at the EPR is an order of magnitude smaller than previously thought with close to negligible contribution of lava buried faults to spreading.

Beyond spreading rate: Controls on the thermal regime of mid-ocean ridges.

The thermal state of mid-ocean ridges exerts a crucial modulation on seafloor spreading processes that shape ~2/3 of our planet's surface. Standard thermal models treat the ridge axis as a steady-state boundary layer between the hydrosphere and asthenosphere, whose thermal structure primarily reflects the local spreading rate. This framework explains the deepening of axial melt lenses (AMLs)-a proxy for the basaltic solidus isotherm-from ~1 to ~3 km from fast- to intermediate-spreading ridges but fails to account for shallow crustal AMLs documented at slow-ultraslow spreading ridges. Here, we show that these can be explained by a numerical model that decouples the potentially transient ridge magma supply from spreading rate, captures the essential physics of hydrothermal convection, and considers multiple modes of melt emplacement. Our simulations show that melt flux is a better thermal predictor than spreading rate. While multiple combinations of melt/dike emplacement modes, permeability structure, and temporal fluctuations of melt supply can explain shallow crustal AMLs at slow-ultraslow ridges, they all require elevated melt fluxes compared to most ridge sections of comparable spreading rates. This highlights the importance of along-axis melt focusing at slow-ultraslow ridges and sheds light on the natural variability of their thermal regimes.

Influence of late Pleistocene sea-level variations on midocean ridge spacing in faulting simulations and a global analysis of bathymetry.

It is established that changes in sea level influence melt production at midocean ridges, but whether changes in melt production influence the pattern of bathymetry flanking midocean ridges has been debated on both theoretical and empirical grounds. To explore the dynamics that may give rise to a sea-level influence on bathymetry, we simulate abyssal hills using a faulting model with periodic variations in melt supply. For 100-ky melt-supply cycles, model results show that faults initiate during periods of amagmatic spreading at half-rates >2.3 cm/y and for 41-ky melt-supply cycles at half-rates >3.8 cm/y. Analysis of bathymetry across 17 midocean ridge regions shows characteristic wavelengths that closely align with the predictions from the faulting model. At intermediate-spreading ridges (half-rates >2.3 cm/y and [Formula: see text]3.8 cm/y) abyssal hill spacing increases with spreading rate at 0.99 km/(cm/y) or 99 ky (n [Formula: see text] 12; 95% CI, 87 to 110 ky), and at fast-spreading ridges (half-rates >3.8 cm/y) spacing increases at 38 ky (n [Formula: see text] 5; 95% CI, 29 to 47 ky). Including previously published analyses of abyssal-hill spacing gives a more precise alignment with the primary periods of Pleistocene sea-level variability. Furthermore, analysis of bathymetry from fast-spreading ridges shows a highly statistically significant spectral peak (P < 0.01) at the 1/(41-ky) period of Earth's variations in axial tilt. Faulting models and observations both support a linkage between glacially induced sea-level change and the fabric of the sea floor over the late Pleistocene.

Overcoming the Heat Transfer Paradox: Nano Ridges Induce "Pistol Bubbles" and Reverse the Boiling Curve.

To increase the boiling heat transfer limit, we disrupted the previously nonevaporating region and increased the vaporization activity of "inert" liquid molecules by introducing nano ridges on the boiling surface. This solved the paradox of no heat transfer occurring through the thinnest liquid film in boiling bubbles; thus, the internal heat transfer limit of the bubbles was exceeded. We found that vigorous boiling occurred immediately once the nonevaporating region was activated, and the bubble frequency increased by an order of magnitude, reaching 1186 Hz, which has not been previously reported. With an increase in heat flux, the boiling curve exhibited a "return". We achieved an extremely high bubble frequency by experimentally quantifying the major influence of nonevaporating region disruption on boiling heat transfer. The mechanism behind the generation of the ultrahigh-frequency bubbles was discovered. This study also reveals a new mechanism for the reversed boiling curve.

The World's Longest Functioning Implant: A Verified Case Report.

Satisfactory function, esthetics, and phonetics together with long-term stability and minimal complications are all considered as metrics that define a successful outcome. The current case report is documentation of a mandibular subperiosteal implant with a successful follow-up of 56 years. Numerous issues can be credited for the long-term successful outcome including selection of the patient, heedfulness of basic anatomic and physiologic principles, design of the implant and superstructure, surgical execution, application of sound restorative principles, conscientious hygiene, and clockwork recare. The case demonstrates intense cooperation and coordination among the surgeon, restorative dentist, and laboratory technical staff, together with long-lasting patient compliance. Execution of the treatment with a mandibular subperiosteal implant helped this patient overcome the status of a dental cripple. The highlight of the case is that it is the longest success ever documented in the history of any type of implant treatment.

Does the Protrusion of Corticobasal Implants in the Maxillary Sinuses Affect Sinus Health? A Retrospective Study.

AIM: The aim of this retrospective study is to investigate the effect of corticobasal implant penetration in the nasal and maxillary sinuses on sinus health and implant survival rate in cases of severely atrophid ridges. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted on thirty patients with 172 implants who underwent corticobasal implant treatment between 2014 and 2018. Implants were divided into two groups according to the penetration depths (Group A, <4 mm; Group B, 4 mm). Inclusion criteria for the study included: (A) patients with severe maxillary ridge resorption with an immediately loaded corticobasal implant-supported prosthesis that showed implant protrusion inside the maxillary sinus on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT); and (B) patients with a preoperative and postoperative follow-up CBCT scan using the same standard technique and machine. (C) Patients without any history of sinusitis before implant insertion patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were recalled for follow-up. The presence of sinus complications was clinically assessed according to the clinical practice guidelines for adult sinusitis of the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Radiologically using CBCT. Moreover, patient satisfaction was evaluated using yes-or-no questions. The result was statistically analyzed using Fisher's Exact test. RESULTS: Despite the differences in implant penetration depths, no clinical signs of sinusitis were evident in any patient. One patient presented with transient epistaxis after the surgery, and 2 patients with nine implants revealed nonsignificant thickening of the sinus membrane radiologically (p = 0.055). All implants showed optimum bone-implant contact with a 100% survival rate. A significant relationship was reported between the thickness of the membrane and the patient's gender, hypertension, and smoking habits. (p = 0.001*, p = 0.002*, and p = 0.034*, respectively). CONCLUSION: Penetration of corticobasal implants in the maxillary sinus did not compromise the health of the maxillary sinus or implant survival rate. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Limited posterior maxillary bony support and maxillary sinus pneumatization present challenges in implant dentistry and increase the possibility of implant protrusion inside the maxillary and nasal cavities. Hence, studying the effect of this protrusion on the maxillary sinuses' health and implant survival is highly significant.

Eptesicus nilssonii varangus subsp. nov. (Vespertilionidae, Chiroptera) from the Lower Pleistocene of the Taurida Cave in Crimea.

A new northern serotine bat Eptesicus nilssonii varangus subsp. nov. is described on the base of an incomplete skull and a mandibular fragment from the Lower Pleistocene deposits of the Taurida cave in the central Crimea. This is the earliest record of the species. The presence of E. nilssonii (Keyserling et Blasius, 1839) in the Early Pleistocene bat assemblage of the Taurida cave indicates that this species lived in the south of Eastern Europe before its spreading into Central and Southeastern Europe.

Human Touch Receptors Are Sensitive to Spatial Details on the Scale of Single Fingerprint Ridges.

Fast-adapting type 1 (FA-1) and slowly-adapting type 1 (SA-1) first-order tactile neurons provide detailed spatiotemporal tactile information when we touch objects with fingertips. The distal axon of these neuron types branches in the skin and innervates many receptor organs associated with fingerprint ridges (Meissner corpuscles and Merkel cell neurite complexes, respectively), resulting in heterogeneous receptive fields whose sensitivity topography includes many highly sensitive zones or "subfields." In experiments on humans of both sexes, using raised dots that tangentially scanned the receptive field we examined the spatial acuity of the subfields of FA-1 and SA-1 neurons and its constancy across scanning speed and direction. We report that the sensitivity of the subfield arrangement for both neuron types on average corresponds to a spatial period of ∼0.4 mm and provide evidence that a subfield's spatial selectivity arises because its associated receptor organ measures mechanical events limited to a single papillary ridge. Accordingly, the sensitivity topography of a neuron's receptive fields is quite stable over repeated mappings and over scanning speeds representative of real-world hand use. The sensitivity topography is substantially conserved also for different scanning directions, but the subfields can be relatively displaced by direction-dependent shear deformations of the skin surface.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The branching of the distal axon of human first-order tactile neurons with receptor organs associated with fingerprint ridges (Meissner and Merkel end-organs) results in cutaneous receptive fields composed of several distinct subfields spread across multiple ridges. We show that the subfields' spatial selectivity typically corresponds to the dimension of the ridges (∼0.4 mm) and a neuron's subfield layout is well preserved across tangential movement speeds and directions representative of natural use of the fingertips. We submit that the receptor organs underlying subfields essentially measure mechanical events at individual ridges. That neurons receive convergent input from multiple subfields does not preclude the possibility that spatial details can be resolved on the scale of single fingerprint ridges by a population code.

The three-dimensional displacement tendency of teeth depending on incisor torque compensation with clear aligners of different thicknesses in cases of extraction: a finite element study.

BACKGROUND: Despite the popularity of clear aligner treatment, the effect of the thickness of these aligners has not been fully investigated. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of incisor torque compensation with different thicknesses of clear aligner on the three-dimensional displacement tendency of teeth in cases of extraction. METHODS: Three-dimensional finite element models of the maxillary dentition with extracted first premolars, maxilla, periodontal ligaments, attachments, and aligners were constructed and subject to Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Two groups of models were created: (1) with 0.75 mm-thick aligners and (2) with 0.5 mm-thick aligners. A loading method was developed to simulate the action of clear aligners for the en masse retraction of the incisors. Power ridges of different heights were applied to both groups to mimic torque control, and the power ridges favoring the translation of the central incisors were selected. Then, we used ANSYS software to analyze the initial displacement of teeth and the principle stress on the PDL. RESULTS: Distal tipping, lingual tipping and extrusion of the incisors, distal tipping and extrusion of the canines, and mesial tipping and intrusion of the posterior teeth were all generated by clear aligner therapy. With the 0.5 mm-thick aligner, a power ridge of 0.7 mm could cause bodily retraction of the central incisors. With the 0.75 mm-thick aligner, a power ridge of 0.25 mm could cause translation of the central incisors. Aligner torque compensation created by the power ridges generated palatal root torque and intrusion of the incisors, intrusion of the canines, mesial tipping and the intrusion of the second premolar; these effects were more significant with a 0.75 mm-thick aligner. After torque compensation, the stress placed on the periodontal ligament of the incisors was distributed more evenly with the 0.75 mm-thick aligner. CONCLUSIONS: The torque compensation caused by power ridges can achieve incisor intrusion and palatal root torque. Appropriate torque compensation with thicker aligners should be designed to ensure bodily retraction of anterior teeth and minimize root resorption, although more attention should be paid to the anchorage control of posterior teeth in cases of extraction.

Early Pleistocene Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus macrorhinus cimmerius subsp. nov. (Rhinolophidae, Chiroptera) from the Taurida Cave in Crimea.

Numerous remains (incomplete skull, cranial and mandibular fragments, and isolated teeth) of a large horseshoe bat of the Rhinolophus ferrumequinum group are described from the Lower Pleistocene depo-sits of the Taurida cave in the central Crimea. They are assigned to Rhinolophus macrorhinus cimmerius subsp. nov. In dental characters the new subspecies is less specialized than R. m. anomalidens Topál, 1979 from the Late Villafranchian of Central Europe, which implies the origin of the former from an earlier form morphologically close to R. m. macrorhinus Topál, 1963. The perfect preservation of the cranial structures made it possible to observe the remnants of the palatal ridges and the morphology of the nasal turbinals of R. macro-rhinus cimmerius subsp. nov.

Structural and Ultrastructural Characteristics of the Red-Rumped Agouti (Dasyprocta leporina-Linnaeus, 1758) Palatine Epithelium.

The palate is a fundamental region in food swallowing and presents different adaptations in species. This research aimed to describe structural and ultrastructural characteristics of the palatine epithelium and the connective tissue cores (CTCs) of ten red-rumped agoutis (Dasyprocta leporina­Linnaeus, 1758) using macroscopic, light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. We found nine palatine ridges in the diastema and hard palate, and a smooth surface in the soft palate. Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium with projections of lamina propria and soft palate had gland clusters. Epithelial removal revealed CTCs with a conical shape with high density in the hard palate and the sides of the soft palate. Near the CTCs were nerve fibers in the hard palate, and the soft palate had muscular tissue below the gland clusters. The structural and ultrastructural characteristics enable stability of the hard palate and fixation to the soft palate sides, while the soft palate center has greater mobility thus assisting in food swallowing. We concluded that structural characteristics are similar to other mammals, although the morphology of agouti's palate differs in the amount and disposition of palatine ridges, and the conical CTC's morphology.

Rehabilitation of Severe Atrophic Ridges with Zygomatic Implant and/or All-on-4 Treatment Concepts-A Case Series.

Rehabilitation of completely edentulous patients with implant-supported prosthesis (ISP) is the need of the day, but in many patients, the routine ISP is not possible due to the severe atrophic residual ridges. The present case series describes three cases with atrophic ridges rehabilitated using zygomatic implants and/or All-on-4 treatment concepts. In case 1 and case 3, in maxillary arch, there was not enough bone in Zone 3 to rehabilitate the patient with routine protocol followed for the All-on-4 treatment concept, so in these two cases, zygomatic implants were placed. Case 1 and case 2 were rehabilitated with Malo Bridge and case 3 with acrylic teeth-hybrid prosthesis using a computerized milling procedure to obtain improved fit, function, esthetics, and ease of retrievability whenever required.

Gene expression profiles of bovine genital ridges during sex determination and early differentiation of the gonads†.

Most current knowledge of sex determination in mammals has emerged from mouse and human studies. To investigate the molecular regulation of the sex determination process in cattle, we used an RNA sequencing strategy to analyze the transcriptome landscape of male and female bovine fetal gonads collected in vivo at key developmental stages: before, during, and after SRY gene activation on fetal days D35 (bipotential gonad formation), D39 (peak SRY expression), and D43 (early gonad differentiation). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in male vs. female germinal ridges and among group genes showing similar expression profiles during the three periods. There were 143, 96, and 658 DEG between males and female fetuses at D35, D39, and D43, respectively. On D35, genes upregulated in females were enriched in translation, nuclear export, RNA localization, and mRNA splicing events, whereas those upregulated in males were enriched in cell proliferation regulation and male sex determination terms. In time-course experiments, 767 DEGs in males and 545 DEGs in females were identified between D35 vs. D39, and 3157 DEGs in males and 2008 in females were identified between D39 vs. D43. Results highlight unique aspects of sex determination in cattle, such as the expression of several Y chromosome genes (absent in mice and humans) before SRY expression and an abrupt increase in the nuclear expression of SOX10 (instead of SOX9 expression in the Sertoli cell cytoplasm as observed in mice) during male determination and early differentiation.

Platelet rich plasma grafting technique combined with trans-sinusal post-extractive implants placement in the posterior maxilla: a technical report and brief literature review.

The atrophic posterior ridges are usually characterized by poor bone quality and quantity: this situation requires the use of bone regenerative techniques. Other alternative surgical approaches are investigated. Nowadays the use of trans-sinus implants offers some advantages due to its feasibility. Today, bone grafting may be practical, but depends on many factors, such as the type of bone graft used (autogenous, alloplastic, or xenograft), host response, age of the patient, various complications associated with grafting procedures, infection, and, most importantly, the time spent while the grafted material matures and is taken up by the bone. So, this case report describes the feasibility of an alternative surgical technique associated to PRP (Platelet Rich Plasma).

Insertion sites in manual proximal phalanges of African apes and modern humans.

OBJECTIVES: The primary aim of this study was to describe the insertion sites of the ligaments holding the flexor digitorum profundus and superficialis muscles (flexor ridges) in proximal phalanges 2-5 of African apes and modern humans. To interpret differences in flexor ridge size based on general behavioral differences among taxa. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 3D models of manual proximal phalanges 2-5 from 29 gorillas (Gorilla beringei and Gorilla gorilla), 30 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and 36 recent modern humans. Flexor ridges (mm2) were compared within and across genera. RESULTS: Gorillas and chimpanzees had larger flexor ridges for phalanges 2-4 than humans and this difference subsists when controlling for body size. Each genus had a unique insertion size pattern across the digits, with the most heterogeneous pattern found in chimpanzees, followed by humans, and lastly gorillas. These patterns corresponded strongly to the differences in the size of the phalanges within each genus, except for phalanx 5 in humans, which had a larger flexor ridge than expected. DISCUSSION: When comparing these genera, the flexor ridges signal differences between taxa that use their hands for manipulation and locomotion (gorillas and chimpanzees) and taxa that use them exclusively for manipulation (humans). This functional signal was also apparent in the PP5 of humans, whose larger FR may be indicating the high recruitment of this digit during forceful precision grip characteristic of humans.

Effect of paleoseawater composition on hydrothermal exchange in midocean ridges.

Variations in the Mg, Ca, Sr, and SO4 concentrations of paleoseawater can affect the chemical exchange between seawater and oceanic basalt in hydrothermal systems at midocean ridges (MOR). We present a model for evaluating the nature and magnitude of these previously unappreciated effects, using available estimates of paleoseawater composition over Phanerozoic time as inputs and 87Sr/86Sr of ophiolite epidosites and epidote-quartz veins as constraints. The results suggest that modern hydrothermal fluids are not typical due to low Ca and Sr relative to Mg and SO4 in modern seawater. At other times during the last 500 million years, particularly during the Cretaceous and Ordovician, hydrothermal fluids had more seawater-derived Sr and Ca, a prediction that is supported by Sr isotope data. The predicted 87Sr/86Sr of vent fluids varies cyclically in concert with ocean chemistry, with some values much higher than the modern value of ∼0.7037. The seawater chemistry effects can be expressed in terms of the transfer efficiency of basaltic Ca and Sr to seawater in hydrothermal systems, which varies by a factor of ∼1.6 over the Phanerozoic, with minima when seawater Mg and SO4 are low. This effect provides a modest negative feedback on seawater composition and 87Sr/86Sr changes. For the mid-Cretaceous, the low 87Sr/86Sr of seawater requires either exceptionally large amounts of low-temperature exchange with oceanic crust or that the weathering flux of continentally derived Sr was especially small. The model also has implications for MOR hydrothermal systems in the Precambrian, when low-seawater SO4 could help explain low seawater 87Sr/86Sr.

Changes in the tarsal conjunctiva viewed by in vivo confocal microscopy are associated with ocular symptoms and contact lens wear.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of soft contact lens (CL) wear on the morphology of the epithelial-lamina propria junction as well as the possible association with symptoms of discomfort. METHODS: Ninety-two subjects were recruited, including 60 soft CL wearers, 16 previous wearers, and 16 non-wearers. Additionally, subjects were classified as symptomatic or asymptomatic using the Contact Lens Dry Eye Questionnaire 8 for the CL wearers (a score ≥ 12 was considered symptomatic) and the Dry Eye Questionnaire 5 for the previous wearers and non-wearers (a score ≥ 5 was considered symptomatic). In vivo confocal microscopy of the tarsal conjunctiva was performed on a single occasion. Papillae density, shortest diameter, longest diameter, area, circularity, lumen/wall brightness ratio, irregularity, reflectivity, inhomogeneous appearance of wall and inhomogeneous appearance of rete ridges were evaluated. Effects of CL wear, symptoms and their interaction were analysed using two-way analysis of variance. Correlations were investigated using Spearman's coefficient. Data are presented as mean (standard deviation) or median [interquartile range]. RESULTS: Contact lens wearers, compared to previous wearers and non-wearers, showed higher circularity [0.65 (0.08) vs 0.59 (0.10) vs 0.57 (0.11), p = 0.003]. Subjects with symptoms, compared to asymptomatic participants, showed higher circularity [0.64 (0.08) vs 0.61 (0.10), p < 0.001] and lower irregularity (1.0 [0.7-2.0] vs 1.3 [1.0-2.3], p = 0.009). For previous wearers, those with symptoms showed greater density (135.4 [107.3-183.3] vs 87.5 [85.4-116.7], p = 0.013) and circularity [0.64 (0.07) vs 0.54 (0.10), p = 0.016]. For non-wearers, those with symptoms showed higher circularity [0.65 (0.08) vs 0.50 (0.08), p < 0.001]. DEQ-5 correlated with circularity (ρ = 0.55, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Soft CL wear modifies papillae of the epithelial-lamina propria junction into a more rounded shape; however, CL cessation appears to resolve this alteration. Additionally, a more rounded papillae shape is associated with ocular symptoms in subjects not actively wearing CLs.

Enhanced Light Emission from the Ridge of Two-Dimensional InSe Flakes.

InSe, a newly rediscovered two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor, possesses superior electrical and optical properties as a direct-band-gap semiconductor with high mobility from bulk to atomically thin layers and is drastically different from transition-metal dichalcogenides, in which the direct band gap only exists at the single-layer limit. However, absorption in InSe is mostly dominated by an out-of-plane dipole contribution, which results in the limited absorption of normally incident light that can only excite the in-plane dipole at resonance. To address this challenge, we have explored a unique geometric ridge state of the 2D flake without compromising the sample quality. We observed the enhanced absorption at the ridge over a broad range of excitation frequencies from photocurrent and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. In addition, we have discovered new PL peaks at low temperatures due to defect states on the ridge, which can be as much as ∼60 times stronger than the intrinsic PL peak of InSe. Interestingly, the PL of the defects is highly tunable through an external electrical field, which can be attributed to the Stark effect of the localized defects. InSe ridges thus provide new avenues for manipulating light-matter interactions and defect engineering that are vitally crucial for novel optoelectronic devices based on 2D semiconductors.

Morphological and molecular characterization of Chloromyxum argusi n. sp. (Myxosporea) infecting the urinary bladder of Scatophagus argus Linnaeus 1766 (Scatophagidae) from the southwest coast of India.

The present paper describes a new species of Chloromyxum infecting the urinary bladder of the estuarine fish, Scatophagus argus, from the southwest coast of India. The parasite exhibited an overall prevalence of 41.93%; the prevalence is influenced by host size and seasons. Mature spores are subspherical, measure 9.40 ± 0.66 by 9.32 ± 0.87 µm, and are characterized by the presence of sutural and extra-sutural ridges, binucleated sporoplasm, and a pair of caudal extensions. Four pyriform, unequal polar capsules with raised polar filament discharge pores and ribbon-like polar filaments are present. Polar filament coils numbered four to five in large polar capsules and three in small polar capsules. Pansporoblast is irregular with granulated cytoplasm and has fine villosites on its surface. Plasmodia are spherical/irregular with monosporic and polysporic forms. In molecular and phylogenetic analysis, the myxosporean stands out with a high bootstrap value and was positioned as a sister branch of Chloromyxum kurisi. In view of the morphologic, morphometric, and molecular differences with the existing species of Chloromyxum, and considering the differences in hosts and geographic locations, the present species is treated as new and the name Chloromyxum argusi n. sp. is proposed.

Automated detection of geological landforms on Mars using Convolutional Neural Networks.

The large volume of high-resolution images acquired by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter has opened a new frontier for developing automated approaches to detecting landforms on the surface of Mars. However, most landform classifiers focus on crater detection, which represents only one of many geological landforms of scientific interest. In this work, we use Convolutional Neural Networks (ConvNets) to detect both volcanic rootless cones and transverse aeolian ridges. Our system, named MarsNet, consists of five networks, each of which is trained to detect landforms of different sizes. We compare our detection algorithm with a widely used method for image recognition, Support Vector Machines (SVMs) using Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) features. We show that ConvNets can detect a wide range of landforms and has better accuracy and recall in testing data than traditional classifiers based on SVMs.